HIV is one of the most serious modern diseases of humanity. To control the spread of this disease in our country, it is possible to determine your HIV status free of charge. Often the result is ambiguous: a questionable HIV test. Such data means that HIV markers did not reliably react to the patient’s blood. This may be due to improper preparation for the analysis or poor reagents.
Preparing for the correct test
You can take an HIV test at any nearest medical center. The test can be taken upon referral or at will if infection is suspected. Pregnant women are required to undergo tests to prevent intrauterine infection. When testing for HIV, blood is analyzed, so preparation for the test is the same as for a regular blood test and includes the following points:
- A few days before the test, you should not drink alcohol;
- Do not eat fatty, salty or sweet foods for several hours.
- Tea without sugar is allowed;
An unreliable test result may be affected by:
- Smoking;
- Bad feeling;
- Severe stress;
- Serious physical activity the day before.
Often people seek to conduct an anonymous analysis at home. Such tests maintain confidentiality, but have a low threshold of reliability.
How to pass the test correctly
In order to get a reliable result, on the day of the procedure you must give up alcoholic beverages, smoking and fatty foods. The test must be taken in specialized clinics and laboratories. You cannot bring blood for analysis with you (with the wording - a friend asked, he could not come).
After donating blood, you can return to your normal lifestyle.
How to take the test yourself
Recently, the presence or absence of HIV can be determined at home if a person is embarrassed to donate blood to a laboratory. For this purpose, express tests are sold in pharmacies. The reliability of such tests is low and varies significantly among different developers. However, if the result is positive, the citizen is obliged to inform the attending physician and undergo an examination. Concealing a diagnosis is a criminal offense.
Pharmacies sell rapid tests, based on which you can determine your preliminary diagnosis. In addition to the test, you can understand that you are sick by other signs, such as lymphopathy, rash, and so on Reasons that may result from an incorrect HIV test
HIV testing is carried out constantly in our country. Almost every citizen has undergone this examination several times for one reason or another. However, cases of erroneous results are still common.
The causes of such errors may be:
- Other diseases in the body that stimulate the formation of the same proteins;
- Improper preparation of the patient for the examination;
- Stressful situations that can provoke a decline in a person’s immunity;
- Poor quality reagents in the laboratory;
- Error in labeling of blood samples.
To ensure that the error does not become fatal, the analysis result is rechecked in case of a positive or questionable result.
If a person suffers from diseases that can cause a test error, then this is checked with a more accurate test.
A repeat test is scheduled after a week.
Advice! In order for the test to be as accurate as possible, it is worth preparing for the HIV test, taking into account all the recommendations.
What is the incubation period and how is it determined
Once the virus leaves this stage, it can be detected with a simpler marker.
Important! The incubation period for HIV can be repeated several times, so periodically an HIV test may be negative or inconclusive. It is important not to stop treatment after such data. There was no final recovery!
Medicines prescribed for HIV keep the virus in an incubation state. During this period, it does not harm the immune system. The body can fully defend itself against any infection that penetrates it.
If treatment is stopped, after a month the virus will enter the active phase and a sharp deterioration in well-being will begin.
Laboratory research
It is very important to get tested at the moment when the virus begins to be detected; usually 3+ months must pass from the moment of infection HIV is determined in two main ways:
- ELISA test;
- Immunoblotting.
In the first case, research is carried out using the polymerase chain reaction method. The essence of the method is that a certain protein is isolated, copied several times and identified. This method will not help identify the disease while the virus is in the incubation period and the protein has not yet been produced.
The second laboratory diagnosis of HIV is based on the detection of response proteins in the human body. Detection of antibodies to HIV is considered a more accurate way to determine the disease than the polymerase chain reaction method.
There is a third method - enzyme immunoassay. It is based on identifying both the virus and the antibody at once. Due to its high cost, it is used less frequently than the ELISA test.
HIV test result options
There are several options for recording results after analysis:
- Negative result;
- False negative;
- Positive;
- False positive;
- Doubtful or uncertain.
With each of the verdicts received, you should contact your doctor, who will explain the data or prescribe a repeat analysis.
Positive analysis
If the analysis results in a verdict - the test is positive, most likely the patient has this disease. A person has the right, even if the result is reliable, to be tested for HIV again if he has doubts about the correctness of the blood draw. This can be done in the same or another laboratory. Repeated analysis may require a fee.
Questionable analysis
If a questionable result is obtained, a repeat analysis is mandatory. First, the doctor finds out the reasons for such data by talking with the patient. A questionable result can be obtained if the patient is not properly prepared or if the blood sample is taken incorrectly. In this case, if the value of the analysis does not change, not a repeated analysis is carried out, but another form of analysis.
If a medical error occurs
An incorrect result may be the result of a medical error:
- Incorrect sample labeling;
- Violation of the analysis procedure;
- Use of expired reagents;
- Incorrect interpretation of results.
If a positive HIV test was obtained as a result of a medical error, the patient has the right to sue for moral compensation.
Analysis transcript
In the laboratory, patients are given a transcript of the analysis containing a large number of values and numbers. The further process of deciphering the analysis results can only be done by a doctor. The patient is given the final result in the form of an inscription or stamp on a form; the patient is either HIV-positive or HIV-negative, or the analysis is questionable.
A professional laboratory will give you clear results that make it clear immediately whether you have become infected with HIV or not About normal result
Hospital patients should not be afraid when a doctor orders an HIV test. This data is necessary in a number of cases:
- Before surgery;
- When donating donor blood;
- During pregnancy or planning it;
- When applying for some positions.
There are no special indications for prescribing this analysis. Diagnosing HIV is a standard procedure that you should not be afraid of.
About the indicators after the study using the polymerase chain reaction method
PCR analysis is carried out to determine the foreign protein. To take an HIV test using the PCR method, there must be certain indications, since the UVA method is cheaper. This method is considered more sensitive.
For doctors, the tests look like a set of data, like in a photo, from which they need to understand whether there is an infection or not. Most often, the transcript is given by laboratory assistants, since not all doctors are really prepared for this type of information about the analysis What to do if you test positive
After the examination, in case of a positive result, the patient often falls into panic and depression. This should not be done, as this condition will not help solve the problem.
It is important to understand that there can be two options for this result:
- Error in data (for a number of reasons);
- Presence of illness.
The first case can be excluded by repeating the analysis. If the diagnosis is confirmed, then it is necessary to begin treatment. With the modern level of medical development, the lifestyle of an HIV-positive person changes slightly.
False positive analysis, reasons
In case of a false positive result for HIV, a repeat examination is prescribed. A common reason for this result is poor-quality reagents, sample contamination, and similar reasons.
False positive result in pregnant women
Pregnant women are required to be tested for HIV. When a woman gives birth to a new life, a hormonal shift occurs. For this reason, many blood parameters and the functioning of various systems may change. In order to take into account all the nuances of the body’s condition, when taking blood for analysis, it is determined how much time has passed since conception. The data of such analysis is verified using a special table. The result may be false positive if the doctor incorrectly calculated the timing of pregnancy.
How to eliminate the possibility of obtaining a false result from blood tests
It is impossible to completely eliminate the possibility of an error when testing blood for HIV, but you can significantly reduce the risk of getting one.
To do this, you need to follow several rules:
- Do not drink alcohol several days before the test;
- Do not eat fatty, salty or sweet foods for several hours.
- You can drink tea without sugar;
- Observe hygiene rules in the laboratory;
- Employees of the medical institution must collect the test according to the instruction card.
It is important to know the routes of infection in order to check your results in time.
Other possible medical mistakes
It is important that when collecting any hazardous material, the doctor is reliably protected. Otherwise, it may become a source of infection. In any medical institution there is a job description for medical workers. It contains a sequence of actions for AIDS to prevent its spread.
Any office in which biological fluids are manipulated must be equipped with a special disinfectant solution and ultraviolet lamps to prevent the spread of the disease.
If a false diagnosis was received, the error may be due to improper handling of laboratory equipment:
- The device was not washed after the previous analysis;
- Incorrect analysis parameters have been specified, etc.
If a medical error is discovered, the patient has the right to moral compensation. Doctors are obliged to detect the error in time and order a re-examination. In addition, they must ensure that the patient is not infected with HIV during medical procedures.
The relevance of the problem associated with the terrible disease of the twenty-first century is undeniable. It is important to note that modern diagnostic methods make it possible to accurately determine the presence or absence of this disease in the body. Doubtful HIV, despite all this, is not uncommon. This test result occurs quite often. That is why it is extremely important to know what it can mean. Information about what to do if there is a questionable HIV stamp on the test form will not be superfluous for any person. Indeed, in some cases, medical workers are reluctant or unclear in explaining the plan of further action to a patient who is confused by such news. So, what might an indeterminate HIV test indicate and what should you do if it is detected?
Questionable HIV test: known reasons for negative-positive results
It's no secret that this terrible disease is detected in several well-known ways. Each of these methods not only has its own certain errors, but also the likelihood that the HIV test will be questionable. With what it can be connected? There are many known factors that can cause a false positive or false negative result. Here are the main ones:
It is also worth noting that often a positive HIV test turns out to be negative upon further examination due to the fact that the test was carried out improperly. Medical error is possible at various stages. This can happen when blood is taken, checked, or when data is transferred to the receptionist or administrator. In any case, subsequent testing in most cases gives an accurate result, which allows doctors to draw appropriate conclusions about the patient’s health status. After all, medicine does not know of cases where an HIV test was not determined after several attempts.
Different HIV results: what do they mean?
HIV is positive, then negative can be during the initial test using an enzyme immunoassay. Not only that, in some cases this research itself gives a questionable result when the boundaries of acceptable indicators are at the limit. Also, checking too early leads to the result being a false positive or, conversely, a false negative.
Any questionable result in this case becomes a good reason to send a person for immunoblotting. This is a more expensive but more accurate test.
Does it happen that the first HIV test is negative, the second is positive? Yes, this is possible in several cases. First of all, this concerns the results of ELISA testing. A negative result may occur if the test is carried out too early after the suspected infection. A false negative result can also occur if the test is performed incorrectly. That is, there will be a medical error.
It is worth noting that therapy is not carried out in case of questionable HIV results. By the way, the diagnosis in this case is made based on the results of a repeat test. One study is not a reason to talk about a terrible disease. After all, medicine knows many cases when a positive test for HIV in a healthy person is not subsequently confirmed.
Reliability of HIV testsTests for the presence of the most terrible disease of the current century in a person are used differently today. Which one doctors choose depends on the specific case....
December 1 is World AIDS Day. On the eve of this date, the Russian Ministry of Health cited frightening statistics according to which the number of cases will increase by 2.5 times in just 15 years. HIV prevention is now one of the main directions of modern medicine, aimed at stopping the spread of the virus. And, first of all, you need to start with tests. AiF.ru found out where you can get tested for HIV and how to do it correctly so as not to get a false result.
Two types of verification
There are two main types of tests for HIV/AIDS: enzyme immunoassay and PCR diagnostics. Both are informative and accurate.
Enzyme immunoassay is the most common today. It is based on the detection of antibodies to HIV in the patient’s blood serum. In most patients, they appear approximately 4-6 weeks after infection, in 10% - after 3-6 months, and in 5% - later. Therefore, ideally this test should be taken three times every 3 months.
PCR diagnostics are a polymerase chain reaction test that can test serum, antiviral RNA or DNA, and quantify CD-4 lymphocytes. At the same time, doctors often call PCR analysis the only possible early diagnosis of HIV infection, which is also carried out in children of the first year of life. The advantage of this research method is the fact that it can detect the virus in the incubation and early clinical periods, when there are no antibodies in the blood yet. This helps to start treatment earlier and reduce the negative impact of the disease.
How to prepare?
You need to prepare for an HIV/AIDS test. Blood should be donated on an empty stomach, and the last meal should take place no later than 8 hours before. Naturally, it is recommended to maintain a unique diet, a few days before donating blood, giving up alcohol and “harmful” foods - fatty, fried, smoked foods, marinades and other refined foods.
It is worth considering that if you are unwell, even with any viral or infectious disease, it is better not to donate blood or come back for testing again 35-40 days after recovery. Otherwise, there is a risk of getting a false positive result.
The HIV/AIDS test goes through several stages of testing. Therefore, it takes 2-10 days to prepare.
Negative plus
The result can be positive, negative or doubtful. In the latter case, it is worth retaking the analysis a little later.
Doctors say that if the result is positive, it is impossible to immediately declare that a person has HIV or AIDS. Indeed, in some cases, indicators may be overestimated for other reasons. In this situation, you should retake the test again - everyone who has a “+” result goes through this procedure.
Where does the “false signal” come from? Due to certain diseases and conditions that may cause cross-reactions. For example, due to allergies, antigens that are incomprehensible to the body can be produced in the blood, which it recognizes as foreign.
Also, a similar reaction can occur due to a sharp change in blood composition - for example, due to a jump in cholesterol (with excessive consumption of fatty foods, fried foods, seeds), hormonal imbalance (in particular, during menstruation in women), infections (respiratory diseases, the presence of hepatitis and influenza viruses, recent vaccinations, tuberculosis), excessive blood thickness, arthritis, oncology. Fungi, viruses and bacteria can also contribute to the appearance of incorrect data. In addition, a false positive result can occur due to medical errors: violation of the rules for collecting and transporting blood, use of low-quality serum, and improper storage of the material.
Degrees of anonymity
If you wish, you can get tested for the immunodeficiency virus at any time. However, there are a number of situations when it is recommended to do this. Thus, it is worth donating blood when planning a pregnancy, before a planned operation, after questionable injections, unprotected sexual contact with a stranger, or in case of a sharp deterioration in health.
You can get checked at any clinic, private clinics and diagnostic centers, as well as specialized AIDS centers. Moreover, in public medical institutions this procedure will be completely free. Any citizen of the country can take tests at the AIDS center, regardless of where he lives.
There are two types of testing: confidential and anonymous. In the first case, the person tells the laboratory assistants his name. In the second case, he is assigned an identification number. All results are given exclusively to the patient, and even if the result is positive, the laboratory cannot report it anywhere - this will be regarded as a violation of medical confidentiality. In paid clinics, the principle of taking tests is no different, only in this case the service is provided for money. The cost is from 400 to 3,400 rubles, depending on the complexity and verification options.
I was examined for sexually transmitted infections (no symptoms - I wanted confidence in my relationship with a woman). The HIV test was positive. Next, an ultrasound showed a tumor on the kidney, which was removed (it turned out to be malignant).
I read the book by I.M. Sazonova, it says that a malignant tumor can give a positive test result for HIV.
Could this be exactly the case, or is there nothing to hope for?
You need to conduct a control test for HIV. If the first HIV test was determined by ELISA, then the result may be false positive. Its reliability can be verified by a more sensitive diagnostic method - PCR (polymerase chain reaction), which detects the DNA of the virus in the blood.
Help. 12/16/10 ELISA (+) IB(+) then from 03/23/11 to 05/19/11 nine negative ELISA (-) and quantitative PCR. will not be determined. in 2002, during pregnancy, ELISA is either (+) or (-) but IB is always (-). from 2004 to 2008 I took ELISA (-) 2 times a year, but on 04/30/08 IFA (+) and IB was indeterminate. then again every 2 months I took an ELISA test always (-). and since December 2010 it has been written above. At the same time, I have never injected, my husband always has ELISA (-). CD4 980 cells. and the blood test for syphilis on April 29 gave 3+++. And then three times. negative every 10 days. hepatitis all (-). has anyone had something similar? Thank you.
Please clarify whether you have undergone RIBT (treponema pallidum immobilization reaction), and if so, what are the results of this study.
no, no one suggested that I do such an analysis. What will it show? I hope you understand that I was talking about HIV tests. Thank you. Have there been similar cases in your practice? By the way, information security was unclear in 2008 because... there was p24/25 protein. in 2010 IB(+) proteins gp160.41.120 p24.17.31. then when IFA was again 3 times (-) they sent me to IB on April 4th. the result was positive, but proteins gp 120 and 41. the rest are crossed out with red paste and below in red IB REPEAT. but PCR will deny the same number. After April 4, I took the ELISA test and it was already rejected 4 times. everything at the speed center including antigen and antibody tests. Now I’m waiting for a repeat IB and high-quality PCR. that's it. I'M VERY TIRED OF THINKING AND WAITING. Hoping for the best. THANK YOU. I'm REALLY looking forward to your answer.
If you ask any question, please try next time to formulate it more specifically, clarifying the diagnosis. RIBT is used to confirm the diagnosis of syphilis. To accurately diagnose HIV infection, antibodies to HIV in the blood are determined by ELISA and immunoblot. The diagnosis is confirmed only if both of these results are positive.
Sorry for inaccurately formulating the question. I wrote that in December ELISA and Imunoblot tests for HIV came back positive. but since March IFA has been negative for HIV 9 times. If I was registered at the speed center, then does this actually happen? HIV is either always positive or negative. and how, if the HIV ELISA result is negative, can an immunoblot be used? then everyone will deny ifa, you need to check for immunoblot, so what happens? Our speed center can’t answer me anything. So I turned to you. Thank you.
Unfortunately, both ELISA and immunoblot can give false-positive results. That is why the diagnosis of HIV is considered final only with the simultaneous detection of HIV using ELISA and the immunoblot method.
Hello. Today I received the results of a high-quality PCR test for HIV - the virus was not detected and a repeat immunoblot for HIV resulted in indeterminate due to protein 41. The AIDS CENTER said that most likely there is no HIV, but in my body there are bodies similar in structure to HIV. But what do you think, taking into account my questions from June 15 and 16 (see above), is there HIV or not? THANK YOU.
In this case, the diagnosis of HIV infection is doubtful.
You write that only with the simultaneous detection of HIV using IFA and immunoblot, the diagnosis of HIV is considered final. But what then in my case? after all, everyone will deny PCR. and blot and ifa are jumping around all the time. for 9 years. Tell me, if the virus was in my blood, then its RNA and DNA could be accurately determined after so many years. and can the incubation period or “window” last so many years? Are there any false negative PCR results for HIV given such a period of time? Yes, I forgot to say that the express tests for HIV that I take at the CVD are always negative. Or can’t you rely on them either? Thank you.
In this case, PCR diagnostics is not the main method for identifying the dynamics of the process - serological methods are more informative. In this case, the probability of false negative results is high. Express tests for HIV have a high sensitivity threshold, so they can also give a false negative result.
Sorry. I definitely wrote it in the wrong place. please answer in the topic HIV or not HIV. Thank you.
If you have not received a notification that you have received a response, you can view the answer to your question at this address http://tiensmed.ru/news/answers/vich-ili-ne-vich-.html
Hello! Please tell me how to register with the LCD (I’m currently 10 weeks pregnant), I took tests for HIV, a couple of days ago the doctor called me and said that the preliminary tests for HIV were positive (the first one was done in Kirovograd, but there is no official result from Kiev yet ), on the same day in our city laboratory we did two rapid tests from the Pharmaco company CITO TEST HIV 1/2, both results were negative, the laboratory assistant said that these tests are reliable and I don’t have to worry, since this happens during pregnancy, and those tests could simply be mixed up. The doctor told me to donate blood again and I had my blood tested twice more in different hospitals (I still don’t have any of the three results). I’m very worried, I’m not a drug addict, I haven’t had any questionable sexual relationships, and even if I get sick, I get sick very rarely, other tests are all normal. Can rapid tests be trusted? Does this really happen during pregnancy? The doctor scared me too much. Thank you
First of all, you need to calm down and not think about the bad. Sometimes during pregnancy there are false positive results. It is necessary to retest blood for HIV and wait for the results of the examination.
Hello! The fact is that 2 months ago I had sexual contact with a girl (we are still dating). after 1.5 weeks the temperature rose to 37.4. Soon she was asleep. To be sure, we took an IFA test after 2 weeks and again after 1.5 months. Both answers are negative. But I still have fever and cough, with variable improvement. Tell me, please, is there a risk? In addition, I worked for a long time without days off and a week ago I was on sick leave (with SARS). Blood and lung tests are normal. Thank you.
This temperature may be associated with a viral disease, the body has not yet recovered, or chronic fatigue. In the event that organic pathology is excluded, a general blood and urine test is within normal limits, as well as fluorographic examination data are also within normal limits, then it is necessary to exclude sexually transmitted diseases: chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis, which can cause inflammation of the small organs pelvis and urethra and, as a consequence, an increase in body temperature. Read more about the causes of increased body temperature by clicking on the link: High temperature.
Hello. Here’s the thing: More than a year ago I had unprotected sexual contact with a girl who was walking around. She insisted that she was not sick, but I couldn’t trust her 100 percent. She also assured that she had undergone a medical examination before applying for a job (she worked as a salesperson) and everything was fine. 7 months after contact, I still took an HIV test in the citylab laboratory; the result was negative. But lately I’ve been getting sick often; I’ve had a red, sore throat for 3 weeks now and I can’t cure it. I started to be afraid again, what if I caught it then? Tell me, is this possible, and should we trust the analysis from CityLab? I'm afraid to take the test again, my nerves won't hold up...
If the result is negative, then most likely you are not sick or infected with HIV/AIDS. However, to clarify the diagnosis, it is recommended to take a second test in specialized laboratories at government institutions; this examination is carried out anonymously. If self-treatment does not bring the desired result, it is recommended to consult with an otolaryngologist to conduct an adequate examination and prescribe appropriate treatment. Read more about HIV testing in a series of articles by clicking on the link: HIV.
Tell me, can you give any characteristics of the citylab laboratory? Still, it is not always possible to get tested at a government agency. And what is the percentage chance for a man to become infected through unprotected contact?
Unfortunately, we do not provide comparative assessments of laboratories and private medical institutions. If you doubt the reliability of the results, conduct an examination in another center and first ask for a license to provide these medical services, whether this center has the right to conduct this examination and whether everything complies with accepted standards. The risk of infection is the same for both sexes through unprotected sexual intercourse. Read more about HIV testing in a series of articles by clicking on the link: HIV.
Good afternoon The child is 8 months old, was tested for HIV using ELISA, gp160 + and p25 + were found in the blood, the rest is all negative, the conclusion is doubtful. Judging by these tests, it turns out that the child is +? gp160 + gp110/120 - p68 - p55 - p52 - gp41 - p34 - p25 + p18 -
Unfortunately, based on the data obtained, it is impossible to make a diagnosis with 100 percent probability, since a false positive result cannot be excluded. To make an accurate diagnosis, you will need to undergo a number of examinations, including repeating this analysis using the ELISA method, as well as taking a test using the PCR method. After this, you should contact a specialized medical institution, where an infectious disease specialist will be able to comprehensively evaluate the results obtained. You can learn more about the manifestations of HIV infection in the thematic section of our website by clicking on the link: HIV
Can it show a false positive result for acute respiratory infections or more acute infectious diseases? I read somewhere that for 58 diseases or even higher, a “+” can be shown, including vaccination against hepatitis B, if the kidneys are affected etc.?
There is a possibility of a false-positive result, so I recommend that you do the following: do the test again - using the ELISA method and the PCR method, and then visit the infectious disease specialist again. You can learn more about diagnosing HIV infection from the thematic section: HIV
Good afternoon The immunoblot is indeterminate due to the p25 protein. What is the likelihood of HIV?
In this situation, it is necessary to carefully study the study protocols in combination with other indicators, since it is not possible to make an assumption based on these data. Presumably the result can be considered questionable and a repeat study is required after 3 months. Read more in the section of our website: HIV
Can you comment on HIV ELISA?
1 serum +3.559 k=13.3
2 serum +3.696 k=13.9
In this case, a false positive result cannot be ruled out, given that the ELISA method is indirect, so I recommend that you get tested using another, more sensitive method - immunoblotting. You can find out more detailed information on this issue in the corresponding section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV
Good afternoon, tell me what to tune in to? A year ago, when planning a child, my husband and I underwent all the tests, including HIV (they took them very seriously and correctly), I was examined in Kr. Rog, my husband in Kiev, his answer was negative, I was told that some reagent did not work, I need to take it again at the Center AIDS in Kyiv. Having taken the test at the Center, the answer came back negative for me too. Now I am in the 14th week position i.e. I registered and went through all the tests and again the answer came back, the test for HIV was indeterminate, I took it again at the clinic and took an express test at Dovir to reassure me, but they didn’t reassure me, the express test showed a positive result (the second line was less pronounced), immediately after all this procedure, I wasted no time contacting the AIDS Center and also took a test and am awaiting the result. (I can’t calm down) Please tell me how much you can trust the express tests and why there is no answer to the HIV test the first time? (my husband and I lead a healthy lifestyle and love each other). Thank you.
There is no need to panic ahead of time - express diagnostics is not the basis for diagnosing HIV; it allows you to identify groups of patients who require more in-depth research. In such situations, it is recommended to conduct immune blotting and personally consult with an infectious disease specialist. You can find out more detailed information on this issue in the thematic section of our website by clicking on the following link: HIV. You can also get additional information in the following section of our website: Laboratory diagnostics
Hello, I was in the infectious disease ward, just today I was discharged when leaving, the doctor called me and explained that I have a positive IFA, first when I was admitted to the hospital, it was negative, then when I re-tested it became positive, they sent tests for an immunoblot to Sokolniki Mountain they said it would be ready next week, I was in the hospital with a sore throat and parainfluenza viruses, I arrive in a state of shock, I still don’t understand how to evaluate this, an extract for my clinic was also drawn up indicating that ifa was detected and below that the immunoblot is in work, if I’m discharged to tomorrow your clinic, then in this extract everything will be indicated, how likely is HIV to be present? Could it be that because I was treated for parainfluenza virus sore throat, show positive results for ifa?
The probability of a false positive result is very high. The presence of one positive result does not yet provide grounds for making a diagnosis of HIV, so we recommend that you wait for the immunoblotting result, and then personally consult with an infectious disease doctor regarding further examination and observation. Sore throat, parainfluenza and other colds do not have a significant effect on the results of the analysis.
I want to believe this, but at the end of August I felt unwell, the temperature rose, 37.5-38 I had loose stools for about 4 days, it was on vacation where there were a lot of discos, I drank tap water like many others, because which was very expensive, a glass of water cost 300 rubles, I associated loose stools with such a temperature with some kind of intestinal infection caught in the water, I don’t remember exactly, but there was also a small rash in the upper part of the body, when I arrived home with a temperature I called a doctor, she wrote rotavirus infection, after 5 days of sickness, I volunteered to leave him and go to work, where a few days later I fell ill with sinusitis (at that period of time, due to my work duties, I needed to be outside) I attributed this to the fact that the large temperature drop from vacation and poisoning lowered my immunity and therefore I caught a cold again with sinusitis, so this is sick leave again, according to the instructions of the ENT, I took Klacid SR 500 for 10 days, it passed, I went back to work after 3 weeks, I was on a business trip in a hot country for 3 days. The air conditioners in transport and the hotel were merciless and upon returning home, on the plane my temperature was already 39.5. Here I am at home with a temperature of 40, I called a doctor at home, wrote an acute respiratory infection and said my throat was very red, I have chronic tonsillitis and told the ENT specialist, I myself wrote to take the antibiotic Levolet r. I called an ambulance because I had a fever and the rate was 40 and did not decrease, they did not offer hospitalization, the next day the same story - the ambulance gave an antipyretic injection and left. The third time I insisted on hospitalization, they barely took me away to the infectious diseases hospital, where a mixed infection of parainfluenza and adenoviral infection was detected, but upon discharge, the doctor-head of the department said that I was diagnosed with HIV ifa positive and that they did it twice, I’m in shock, I don’t know what to do, I can’t eat or drink .she said that I clearly have an acute HIV infection and to check, they sent an immunoblot test of my blood to the AIDS center,
Now, drawing an analogy of the events that happened to me over the last time, as well as 3 sick leaves in a row, I tried on all the symptoms and I was horrified by what could be, after being discharged on the same day I went to get tested at invitro anonymously and the next day the IFA result was the same +
I’m sorry for such detailed information, but I’m confused and killed, I drink strong sedatives and I have no appetite and I practically don’t eat, I’ve lost a lot of weight
I also have a question: the doctor with the discharge from the hospital indicated the result of HIV detected by IFA and below that the immunoblot is in the works, but how do I close the bl in my clinic at the place where everything will be written there. What should I do? This will no longer be confidential. I asked the attending physician not to write this analysis in the extract, to which she refused me, to what extent are my rights regarding non-disclosure of information respected?
Unfortunately, the results of studies carried out in the hospital are included in the extract, since the attending local doctor must have complete information about your health condition. In this situation, we are not talking about the disclosure of information, since it is only transferred to another attending physician, who will further monitor you.
Hello! I took tests for HIV because I needed a certificate for the FMS, they didn’t give the tests for a couple of weeks, then they invited me to the manager and gave me a positive result, they took a bunch of receipts and sent them to the regional AIDS center for further examination, as it says on the certificate. I want to take it at another clinic and then go to the regional one, or is there no point in retaking it? I just don’t understand why they didn’t give them for so long, well, the doctor said that supposedly they did some kind of analysis and I supposedly owe them another 4 thousand rubles, because if they did it, then probably in addition to the certificate they would give detailed information about the disease?
In this situation, you should not panic ahead of time - receiving one positive result does not allow you to reliably judge a possible infection, since false positive results cannot be ruled out. We recommend that you take the test again and if there is a positive result, you will need to undergo another examination - immunoblotting. As a rule, the laboratory does not provide detailed information about the results, which is normal and common practice. Any questions you may have can be answered by your attending physician after an examination during a personal consultation.
I forgot to add that from the beginning of June until mid-September I took a course of anabolic steroids, namely Sustanon 250, a mixture of testosterones and stanozolol with primabolan, I wanted to prepare myself for the summer and vacation, could they knock down my immunity and everything that happened to me.
Impaired immunity, as well as the presence of autoimmune diseases, can give false positive test results for HIV. That is why, in case of receiving 2 positive results using the ELISA method, immunoblotting is recommended, which will allow us to accurately answer the question of whether there is an infection or not.
What does it mean to have autoimmune diseases? What are they?
In general, I can say that I was sick quite often from early childhood and even a couple of years ago I asked the attending physician to take care of my immunity, because I was constantly tired and often got sick, mainly ear, throat, nose, but all the time there were negative results for HIV, I I passed them quite easily, without hesitation.
A false positive test result for HIV can occur after a recent viral infection, vaccination against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, hepatitis, herpes, as well as against the background of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, connective tissue diseases and etc.
I would like to add to my question, my immunoblot came back negative, but the doctor said that since I had two IFAs + when I was in the infectious diseases hospital, I still need to retake the test, but a little later
In this case, medical tactics are justified - we recommend taking the immunoblot again after 1.5-2 months.
What is the probability: 2 IFA + the difference between blood draws is about 2 days, immunoblot - ; I was in an infectious diseases hospital with an adenovirus infection and parainfluenza, where blood was drawn, the immunoblot was sent to the AIDS center
Good afternoon I registered with the housing complex, went through all the tests, the doctor says that I have herpes in my blood, then they call from the AIDS center and say that I need to retest, I asked and they told me that I am HIV positive, in a panic, my husband and I went to retest I took the test and I got IFA and immunoblot + my husband got it, and I got it again a month later. I have + my husband – I’m now 23 weeks pregnant!
In this situation, unfortunately, there is a possibility of HIV infection, but a final diagnosis cannot be made even with a positive immunoblot, given the state of pregnancy. In this situation, it is necessary to exclude false positive results, so we recommend taking the test again and personally consulting with an infectious disease specialist.
If the immunoblot shows a positive result for HIV, but the screening is negative, which result should we believe?
Immunoblot is a more accurate test, therefore, with this study, if a positive result is obtained, you need to continue the study and personally visit an infectious disease specialist.
AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS) is considered the terminal stage of HIV infection, which is characterized by a critical decrease in the level of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood and in which secondary, so-called. AIDS-associated infectious and oncological diseases acquire an irreversible course that is resistant to specific treatment. AIDS inevitably leads to death.
CD4 lymphocytes (sometimes called T cells or helper cells) are a special type of white blood cell that are a major component of the human immune system. Human immunodeficiency viruses, entering the physiological fluids of the body, spread there and destroy these cells, which leads to a catastrophic destruction of the immune system. A diagnosis of AIDS can be made when HIV tests are positive and the CD4 cell count is below 200 cells/ml. The resulting profound violations of the human body’s immunity and the destruction of the main defense barrier lead to the loss of the ability to resist secondary, opportunistic diseases. Thus, CD4 lymphocytes are markers of the degree of immunity impairment, allowing one to determine the transition of HIV infection to its terminal stage - AIDS. The CD4 lymphocyte test measures the number of these cells in a cubic milliliter of blood.
Another criterion for the transition of HIV infection to the AIDS stage for adults and adolescents is the presence of AIDS-associated diseases, which are grouped into the following groups:
The causative agents of these diseases are in most cases not dangerous for healthy people. Many of them live freely in water, soil, human skin and mucous membranes. A healthy immune system reliably resists them, and for AIDS patients in whom it is destroyed, these organisms turn from neutral agents into mortal enemies.
Indications for prescribing an AIDS test
- Treatment of HIV infection.
- AIDS.
- those who have been sexually assaulted;
- rapidly losing weight;
- those who doubt the sterility of the needles used;
- entering into sexual contact with a new partner (analysis must be done for any casual contact, even if it is protected);
- those preparing for surgery (the need for timely diagnosis of HIV arises even if there is no need for a person to be hospitalized after surgery);
- living next to an HIV-infected person (analysis is carried out not only when symptoms are detected, but on a regular basis);
- those suffering from STDs (if there are signs of inflammatory diseases, a sharp deterioration in health).
- smoke;
- drinking alcohol;
- overdo it with physical activity;
- worry;
- eat junk food.
- clinic, first-aid post;
- specialized center for combating HIV;
- mobile express laboratory;
- private clinic;
- independent laboratory.
Preparing for analysis
It is enough to follow a few rules to get the right result. It is recommended to limit yourself in food 8-14 hours before taking the test, since it is better to take it on an empty stomach. The result can be distorted by alcohol and nicotine, so it is better to avoid it too. Avoid heavy physical activity and, if possible, protect yourself from stress.
How is the procedure done?
Blood is drawn from the ulnar vein using standard technology.
Decoding the result of an AIDS test
What does the CD4 lymphocyte count indicate?
Without treatment, the number of CD4 cells in the body begins to gradually decline. Monitoring this indicator regularly will help you and your doctor make timely decisions about treatment and other support.
CD4 count - 350: start of treatment for HIV infection
Treatment for HIV infection should begin when the CD4 lymphocyte count drops below 350. It is at this level that treatment is most effective: the immune system has a better chance of returning to normal. If you start treatment with a CD4 cell count of about 350, you are almost certainly not going to develop HIV-related illnesses. It has been proven that this also reduces the risk of developing heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease and cancer. Be prepared for the doctor to start talking to you about treatment at this stage. A decrease in CD4 lymphocyte count below 350 cells/μl is an indication for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
CD4 cell count 200 or lower: Initiation of HIV treatment and preventive medications
If the number of CD4 lymphocytes has decreased to less than 200, it is necessary to urgently decide on starting therapy, since at such indicators the disease takes a particularly severe course due to AIDS-associated diseases. You should take additional medications to prevent the development of these diseases (this treatment is called prophylactic). When the CD4 cell count recovers, prophylaxis can be discontinued. The course of the disease becomes irreversible when the number of CD4 lymphocytes decreases below 50 cells in 1 μl.
CD4 cell count during HIV treatment
Once treatment for HIV infection is started, your CD4 count will begin to gradually increase. The growth rate of CD4 cells depends on the individual characteristics of each person. For some people, it may take months or even years for their CD4 counts to return to normal. If you start treatment when your CD4 count is very low, it will take a long time for your CD4 count to rise. Remember that even a small increase in your CD4 cell count can have a very positive effect on your health. Once you start treatment, you should have tests to measure your CD4 count and viral load every three to six months.
In addition to the CD4 count test, doctors sometimes use the CD4 percentage test, which measures the percentage of CD4 cells in the entire lymphocyte population. People who are HIV negative have a CD4 cell count of 40%. When comparing percentage to count, a CD4 cell count of about 14% is considered to have the same risk of developing comorbidities as a CD4 cell count of ≤ 200. Your doctor may use the CD4 cell percentage method if, for example, Your two consecutive CD4 cell count tests gave a large difference in the results.
Expected complications based on CD4 count
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If the initial analysis is doubtful.
I apologize in advance for the “unscientific” nature of the question, but please understand my situation.
My initial analysis was sent for additional research to the laboratory on Sokolinaya Gora.
Is this already a guarantee of positive status?
There are symptoms: there was a fever with an increase in temperature, one lymph node was slightly swollen.
True, now my feet are tingling, and there is some pain in the chest, and dry mouth, it seems to me.
Although, perhaps, it is the psyche that is failing.
Thanks in advance for your answer.
If the ELISA is doubtful, then this means that it is doubtful. There is no way to make predictions here. If it's positive, then that's a different story. ELISA is a sensitive thing, but the price for sensitivity comes with the risk of false positive results.
Let's assume that the specificity of your test is 99.77%* i.e. per 1000 tests there will be 2 false positive results (in fact, this is not at all necessary, but in large samples it will be approximately around the same level). Then, out of 1000 tests in the same more or less heterogeneous sample (not among pensioners, or not only among gays or IDUs, we are talking here about a low-risk population, some conditionally average ordinary people) there will be up to 10 positive results for those actually infected (for Russian Federation, let’s assume that 1% of us are infected, we don’t know exactly how many, but approximately), up to - i.e. probably less, because there are risk groups, and there is a low-risk population where there will be HIV, but noticeably less often.
*The specificity of the ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay in the low risk population in this study was 99.77% (6113/6127) with an exact 95% confidence interval of 99.62% to 99.88%. Source.
So, if you think that you are at risk, then for you the positive predictive value for a positive (not doubtful, but a positive result) will be (10/(10+2))*100%=83% I.e. You need to be scared by approximately 80%. If you do not consider yourself to be in a risk group, there were no unprotected contacts with partners of unknown status, injection drugs, etc., then rather for a low-risk sample, i.e. Let’s assume that in the low-risk group we have half the HIV prevalence (most likely even less, since we know that approximately 60% of HIV-infected people in the Russian Federation are injection drug users) then (5/(5+2)) *100%= approximately 70%.
I hope the conventions of these calculations are clear. For example, for children or for old grandparents, the estimated positive predictive value will be extremely low.
There is only one conclusion here - a positive ELISA does not equal HIV infection, the probability of a false alarm with very specific tests will be up to 30%, plus or minus a little more, and clarifying tests should be carried out, i.e. immunoblot and perhaps further there will be indications for high-quality PCR.
Is HIV detected by a routine blood test?
As I understand it, you mean blood from your finger, I think they don’t determine if you donate blood from your finger for an AIDS test, for example in mobile laboratories, then probably yes, but in clinics most likely not, but I assume that if there is the presence of AIDS in the body means that this is an inflammatory process, the ESR indicator should be very high. (but I could be wrong, this is just my guess)
HIV is determined by a special test, which is taken from a vein. Now, 7 ml of blood is usually taken in one test tube, for three infections at once - HIV, hepatitis C and B, syphilis. Usually, these tests are taken upon admission for treatment in hospital, before a planned surgical intervention, in pregnant women registered at the antenatal clinic, as well as when undergoing a medical examination for employment. When conducting a routine clinical blood test, a finger prick, the presence of HIV in the blood is not determined.
If you mean a regular general blood test, taken from a finger, as well as a biochemical test of blood taken from a vein, then no, the AIDS virus cannot be detected in this way. A general blood test will give readings of the number of red blood cells, that is, hemoglobin; erythrocytes, ESR. The AIDS virus is tested by taking blood for HIV in special AIDS centers. This is exactly how we do it in our city.
If it were so simple, then all tests would be taken from the fingertips. There are many tests that are taken exclusively from a vein, and in large quantities they include prothrombin, cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and also HIV. In addition, not every laboratory and not every clinic has the ability to determine HIV. Rather, this is due to the fact that special expensive reagents are needed.
Not determined. To determine if you have HIV, you need to take blood from a vein and conduct a special test. In a general blood test, which is taken from a finger, completely different indicators are determined. Usually, a test is taken from a vein simultaneously for HIV, hepatitis and syphilis.
During routine clinical testing, HIV is not detected. Typically, the test requires a referral for HIV testing. There are two main methods for detecting HIV - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method.
The answer is no. A routine blood test determines whether a person has inflammation in the body, and also takes blood from a finger to test for syphilis. To detect AIDS, another test is needed, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or ELISA. This method is one of the most reliable today. But if doctors doubt the result of the analysis, they can use another method - immunoblotting.
It is important to know something else; HIV cannot be detected immediately after infection, even with a special analysis. Events happen like this: A person becomes infected (this can be through sexual contact, through a shared syringe among drug addicts, even at the dentist.) After a few days and even weeks, the person becomes very ill, as if from the flu - the symptoms are very similar and the temperature is very high ( 39-40). Then everything seems to pass without a trace. And only after a couple of months, after this kind of “flu”, HIV can be detected with a SPECIAL analysis.
If you simply donate blood, HIV cannot be detected. For this purpose, there are special blood tests, the main purpose of which is to detect HIV infections in the donor’s blood. Blood for HIV testing is taken only from a vein.
There are two ways to take a blood test for HIV. Decoding a blood test for HIV is quite simple. Can a blood test for HIV indicate the presence of this disease?
We know that blood taken from a finger can tell a lot about a person's health. Determining the presence of antibodies to HIV is mandatory for making a diagnosis. To identify HIV, antibodies, HIV antigens and provirus DNA are determined.
Changes in a clinical blood test very rarely have any specific (i.e., characteristic only or predominantly for a given disease) character.
When using content, an active hyperlink to the main page of the Modern Forum on HIV is required. Each of us has had our blood tested, but it is difficult for the uninitiated to understand what diseases can be determined using this procedure.
In everyday life they often say: good blood test, bad... There are many types of cells in the blood that perform different functions - respiratory, auxiliary, protective. A biochemical blood test, for example, shows an objective picture of metabolic processes.
Can a complete blood test determine HIV infection or at least suspicion?
By donating blood “for cholesterol”, you can calculate the probability of developing a heart attack. During an allergy test, a blood test helps identify antibodies to allergens.
This is true. While patients are usually referred for other blood tests by their doctor, people often undergo allergy testing on their own initiative.
When can a blood test for HIV be prescribed?
After some time, you need to do a repeat blood test to see the dynamics of the disease.
In addition, there are a number of diseases where a diagnosis can be made only by blood. It is important to know something else; HIV cannot be detected immediately after infection, even with a special analysis. If you mean a regular general blood test, taken from a finger, as well as a biochemical test of blood taken from a vein, then no, the AIDS virus cannot be detected in this way.
The answer is no. A routine blood test determines whether a person has inflammation in the body, and also takes blood from a finger to test for syphilis. To detect AIDS, another test is needed, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or ELISA. This method is one of the most reliable today.
If it were so simple, then all tests would be taken from the fingertips. In addition, not every laboratory and not every clinic has the ability to determine HIV. Rather, this is due to the fact that special expensive reagents are needed.
In a general blood test, which is taken from a finger, completely different indicators are determined.
Procedure for taking a blood test for HIV
During routine clinical testing, HIV is not detected.
Time of first general blood test
If you simply donate blood, HIV cannot be detected. For this purpose, there are special blood tests, the main purpose of which is to detect HIV infections in the donor’s blood.
With a routine blood test, HIV is not detected. For HIV, blood is taken from the veins. Of course, I don’t exclude it in good specialists. laboratories there can probably be determined. It is impossible to determine exactly, because... a routine analysis determines the presence of any infection; if the ESR is higher, this indicates its presence, the level of sugar and hemoglobin.
What can a general blood test tell you about?
Speaking about diagnosis, it should be noted that many people do not distinguish between terms such as AIDS and HIV, believing that we are talking about the same condition. You need to know that HIV infection, entering the body, triggers the disease, but AIDS becomes the final stage of the disease.
To determine the virus in the blood, a special technique is used, which has been successfully used for several decades.
Where can I get a blood test for HIV?
Thus, the study comes down to the detection of specific antibodies in the patient’s blood. The first, standard method for detecting antibodies to HIV is called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It will detect the presence of the virus 1.5-3 months after infection.
This is a qualitative assessment of the presence of the virus in the blood. The test result can be either positive, indicating the presence of the virus, or negative, indicating its absence.
This often happens when the analysis is carried out during the so-called “window period”, when antibodies to the virus have not yet been developed in the required quantity so that they can be detected.
A general blood test for HIV, although it does not allow one to determine the source of the pathology, does demonstrate deviations in hematocrit, the number of formed elements, and the leukocyte formula.
Currently, clinics offer anonymous testing services, when the doctor only knows the individual number of the customer.
When providing medical support to a patient who has been diagnosed with the virus, a clinical blood test for HIV allows treatment to be adjusted.
To determine if you have HIV, you need to take blood from a vein and conduct a special test.
Where to get tested for HIV and hepatitis for free
Every person at least once in his life had to donate blood to detect acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hepatitis. Therefore, information on where you can get tested for HIV and hepatitis for free will not be superfluous for anyone. Here we will touch on the topic of confidentiality of information and tell you how to donate blood for HIV infection anonymously, without providing any information about yourself.
What is the name of the test for HIV, AIDS and hepatitis?
According to statistics, about 15% of AIDS patients are also infected with hepatitis C. Most often, patients are not aware of the development of two serious diseases in their own body. Only a special blood test can “open the eyes” of the patient and detect the immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C in the patient’s blood. You can be tested for HIV and hepatitis by taking a free laboratory test called ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent method).
Attention! The accuracy of this type of diagnosis is low, since the hepatitis provocateur affects AIDS antibodies, reducing their concentration in the blood.
Types of tests for HIV infection and hepatitis
In addition to traditional ELISA, specialists resort to alternative types of laboratory tests. We summarize all the tests used to detect infection in the table below:
When is the ELISA test taken?
ELISA makes it possible to assess the general state of health and the degree of development of pathological processes in the patient’s body. Therefore, taking such an HIV test means providing the doctor with complete initial data about your own health. This is necessary for further development of a therapeutic course. That is why, among other methods of diagnostics and dynamic assessment of serious pathologies, ELISA occupies a leading position.
Important! In the case of a single positive test, a clear diagnosis is not given to the patient - a number of additional studies are required.
Any representative has the right to take one of the tests for HIV infection if desired. However, there are a number of conditions under which a patient must be referred for the procedure.
The described analysis is necessary for people:
All types of such studies help to determine whether antibodies to HIV are found in the human body. PCR analysis can confirm a positive result already in the 2nd week after the suspected infection. A person intending to undergo a traditional test must wait a certain period of time (usually 1.5-2 months) and only then resort to the procedure.
Attention! If a person does not receive a positive test result and still doubts the reliability of the test, experts recommend that the patient who has donated blood once repeat the test again. If enough time has passed since the “suspicious” contacts and other significant events, then re-take the ELISA test.
How to prepare for the examination
The doctor will tell the patient how to take the test correctly. Typically, a person will have to undergo the examination in the morning, because the body has time to cleanse itself during the night. In addition, blood from a vein must be donated on an empty stomach. This means that such a test is carried out on an empty stomach, at least 10 hours after the last meal.
A number of factors can affect test results.
In addition, the result may be unreliable due to a recent infectious disease. In this case, you should wait about a month.
Where can you get tested for HIV infection for free?
Among the institutions where you can anonymously donate blood for HIV:
Attention! You can take a free HIV test anonymously only in health care institutions and AIDS prevention centers to which a specific person is assigned.
An anonymous survey means that the procedure does not require the person to provide any personal information. All manipulations are carried out in “incognito” mode; the result of the analysis for determining the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is given to the patient after providing the number assigned to him.
Not all localities in the country have various medical centers where you can anonymously take a blood test for HIV. Where can you donate biological material in this case? In such circumstances, you can go to a regular clinic or a paramedic-midwife station.
The material is usually processed in a local laboratory. You can find out the result by phone, voicing the assigned number. In case of a positive test, the test results are sent to the regional clinic or the closest city medical institution.
Where to anonymously donate blood for testing
As mentioned earlier, there are ways to anonymously get tested for the virus. Such HIV testing is carried out in specialized laboratories at hospitals, as well as in any AIDS center (for citizens of the country it is done free of charge). In this case, the analysis is carried out completely anonymously (when the patient is assigned an individual number).
This anonymous analysis can be done in another way. Patients wishing to take an HIV test should remember that there are private clinics that provide results as quickly as possible. Conducting an anonymous HIV test within the walls of these institutions is carried out on a paid basis.
Where to take a quick test
You can anonymously get tested for HIV using a rapid test at a clinic or AIDS prevention center. This blood test for HIV can also be done at home if for some reason a person cannot go to a medical facility. In this case, the patient will need only a few minutes to get the result. Which research option to choose is up to the person donating blood. If the result of an anonymous home test is positive, you must promptly contact the clinic.
Blood test for HIV and AIDS and interpretation of the result
A few days or weeks after the procedure (depending on the place where the material was submitted), the patient is provided with the result of an AIDS test.
During a screening test, the absence of antibodies in the material indicates a negative result, otherwise the doctor conducts additional research.
If the result is positive for HIV, immunoblotting is indicated. Darkening on the test strip in this case indicates the presence of proteins gp160, gp120, gp41 - the patient is given a presumptive diagnosis, since alternative protein combinations correspond to another infection.
From the above we can conclude: if, after a thorough study in the described way, all three types of proteins are present in the patient’s blood, this is interpreted as HIV. If the data demonstrates the absence of at least one component, the person is referred for additional research.
A quantitative diagnostic method is also used, in which the concentration of virus RNA is determined (unit of measurement - C/ml). If in this case a negative indicator “follows”, then the decision on the advisability of carrying out other procedures remains with the doctor.
Attention! Subsequent positive tests for HIV indicate the need for treatment of the patient - the patient is prescribed antiviral therapy.
Blood test for hepatitis and interpretation of the result
If a hepatitis test (ELISA) shows the presence of antibodies in the blood, the patient is definitely sick or has had liver disease.
The PCR method is also used to diagnose the disease. A positive result in this case is reliable with a probability of 99% - the diagnosis is obvious. Then, after a thorough examination of the biomaterial, information about the level of viral load is given, and a treatment plan is drawn up.
When conducting a quantitative test, its positive result will indicate that the person has chronic hepatitis C. For subsequent treatment planning, tests for hepatitis are repeated. If the result is again positive, the patient should not panic. Based on practical data on hepatitis C, we can conclude: the disease is treatable in the first and middle stages of development.
Is it possible to refuse to donate blood?
Testing blood for HIV is a mandatory procedure for people in certain professions.
Patients who are admitted to a hospital, as well as pregnant women (as part of a screening examination) are also subject to a mandatory procedure.
For those groups of the population who cannot refuse to take a blood test for HIV, it can be carried out in paid certified medical laboratories.
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