Internet is one of the key aspects modern society. The World Wide Web has huge influence on a person’s life, because for him this is the main means of communication with the world around him. Today, the Network performs not only the function of communication, but also the function of mass information, which has made it possible to identify a separate group called Internet media. This concept deserves detailed consideration.
Discussions about the Internet as media
The media is associated with the third power. Recently, some experts are increasingly calling a relatively new branch of journalism, Internet media, the fourth estate. However, this point of view gives rise to numerous disputes and disputes.
The very definition of the global network as media is ambiguous. It is supported only by specialists, because the Internet has the main characteristics of the media: accessibility and mass dissemination of relevant and significant information. In this regard, the global network is far ahead of other communication channels. However, others perceive this definition as erroneous. This opinion, first of all, arises due to the lack of distinctive features of print media: frequency of publication, circulation, distribution, and a specific name. There are no such concepts on the Internet.
There are also some problems in the legal definition of the World Wide Web as a media outlet. In particular, this problem is very relevant for Russian Internet media. After all, there are billions of sites on the World Wide Web, the information on which is, to one degree or another, socially significant. Such a huge volume of varied material confuses representatives of the law. Perhaps this is why the legal registration of a particular online resource, such as media, is voluntary in Russian legislation.
The reason for the contradictions is the same: the Internet is identified with already known species The media, while this is a fundamentally different way of transmitting information, in which completely different principles and laws operate.
"Bifurcation" of the media
In journalistic theory, the following categories of media are distinguished:
- Printed publications;
- Broadcasting;
- TV.
This was before the advent of the Internet. With its emergence and rapid spread, another relevant category was added to this list, because journalism appreciated the possibilities and prospects of a global technological breakthrough. Due to the novelty and unique features of the global network, the media have conditionally “bifurcated” into two groups. All previously known dissemination of information is now called “traditional”. The Internet is the newest environment for the emergence and development of world ideas, ideologies, opinions, as well as modern Internet media. It has other modernized tools for broadcasting news and conducting propaganda.
Definition of Internet Media
What are the media on the global web? Internet media are sites or author's projects with a relatively large audience of readers, the content of which is constantly updated and relates to a socially significant journalistic product. This definition fits almost every network resource. However, the Internet is rather seen as a platform through which other types of media can disseminate information. Therefore, you should not assume that the entire Internet is media. This is a multifaceted communication channel through which the audience learns about current events.
Distinctive features of media on the Internet
Information sites are often compared to the press and given the characteristics of this traditional type. Of course, this is a big mistake, because the features of Internet media are distinguished by their uniqueness.
If a printed publication with a permanent title and a circulation of more than 1,000 copies appears on store shelves more than once a year, such a publication can be considered a mass media. What characteristics allow Internet resources to be classified as mass media?
Firstly, frequency here is replaced by such a concept as the frequency of content updates. Each new issue of a printed publication indicates how often the publication provides its readers with new information (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.). Internet resources are updated much more frequently, for example, several times a day, as new information is received.
Secondly, the address of the site itself appears as a permanent name in electronic Internet media. Their names help you navigate the diversity of the press, and you can go to a particular online resource by following its link.
Thirdly, under the traditional concept of circulation in this case it is worth considering the average number of site views per day. This number indicates the popularity of a particular Internet publication.
Fourthly, such a key concept for print media as “current number” is not applicable at all in the case of the World Wide Web. There is no latest issue or number in Internet publications; the information in them is updated chaotically, without a specific schedule.
Types of Internet media
They are classified according to several criteria. First of all, there are two large groups:
- online versions of traditional media options;
- independent Internet resources.
Today, a huge number of traditional media have their own website. Current news on it can be completely duplicated; such pages are called “clones”. There are also “hybrids” on the Internet: the information on them is not identical to the source, it is modified and taught differently. Such media belong to the first group, since they are a kind of analogue of a certain printed publication, radio or TV channel.
As the Internet developed, more and more online resources began to appear that exist only on the Internet. This is the second type of Internet media.
Classification is also possible according to other criteria, for example:
- By thematic focus - network media can publish information of a political, economic, educational, analytical or entertainment nature;
- By type of audience - Internet publications can target the entire public or only a specific group of people;
- According to the frequency of updating information - different resources are updated with different frequencies;
- In terms of content quality, sites either create their own, unique content, or collect and compile information from other sources.
Comparison of traditional and Internet media
New technologies have brought many changes to media organization. What exactly has changed and how do new and old media compare?
Practicality
First of all, readers are attracted to online media by their ease of use. In a few minutes you can view articles from several online publications. It will be a little more difficult to compare information from different sources with a heap of newspapers and magazines. This leads to another difference: the high level of mobility of Internet media. You can read news online anywhere and at any time; all you need is a smartphone or tablet with Internet access. In addition, many online publications create mobile applications for even greater viewing convenience.
Fast response
A distinctive feature of network media is also the speed of providing new information. Readers of online publications can learn about an event literally minutes after it happened. Information on news sites is updated every minute, which allows their audience to always be aware of the latest incidents.
Multimedia
Web pages are multimedia. The same information can be presented simultaneously in several forms: text, audio, visual, etc. Articles on websites can also be supplemented with hyperlinks, that is, links to additional material that reveals the main text. The information thus becomes more accurate and complete.
Possibility of information selection
You can quickly find it on the Internet required material. To do this, just enter certain keywords into the search bar, and the article of interest will instantly appear on the page (with high Internet speed, of course).
Interactivity
The differences between the two media groups also lie in the possibilities of feedback. There are various chat rooms and forums on the Internet where readers can express their opinions online. There is usually a comment box at the end of the article. This way users can see what others think about it. Such efficiency is definitely not typical for traditional media, because letters from readers are analyzed comparatively longer, and sometimes do not reach the recipient or are completely ignored.
Monitoring
The technological benefits of the network are endless. With the help of the Internet, it is possible not only to deliver information to the masses, but also to analyze how useful this information is to society. In order to conduct surveys, traditional media will require a considerable amount of money and time. Online surveys made it possible to significantly speed up this process. In this way, in a couple of days it is possible to collect statistics about readers: their characteristics, interests, frequency of viewing this or that information. Analysis helps improve content and tailor it to audience requirements.
General features
Old and new broadcast channels also have common ground. The information material published on them is the result of the work of a huge number of journalists, editors, proofreaders and other employees in this field. Therefore, the structure of their articles is the same.
Prospects for the development of Internet media
The future of the Network is multifaceted, just like itself. In its structure, Internet media is a combination of all possible types of traditional media. Of course, it cannot be said that the World Wide Web will completely absorb the press, radio and television. However, the fact remains: the Network is gradually pushing traditional media into the background. Journalists spend more time working with online media.
Audience Internet media
Today, the overwhelming number of people prefer Internet media resources to their traditional counterparts. After all, information on the Internet is multimedia and always relevant. Russian statistics have formed a portrait of a typical Internet media reader. These are young people 16-34 years old: students or specialists in the field of education, public administration, finance, management, advertising and journalism. In most cases, their income level is above average.
Analysts are also interested in how readers get to a particular site. Many people simply enter the question they are interested in in the search bar. Others use a link from another page. And only a few specifically go to news sites to get the latest information.
Popular resources
Below are the most popular domestic examples of Internet media:
- Lenta.ru;
- RIA Novosti;
- Information agency "ITAR-TASS";
- RBC News Agency;
- Information resource "News Mail.ru";
- Online newspaper "Dni.Ru".
Information today is a valuable resource, so a huge number of online publications and news agencies are actively fighting for the right to own and provide it.
Traditional - online version of a newspaper or magazine (kommersant, Vedomosti)
New - Internet media (Lenta.Ru)
Online media is one of the youngest segments of the information market. Network media provide the opportunity to isolate information content (information and information - political) from all network resources. If a network resource is not constantly updated, then it cannot be called a network media. A network resource, like media, needs to be licensed. This could be in the form of a website with information and news. It should be noted that press services and news agencies cannot be called online media. Some contain primary information, while others contain agent information. The press service is an information resource, not an online media outlet. Electronic versions of newspapers are the primary component of online media. Online media expand the field of activity of other media and create the possibility of interactivity. One of the prerequisites that influenced the emergence of online media is the NECESS FOR DIALOGUE. If previously there was correspondence between the reader and printed publications, now not a single newspaper has preserved such a section as reader letters. This is where the behavioral model of society comes into play when it is necessary to show a reaction to written material. It is the journalist who forms the positions and views on which he “plants” any behavioral models. With the advent of electronic media, print publications were able to publish their issues in electronic form. All media subsystems use the capabilities of networked media.
First Internet broadcast.
The first online media.
When did the RU portal appear?
Network media - the media does not have similar brands of other subsystems; it exists only in electronic form.
Djaz.ru is the first music portal. Online media must meet the requirements that are imposed on the media in the media law.
In 2000, about 50 television companies, programs and programs, 60 radio sites, and over 30 news agencies were registered in Russia, which provided their content to Internet users. There were also more than 1,200 newspapers and magazines, a third of which existed only online.
Federal legislation on the media. Russia has a legal system based on the Constitution and officially published laws. By type, it belongs to continental law - in contrast to precedent law, where decisions are based not on written, as if predetermined norms, but on similar cases from previous judicial practice. Precedential regulation of social life has been adopted, for example, in the UK; the USA largely falls under this definition. Constitutional legislation is widespread in European countries (hence “continental”).
In the mass information field, there is a hierarchy of normative documents common to the entire legal system. The fundamental principles of legislation on the media are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation: freedom of thought and speech, a ban on inhumane propaganda in its various manifestations, unhindered flow of information, a ban on censorship (Article 29), ideological pluralism (Article 13), inviolability of private life (Article . 23 and 24), freedom of creativity (Article 44), etc.
We especially note that the Constitution includes in the national legal system generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of Russia, and moreover, they have priority over domestic legislation (Article 15). The right of a citizen to appeal to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms is also provided. This means that the imperfections of Russian laws or their arbitrary interpretation, directed against civilized forms of information exchange, are compensated by the efforts of the world community to assert natural rights and freedoms. Our country is no exception. For example, other states that have joined the Council of Europe are in the same situation. Their domestic legislation and enforcement practices must be adjusted to meet the organization's standards. The European Court of Human Rights recently created a precedent, which is useful for our compatriots to know. He delivered an acquittal in the case of a British reporter convicted in his home country of refusing to disclose a confidential source of information.
The details and development of the provisions of the Constitution are contained in special legislation (which, of course, should not contradict it, like all other normative documents). The central place in the legislation on the media is occupied by the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Mass Media”. To be fair, it must be said that this is not the first national history document regulating mass information activities. In this regard, historians pay attention to the Decree of Peter I on the publication of the Vedomosti newspaper, the detailed censorship legislation of Tsarist Russia, the Decree on the Press, signed by V.I. Lenin, and later regulations. The immediate predecessor of the current Law was the USSR Law “On the Press and Other Mass Media,” adopted in 1990. It already reflected most of the connections and relationships that arise in the current Russian press.
The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Mass Media” protects editorial offices from forced influence from outside and interference in the production process, describes the mechanisms of interaction of editorial offices with the state, founders and publishers, sources of information and citizens, guarantees the journalist protection of his honor, dignity, health, life and property and provides him with personal independence in creative and civil relations, formulates the rights and responsibilities of a journalist. The document has stood the test of time; it creates the required conditions for effective journalistic activity. However, some additions to the text were made already in 1995, and it is likely that new clarifications will appear, prompted by work experience.
The law also withstood another, even more impressive load - already as a supporting element of a complex structure of legal acts and regulations. Today, a whole family of laws on the press has emerged - not ideally complete in composition and internal relationships, but still much more reliably meeting the needs of both society and journalism itself than it was just recently.
The structure of industry law includes federal documents that in one way or another affect the sphere of mass media. Let us name the most notable among them: “On State Secrets” (1993), “On the Basic Guarantees of Citizens’ Electoral Rights” Russian Federation"(1994), "On information, informatization and information protection" (1995), "On advertising" (1995), Civil and Criminal Codes, etc. The practice of harmonizing various legal provisions is gradually being formed, without which it is impossible to achieve the implementation of each of them. Certain norms, which are succinctly presented in the Law “On the Mass Media,” receive detailed interpretation in special legal acts. Thus, a short mention of the obligation of the media to send free copies of publications to libraries and other repositories is, as it were, deployed in the Law “On Legal Deposit of Documents”. Article 42 (“Works of Authorship and Letters”) is supported by the deeply detailed Law “On Copyright and Related Rights”, etc.
In the fate of the Law “On State Support of Mass Media and Book Publishing of the Russian Federation” (1995), one can observe how the development of a package of complementary provisions gives real force to the new document. The law provides for the introduction of a number of economic benefits for the media in order to create equal conditions for everyone to establish themselves in the market and operate successfully. Accordingly, it was necessary to make additions and changes to such documents that, at first glance, are far from journalism, such as the laws “On Value Added Tax”, “On Profit Tax of Enterprises and Organizations”, “On Customs Tariff”. Then the struggle for inclusion in state budget expenses for providing the announced benefits, then special departmental instructions were required (for example, for customs services), without which the decisions of the highest bodies of state power would not be implemented in the workplace.
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End of the 20th century marked an unprecedented leap in the development of global information and communication technologies - the third since the opening of channels for transmitting audio and video signals, which radically influenced the development of the media system. Following radio and television broadcasting, network technologies were invented based on a different, digital, method of transmitting information, which led to the formation of a new environment for the dissemination of information flows. The form of organization of such information transmission channels is called the Internet.
The Internet is a system of connected computer networks on a global scale that provides data exchange services. In other words, the Internet is a network of networks that connects national, regional and local computer networks in which information is freely exchanged.
The Internet has become a means of global broadcasting, a mechanism for disseminating information, as well as an environment for cooperation and communication between people, covering the entire globe. Unlike radio and television broadcasting, the main function of which was the production and dissemination of mass information, the Internet turned out to be a medium for communication in a broader sense, including interpersonal and public forms of communication, both individual and group.
The Internet is a multifunctional system. Its main functions are:
· social, leading to the formation of new forms of communicative behavior in an environment where horizontal connections dominate and there are no territorial, hierarchical and temporal boundaries. This function influences cross-cultural processes occurring in society, and ultimately, according to experts, will lead to a change in cultural paradigms. A serious limitation for expanding contacts and entering other linguistic environments is language;
· informational, the peculiarity of which is that information contacts occur in a mode of openness and accessibility. Almost everyone can access the Internet; the only serious limitations are the low level of communication channels and lack of material resources. The information function provides storage, search mechanisms and access to available information;
· economic, aimed at obtaining commercial profit and manifested in an extremely effective impact on the global information infrastructure and stimulating its further development.
Internet functions are provided through the most popular network services. The main forms of their organization are described below:
· e-mail refers to the system of individual communication. Crossing national borders, email allows messages to be created and forwarded within seconds from the source to one or more recipients. E-mail is also used by news agencies to send packages of messages by direct mail.
· teleconferences (newsgroups) --- a collective communication system that serves for prompt discussion of a wide range of topics and current problems. The division of news into thematic groups led to the creation of interactive electronic conferences (discussion groups), accessible to the mass user and allowing thematic correspondence between participants to be maintained. Teleconferences can be conducted either online or in batch or notification mode. There are currently over 10,000 discussion groups on the Internet, each with its own unique name.
· IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is an interactive system of collective communication that supports discussions in real time. With the help of IRC, dozens of “live” people from different parts of the world can simultaneously participate in one discussion, without planning their time in advance. The IRC service is often used for both entertainment purposes and serious international discussions. For example, thanks to IRC, the world was able to learn about what was happening in the Persian Gulf region not only from one source - CNN, but also to receive alternative information from eyewitnesses, ordinary people under fire. In 1993, with the help of IRC, a live channel was organized to broadcast news from the Russian Parliament building.
· WWW (“World Wide Web”) (translated from English as “World Wide Web”) is a global hypertext system that uses Internet channels as a transmission medium electronic documents. A set of documents related according to certain rules (protocols) forms a hypertext data field. You can navigate in a hypertext environment by activating hyperlinks between document chains. The great thing about working with the Web is that the document you find and see on the screen may be stored in the next room, or perhaps in another hemisphere. According to experts, by the end of 1998 there were about 100 million documents on the WWW; in 2002 - 1 billion.
In addition to the listed services, the Internet offers users other opportunities for transmitting information (sending fax messages using a fax modem, transferring files on-line using FTP-service, transferring files off-line using FTP-mail), as well as on-line gaming - an entertaining gaming service in real time and many others.
Of professional interest to journalists are e-mail, which helps establish a quick interactive connection with a source, as well as the World Wide Web Service, which contains the main information resources of the Internet. In addition, the World Wide Web itself is part of the media system due to the network media represented in it, as well as electronic versions of traditional media.
User access to information networks is provided by special organizations - Internet providers. Providers are the main providers of telecommunications services; the price and availability of information resources depend on their policies.
Let's consider the typology of online media
All publications on the Internet can be clearly divided into two categories - online publications themselves and online versions of print media. This classification, as a rule, does not cause controversy or misunderstanding, although there are contradictions and misunderstandings. Thus, it is not always the case that an online publication with a name similar to the name of a printed publication represents its counterpart on the Internet. From this series is the story of the Pravda newspaper. In 1999, journalists who disagreed with the views of the management left the editorial office. The breakaway part of the team created and officially registered the electronic periodical “PRAVDA On-line” (http://pravda.ru). The difference between the two newspapers lies, first of all, in the approach to determining their political orientation: the old Pravda adheres to a purely party position - the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the new online one, according to the information on the website, prefers to focus on the government.
Often, electronic versions of newspapers and magazines appear on the server and become available to readers when their printed counterparts are just being signed up for publication. This means that the efficiency of informing the reader increases, which is important for printed publications, which are inferior in efficiency to the electronic press. However, the main advantage of all electronic media is their interactivity, which allows you to interact with the audience in a dialogue mode.
As for the other categories, they are all to one degree or another conditional, due to the fact that the history of the online press goes back only a few years, and the online publications themselves have not yet developed for themselves either a clear classification, or stable genre forms, or literary standards .
First of all, all resources existing on the Internet can be divided into two categories: professional and amateur. By this criterion, in fact, by the type of founder, we can classify online publications with the same success as print ones.
The division of the press into news, information and analytical is typical only for the Internet. However, sometimes it is not possible to determine at first glance which of these categories a particular project belongs to. The difference is that all news is information, but not all information is news.
News sites are a type of information sites, but they specialize primarily in prompt delivery of news. A classic example of news sites is information feeds created in large numbers by news agencies. These tapes can be like general, offering a selection of news on a variety of topics (Lenta.ru, rbc.ru), as well as specialized ones, reflecting news from the economy, politics or computer market (www.finmarket.ru, cnews.ru).
Information agencies (news agencies) have also begun to play a new role on the Internet. Previously, they were part of the infrastructure of the media market, but were not mass media in themselves. Thanks to the Internet, they were able to move from behind-the-scenes players to market leaders, specializing in providing concise but timely information. The value of such resources for the user lies, first of all, in the ability to quickly receive messages about events, however, for more detailed information, as well as comments on what happened, one has to go to analytical sites.
Another criterion that makes it possible to differentiate online publications came to the Network from the traditional press. This is the so-called character of the audience, according to which the press is divided into general and specialized. General press are those publications, when reading which you do not have to think about the meaning of words and expressions. As for specialized publications, they usually indicate on the first page which specialists they are intended for. Only in some areas did sites that regularly supply high-quality specialized information recognize themselves as media and began to shape their image accordingly, study the audience, and systematically attract advertisers. More or less confidently, this trend can be seen in the field of computer, financial and sports information. In other areas, potential specialist media have not yet clearly emerged.
An interesting situation has developed around online media dedicated to the Internet itself. There is a movement in the opposite direction here. Just a few years ago the media working in this area could be considered general. These were, for example, “Internet.Ru” (www.internet.ru) in the old version and “Evening Internet” by Nosik (http://vi.cityline.ru/vi). However, recently, the rapid change in the demographics of the Internet has led to the fact that such media began to be perceived as specialized - interesting and understandable to the same members of the Internet crowd, whose share among total number Internet users are now small.
It is much more difficult to distinguish between popular and elite publications. A publication prone to “yellowishness” can be distinguished by its catchy headlines and accentuated sensationalism. One more distinguishing feature This kind of press is an appeal (often after the fact) to the details of criminal incidents, disasters - in general, everything that, according to psychologists, arouses increased interest among most people.
Elite publications include “Russian Journal” - www.russ.ru. A certain respectability, analyticality, consistency of style - these are the properties that allow us to classify this publication as quality.
Another criterion that allows one to clearly differentiate publications is the availability of information. Despite the fact that the goal of most Internet users is to search for information, some publications do not at all strive to help those suffering in achieving this goal. There are often cases when a user who has found a link to a page with the information he needs through a search engine comes across a warning that he does not have rights to view this page. Some, of course, are trying to somehow clarify the conditions for access to “closed” information, but the majority are simply trying to find the necessary information on other resources. Realizing the seriousness of the situation, most owners of information resources refused to provide paid access. However, some sites, mainly those whose information has a real market value (results marketing research, for example), still adhere to exactly this policy.
Examples of paid access to information are often found in foreign practice. Thus, the popular American weekly The Wall Street Journal (www.wsj.com) offers its readers the opportunity to view the online version of the publication for free for two weeks. In the future, those who liked the content of the site are invited to sign up for a paid subscription for a year for $59.
Another integral characteristic of any publication is the method of its distribution. For online media there are two of these methods. The first is the creation of a website on which materials intended for readers are posted in an open or limited mode. The second is the organization of mailing. Typically, the newsletter serves as a kind of addition to the publication’s existing website, helping to inform the reader about the arrival of new materials and forming a stable, friendly audience. Another important function of the newsletter is the ability to collect information about subscribers, which allows you to study in detail the most active part of the audience.
A separate case is a mailing list that exists without a website. This is a unique type of media that has no analogues in the printed press. The traditional newspaper or magazine format requires significant investment in printing resources and distribution services. To recoup the costs, you need to gather a large audience. To do this, the publication is compiled from a large number of headings, in the hope that each of them will attract a specific group of readers. Readers, in turn, often buy newspapers and magazines for one column or even an article. It is impossible to imagine a commercially successful printed publication consisting of one author's column.
The transition to online, dramatically reducing costs, allows one author to create a media outlet from one category and gather exactly those readers who need it. There are plenty of examples of such media on the website www.subscribe.ru. Such resources are created and maintained by one private individual. Many of them are essentially archives of mailing lists and provide the ability to access old issues of the mailing list.
It is in mailing lists that the specifics of the Internet are manifested to the maximum extent. It is impossible to draw a clear line between mass media mailings and mailings aimed at a limited, specially selected group of people. Here we can observe the transition from mass media to mass communication.
Introduction
"Media on the Internet - a topic on modern times inexhaustible. Not only because the subject of discussion is as vast as the Library of Babylon, but also because everyone who speaks out on this matter in our country, as a rule, offers his own, special point of view on the issue. Moreover, for many, in general, serious and consistent people, this point of view periodically changes...”
Anton Nosik, creator of Internet projects
Indeed, the debate about whether the Internet can be equated with traditional media continues. V.V. Voroshilov notes that “the end of the twentieth century was marked by the emergence of a unique and extremely promising mass media - the global computer network Internet.” The scientist talks about the emergence of a new medium of information, which has become accessible to different segments of the population and turned into the media.
With the development of the global network and access to it, the Internet has taken a special place among the media. If just ten years ago the World Wide Web was considered only as a source of information, today we can state the birth of a new type of media - network media, the distribution medium of which has become a computer network. Millions of people have been receiving information from the Internet for a long time. And with the advent of the global economic crisis, many Europeans stopped buying printed materials and switched to reading online publications. Instead of the traditional reading of the latest morning newspaper over a cup of coffee, Europeans have long since moved to the computer.
During its existence, electronic publications have had many innovations, the Internet has become more accessible, and with it the news on it, the role of the journalist has changed greatly. This is what I want to consider in my essay.
What's happened Internet media? Legal status
The question of the definition and legal status of online media has been raised more than once. During the December 1999 Duma elections, the Chairman of the Central Election Commission, Veshnyakov, repeatedly stated that the entire global computer network is the mass media. However, a few months later, on March 23, 2000, the election commission unexpectedly changed its position: the official response of the CEC to a request from the Effective Policy Foundation recognized the existence of “sites located on the global computer network Internet, which are not mass media in the sense of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Media mass media."
At the parliamentary hearings “On the legal regulation of the use of the Internet in the Russian Federation” in Moscow, Deputy Minister of Press Andrei Romanchenko strongly questioned the existence of such Russian Internet sites that would not be mass media from the point of view of state licensing. The exception was “personal pages”. The Deputy Minister of Press especially emphasized that not only all information pages on the Internet, but also e-commerce servers are subject to registration as mass media. Moreover, the Deputy Minister promised to establish an increased registration fee for online stores, equating them to advertising publications. The deputy minister's speech was perceived by the audience as a summary of the resolution, which in the near future will determine the policy of the Ministry of Press in the field of the Internet. More than a year has passed since that speech, and none of the official representatives of the MPTR returned to the topic of universal registration of all Russian Internet pages as media. Even a seemingly logical attempt to collect a registration fee from online stores did not take place. “It cannot, of course, be ruled out that such attempts will be made in the future, but today the official Russian authorities They haven’t formulated their position in any way on the question: what should be considered media on the Internet, and what could be the possible evaluation criteria,” summarizes Anton Nosik.
Since 1996, a number of online publications have received a media registration certificate from the Ministry of Press. It is worth noting an interesting detail: until 2000, the certificates issued by the Ministry of Press indicated “other” as the type of publication (in the sense of not a newspaper, not a radio station, not a news agency or not a TV channel). With the development of the frequent practice of registering online publications as mass media, the word “other” disappeared from the evidence. Instead, the term “electronic newspaper” appeared. The term appeared, but the process of defining the media did not advance further. “Unified recommendations for compliance by online publications with Art. 29 of the Law on the Media “Legal Deposit”, according to our information, does not exist today - although from a technical and financial point of view we are talking about an extremely difficult and potentially painful issue. Nowhere is it clearly stated in what form online media can and should deposit their “issues” in storage facilities specified by the legislator: are we talking about paper printouts (tons of expensive printer paper), about daily sending of floppy disks to five addresses (an additional expense for thousands of people) hours and dollars per year for each publication), or is the MPTR still ready to accept texts for storage through the Internet channels available to this department...,” notes Nosik in the book “The Internet for the Journalist.” The need to develop uniform technical standards for the placement and dissemination of information is important for online media themselves, rather than for regulatory officials. Uncertainties related to Art. 29, are more than a convenient reason, on occasion, to convict online media of non-compliance with current federal legislation.
"By general rule an Internet site is not a mass media, but at the same time the law does not prohibit or limit the possibility of voluntary registration of an Internet site as a mass media at the request of its owner. This conclusion can be drawn on the basis of the legal opinion given by the UNESCO Chair,” says the article “ Russian newspaper" dated August 25, 2008
Russian legislation actively uses the term “site” in the codes - Forestry, Water, Land and Urban Planning, as well as in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. But the only regulatory act that provides a legal definition of the concept of “site” at the level of regional legislation is Moscow City Law No. 20 dated March 31, 2004 “On guarantees of accessibility of information about the activities of public authorities of the city of Moscow.” In Art. 2 reads: “The official website of an authority is a set of information resources posted in accordance with the law or a decision of the relevant authority on the Internet at a specific address published for public information.” It is not difficult to conclude that for a regional legislator, a website is a certain collection of information resources.
Needless to say, the very concept of “information resource” also does not have a full-fledged legal definition at the level of federal legislation. Previously it was enshrined in Art. 2 federal law dated 02/20/1995 No. 24-FZ "On information, informatization and information protection", but currently this law has lost force due to the adoption of the federal law dated 07/27/2006 No. 149-FZ "On information, information technologies and information protection" (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Information), in which the definition of the concept of “information resources” is given only indirectly, and only in relation to state information resources. In paragraph 9 of Art. 14 states: “The information contained in state information systems, as well as other information and documents available to state bodies are state information resources.”
Consequently, in a legal sense, an Internet site as an information resource is a collection of information contained in a particular information system and at the disposal of the owner of the information, that is, a person who independently created the information or received “on the basis of law or agreement the right to permit or restrict access to information determined by any criteria" (Article 2). However, even a superficial look at the actual content of modern Internet sites allows us to assert that practice has far outstripped the legislator and in the current conditions a site should be defined more broadly - as “a set of objects formalized in a certain way.”
The concept of mass media is exhaustively defined in Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 “On the Mass Media” (hereinafter referred to as the Law on the Mass Media). It is stated here: “mass media means a periodical printed publication, radio, television, video program, newsreel program, or other form of periodic dissemination of mass information.” It is obvious that the Internet site is neither a printed publication, nor a radio, television, video program, nor a newsreel program. Can it be recognized as another form of periodic dissemination of mass information? The answer to this question requires an analysis of Art. 23 and 24 of the Law on Media.
The legal nature of other forms of periodic dissemination of mass information is determined in Art. 23 "News agencies" and Art. 24 “Other media” of the Law on Mass Media. Can an Internet site have the legal status of a news agency? This question should be answered in the negative, since, according to Part 1 of Art. 23 of the Law on Mass Media, news agencies “are simultaneously subject to the status of editorial office, publisher, distributor and the legal regime of the mass media.” It is obvious that only a subject of law can have the status of an editor, publisher or distributor, but not an object of legal relations, which only a website can be as a collection of information. Another thing is that the site may belong to a news agency, like any other object of legal relations. However, in this case, the site itself does not become another form of periodic dissemination of mass information, and therefore does not acquire the legal status of a mass media.
If we consider the Internet site in the context of the provisions of Art. 24 “Other media” of the Law on Mass Media, we should come to the following conclusions.
Part one art. 24 of the Law on Mass Media stipulates: “The rules established by this Law for periodical printed publications apply to the periodic distribution of a thousand or more copies of texts created with the help of computers and (or) stored in their banks and databases, as well as to other mass media, whose products are distributed in the form of printed messages, materials, images." Obviously, this rule cannot be applied to an Internet site, since the Internet site has neither a circulation nor products distributed “in the form of printed messages, materials, images.” The messages and images that make up the content of the Internet site are not in printed form: they are visualized only on a computer screen, so that anyone can access them “online from any place and at any time of their choice.”
The provisions of Part 2 of Art. 24, which reads: “The rules established by this Law for radio and television programs apply to the periodic dissemination of mass information through teletext, video text systems and other telecommunication networks, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.” On the one hand, the functioning of an Internet site can be interpreted as the periodic dissemination of mass information through a telecommunications network. This interpretation is supported by that contained in paragraph 9 of Art. 2 of the Law on Information defines the concept of “dissemination of information” as actions aimed “at obtaining information by an indefinite circle of persons or transmitting information to an indefinite circle of persons.”
On the other hand, part 7 of Art. 2 of the Law on Mass Media gives a fundamentally different definition of the concept of “distribution of mass media products”, which is defined as “sale (subscription, delivery, distribution) of periodicals, audio or video recordings of programs, broadcast of radio, television programs (broadcasting), demonstration of newsreels programs". Of course, the site may have copies, but it is unlikely that their number will ever reach one thousand. With the exception of Internet sites through which Internet broadcasting is carried out, all other sites obviously do not fall under the above definition. At the same time, paragraph 2 of Art. 4 of the Law on Information establishes that “the legal regulation of relations related to the organization and activities of the media is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the media.” Consequently, the definition of the concept of “dissemination of information” should be applied in the field of mass media only to the extent that it does not contradict the Law on Mass Media.
Thus, an Internet site, by definition, cannot be considered “another mass media,” and therefore, the requirement for the owner of an Internet site to register it as a mass media is not based on the Law on Mass Media, which alone establishes the mandatory registration of media mass media.
The above does not exclude, but, on the contrary, presupposes the possibility of voluntary registration of an Internet site as a mass media at the request of its owner. Based on Part 1 of Art. 7 of the Law on Mass Media, any citizen, association of citizens, enterprise, institution, organization, government body has the right to establish a mass media outlet for the dissemination of mass information in any form not prohibited by law. Since the creation of Internet sites is not prohibited by law, in this matter everyone is free to independently choose the measure of their lawful behavior. If the creator of an Internet site wants the legal regime of the mass media to be extended to his information resource, then he must send an application for registration of this mass media to the authorized state body in accordance with Art. 8, 10 of the Law on Media.
The conclusion that an Internet site, as a general rule, is not a mass media outlet is confirmed by the legal position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. In the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 3 dated February 24, 2005 “On judicial practice in cases of protecting the honor and dignity of citizens, as well as the business reputation of citizens and legal entities" it is said: "The dissemination of information discrediting the honor and dignity of citizens or the business reputation of citizens and legal entities should be understood as the publication of such information in the press, broadcast on radio and television, demonstration in newsreels and other media, distribution on the Internet, as well as using other means of telecommunications, presentation in official characteristics, public speeches, statements addressed to officials, or communication in one form or another, including oral, to at least one person." Obviously, "distribution on the Internet " is indicated here separately from the dissemination of information in the media, especially since the dissemination of information on the Internet can be carried out not only by posting it on a particular website, but also through e-mail, ICQ, etc.
Moreover, the resolution of the Plenum specifically draws the attention of the courts to the fact that “in the event that defamatory information that does not correspond to reality was posted on the Internet on an information resource registered in established by law order as a mass media, when considering a claim for the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation, it is necessary to be guided by the norms relating to the mass media." Consequently, an Internet site acquires the status of a mass media only due to its voluntary registration in this capacity, and not because of its legal nature.
However, the prospects for building relations between the authorities and online media, much more than any legal incidents, depend on the scale and degree of influence of the Internet industry on social life. And to assess these parameters - and the prospects for their change in the future - it makes sense to turn to the history of the creation of Internet media in Russia.
mass media journalist
New features
Online publishing opens up new opportunities for disseminating information and establishing contact with audiences. One of the main characteristics of online media is the efficiency and speed of updating information. The process of information appearing in traditional media compared to online publications is quite complex and requires much more time. For example, a newspaper goes a long way before it gets into the hands of the reader: it is necessary to draw up a layout for the future issue, layout it, and send it to print. Online media do not have these problems; the site can be filled at any time. Along with constantly updated information, some sections remain static. Some publications combine all three possible options for information content:
Random update: as the material is prepared;
Update at a set frequency: the site is updated at a certain point, for example, daily or weekly;
Permanent update: news and messages are posted on the site immediately as they are received from news agencies, correspondents or reporters.
Among the new opportunities provided by online media, stand out.
Memory capacity and data archive
In addition to current information, online media sites have an archive of news for several months and years. For the convenience of readers, the archive is equipped with a search that allows you to find editorial materials organized by dates, topics and departments. The archive contributes to the growth of the quality of the journalism product by introducing transparency into correspondence. It takes several seconds to a minute to find the necessary information. The more correctly the request is formulated, the more effective the search for the necessary documents will be.
Archives are especially effective for online news publications. Expanding, they are formed into quite useful resources, available at any time. Data from the archive can provide the necessary information for investigative journalism.
Interactivity
The reader has the opportunity to interact with the online publication in real time. If you wish, you can leave a comment on the article, complain about inaccurate information, or write a letter to the editor.
A user of an online newspaper can participate in the study of data banks and archives, surveys and voting conducted on sites, as well as download games and programs.
Multimedia
Multimedia is a collection of all types of information (graphic, sound, video). Websites allow you to post text, sound, graphics, video, animation. However, the problem is that video files are very large in kilobytes and require a long download time. Therefore, the BBC and CNN sites show what can be downloaded by the user, and then he decides whether to download it or not.
Multimedia expands the idea of obtaining information. For example, a user can listen to an interview and read a journalistic report at the same time.
Multimedia available:
· text: does not convey much information at a time, but uses the power of other elements (photos, sounds, etc.);
· photo: presents details of events by capturing them, visually records current events;
· sound: has an emotional impact and enhances the impact of texts, photos or videos;
· video stories: topics covered in the photo series can be presented in videos;
· animation: when loading it requires more power, it is an ersatz video.
Electronic publications do not always use the full range of multimedia - otherwise it would significantly increase the speed of loading material and reduce the power of data transmission. Therefore, care must be taken to use colors, sounds and video sparingly. Texts in online media should not be so long that the user yawns and clicks on the “back” button.
Flexible delivery systems, forwarding
An online editor can place any information on a website, include it in search engines, or send it via mobile phone. To reach as many online publications and agencies as possible, you can forward materials to them directly.
Nonlinear design
The network is based on the nonlinear (multi-stream) principle of information consumption. Thus, consumers do not need to switch from one material to another, a third, from one wave to another. Having chosen the materials that interest them, they can read first the 2nd, then the 5th and 6th, then the 15th, and then return to the 4th. It is a network, but not a single thread.
To understand the advantage of nonlinear information delivery over linear information, let's look at the example of radio. This is linear, or streaming, media. The content is presented to listeners linearly, in one stream. First there is an interview, then there is a weather forecast, a news block, music, a news block, etc. The listener cannot choose which news and in what order to listen to and which not. In reality, listeners will mentally tune in to listen to what they are really interested in, switch to another wave, or turn off the radio altogether.
The information consumption model on the Internet is driven by the audience, not the information provider, unlike radio or television. The nonlinear model of information consumption requires carefully thought-out presentation of texts. Having collected information on a topic, you need to try to compose from it a series of interrelated texts that together will represent a general coverage of the topic, but which can be read separately. This can attract and retain a larger audience. If you publish information in separate blocks that are not interconnected, as, for example, in a newspaper, the reader will read only one material from the monitor screen and leave the site, perhaps forever. This way you can lose 50% of your potential audience. When reading a text, readers want to immediately find the information they need, without wasting time looking through the entire content of the newspaper.
Subscription
The user can subscribe to certain categories and headings and, as it were, compose “his own newspaper” with the information he needs. In this case, the subscriber himself chooses the frequency of information delivery - daily, hourly or permanent. The user no longer needs to search and then download information; he can receive it directly from the network, as if by order.
For example, the electronic version of the publication “Currency Speculator” accounts for more than two-thirds of total sales. In addition, media outlets are increasingly beginning to provide their readers with additional services, including the ability to subscribe to their electronic version. However, the Internet subscription offers that exist today on the Internet are quite scattered and diverse. In particular, not long ago the Informservice company developed a system for accessing electronic versions of printed publications New Press (www.new-press.ru). This is an online marketplace where a publisher can offer publications for sale electronically, set a price for them, track sales in real time, participate in affiliate programs, and use various built-in tools to collect and process information about the interests and preferences of users. Any subscriber to the New Press online catalog can read general information about the publication, announcements of issues, choose the publication that he likes, and buy its electronic version in PDF format by paying online.
Hypertext
Hypertext is a type of text document, parts of which are located in the memory of different computers and are interconnected by relationships with which you can quickly find the information you need.
Hypertext is actively used in online journalism, realizing non-linear communication within one type of information carrier (text documents), as well as combining different types of information (for example, text and audio recordings). Hypertext includes links to comments to the article, additional materials, and analysis.
Multifunctionality
The Internet is a multifunctional means of transmitting information that offers a large number of different forms of communication:
· Asynchronous and synchronous
· Valgorithms "one-to-one", "one-to-many", "many-to-many"
Interactive and selective
· Public and private
· Visual-static, dynamic and sound
Other types of service
The archive and unlimited space facilitate the possibility of introducing others information services. For example, a calendar of cultural events, as well as a detailed list of various addresses and links on certain topics, directories, electronic consultants, both on a global and local scale.
Cross Media Publishing
Cross Media Publishing refers to the process of one-time production and editing of texts and images with subsequent placement in the format of a particular online publication. By combining electronic media (for example, the Internet, CD-ROM) with printed media, the costs of their production and processing are reduced, and at the same time harmony and orderliness of data storage is achieved. Cross-media is a project launched in all possible media at once, using various distribution channels and profit-making schemes. The use of cross-media projects helps to increase the efficiency of promotion, the level of audience interest and the emergence of new channels for generating profit. The COPE principle (“Create Once, Publish everywhere”) is applied - the versatility of covering a topic through various media is defined as “cross media publishing”. If the specific features of the media are consistent and they are not redundant and interact rationally with each other, then the reader can use them in parallel with web addresses, links to other resources, video and audio applications, or an invitation to participate in a forum on the topic. In the same aggregate online media product, a television story, for example, can be enhanced or supplemented by the capabilities of such media as a book, newspaper, record, etc.
“Advertising specialists argue that recently there has been a trend towards a decrease in the share of advertising in print media and a redistribution of advertising budgets in favor of cheaper or free Internet resources,” writes Lyudmila Burkova, author of a number of articles about electronic publications on the Internet. - They believe that advertising on the Internet works much more effectively than in print media, and they explain this by the fact that there are many business connections online that allow the exchange of information and website traffic.
Recruiters share the same opinion. They report that recently the share of advertising investments of recruitment agencies on the Internet has reached 40%: this includes expenses on banners, text links, contextual advertising and other methods of promotion, including such exotic and non-obvious ones as “viral marketing.” In their opinion, the market trend is such that the share of investments in online advertising will only grow. This is effective for attracting new candidates, since the Network is the cheapest, fastest and most effective way to find them.
According to the International Federation of Periodicals, more than half of glossy magazines now report that their online version is profitable. The main reasons for creating an online version are expanding the readership (84%), attracting subscribers for the paper edition (81%) and building a community around the brand (67%).
Making a profit in the long term (76%) is much more important than in the short term (40%), yet online versions of many magazines are already bringing in good money. Only for last year magazines began to earn noticeably more on the Internet than before. According to the International Federation of Periodicals, 54% of magazines report the profitability of their website, which is a quarter higher than last year. And only 17% said that their website was making losses, 38% less than last year. The distribution of income sources is approximately the same as in the paper edition. About two-thirds comes from advertising, with the rest coming from sponsorships, subscriptions and e-commerce.
Only 33% of magazines fear that investments in website development will not pay off. A year ago this figure was 60%. It's no surprise that more than half of websites have increased their online spend in the past 12 months, with 82% planning to do so this year.
Audience
1. Audience growth
The audience of domestic online media is growing rapidly. Today, the most popular projects are read by up to 200 thousand people a day. And this is already comparable to the circulation of leading printed publications.
At the same time, online publications retain the potential for audience growth, which is virtually absent from the regular press. An increasing number of people are beginning to use the Internet, a significant percentage of whom become users of its media sector.
In addition to the technological reasons for audience growth, online media have a number of advantages over print media, which are also prerequisites for their growth.
2. Transparency of the publishing process
Unlike the printed press, whose stated circulation may not always correspond to real ones, in the case of online media, the number of readers is objectively reflected both by external counter services and internal server statistics. At the same time, you can track not only quantitative, but also qualitative characteristics of the audience.
3. Audience quality
To become a reader of online media, you must, at a minimum, have a personal computer (material criterion) and basic skills to work in a high-tech environment (educational criterion). Even based on these two indicators, it is clear that the audience of online media is qualitatively different from the audience of a significant number of print publications.
· there are 3,200 active media outlets on the Russian Internet;
· Internet media traffic increased by 45 percent over the year;
· session time increased by 86 percent over the year;
· traffic to government websites grew faster than others: Vesti.ru and RIA Novosti;
· the most visited news resource is [email protected], RBC's attendance has decreased slightly over the year.
An IBM study found that the more time a user spends online, the less they use traditional news sources. For example, among users who spend more than 20 hours weekly, the Internet is the main source of information (74% of respondents). And for those who access the Internet for an hour, the preferred source of news is television (37%), radio (21%) and newspapers (11%). Another interesting fact is that more than a third of Internet users surveyed never buy newspapers. Of those who buy newspapers regularly, the largest proportion do it once a week, 20% do it less than once a month, and only 6% of respondents prefer to receive fresh news from newspapers every day. The main tool for searching specialized information, facts and data for almost (94%) all users is search engines. However, paper encyclopedias and books were cited by 48% as the next most important source of information. Wikipedia is in third place (32%), followed by newspapers and magazines, radio and television.
Top-20 Internet media according to the Medialogy Citation Index
The role of the journalist
The rise in popularity of online media has contributed to major changes in the role of the journalist and journalism in general. As professional journalist Steve Yelvington notes, “The old model of journalism assumed the publisher or reporter to be the bulwark against false information. We live in a world where information resources bombard us. You can't stop this flow of information. Instead, you can take the reader or user by the hand and lead them towards the light. I think here we, as journalists, perform the function of selecting truthful information and pointing to it. But this is more a function of a guide than a gatekeeper, since the chance to take control into your own hands... is no longer there.”
The editor of the online newspaper OhmyNews, one of the most influential media outlets in Korea with a daily audience of 2 million readers, proved that readers themselves can be providers of information. More than 26 thousand citizen journalists from all walks of life write for them. The amount of the fee depends on the editor's assessment of three categories: “basic”, “bonus” or “special” - respectively, from zero to $16.
When the project started in 2000, OhmyNews had 4 employees. Founder Oh Yeon Ho's goal is to make the reader exclaim "Oh my God!" (the name of the site is a derivative of “Oh my God!” - “Oh, my news!”). The editor-in-chief had no money at all; the site was made by some amateurs.
Today, the above number of reporters, under the supervision of 40 editors and professional journalists, produce about 200 materials per day. 80% of the content is created by the public, the remaining 20% by the editorial staff. It’s not for nothing that the resource is called “the world’s most powerful news site within one country.”
The latest trend in interactivity may be a wake-up call for journalists. This fact also raises questions regarding the accuracy, veracity and prospects of these information materials. The problem of the relationship between efficiency and reliability of the information provided became acute in 1998, when online journalist Mat Drudge stole information about the Monica Lewinsky case from Newsweek reporter Michael Aizikov. Without checking the data, Drudge immediately published the facts of the most scandalous topic of the time on the Internet. Journalistic ethics were grossly violated, and this fact caused a lively discussion of the problem of the relationship between efficiency and reliability of facts in the Internet media.
Let us turn to studies of online journalism that were conducted by the American Internet News Association (ONA) in 2001-2002. Oddly enough, online readers reported that they were more concerned about the accuracy of information than about the speed of its provision. In addition, online readers ranked “update speed” fifth after accuracy, completeness of information, honesty and trust in the media. Thus, they agreed with WashingtonPost.com editor-in-chief Doug Feaver: “I would rather be right then first.”
Sociological research shows that not all 100% of readers are confident in the efficiency of Internet media compared to traditional media. Just under half (47.1%) agree that online media are more responsive and more frequently updated, although 19.2% do not think so at all.
Many news sites now admit that they walk the line between immediacy and accuracy, driven by a “thirst to be first.”
The concept of a corrections policy appears. Indeed, prompt updating of information in Internet resources allows you to quickly correct and change information. Bonnie Bressers, a journalism professor at Kansas State University, says the point of a good corrections policy is to be completely open to readers: "Tell the readers everything you know." Reuters, ZDNet, Salon, WiredNews, The Washington Post, the Associated Press, the Houston Chronicle and others also use this policy on their news sites. Kinsey Wilson, editor-in-chief of USANoday.com, believes that corrections should be posted in designated areas, factual corrections should be flagged, and should be made available to readers.
Conclusions
World experience suggests different solutions. For some reason, it is generally accepted that strict measures to regulate the Internet are the prerogative of China alone. In fact, this is not true. There are other countries that take the issue of regulating information distributed via the Internet very seriously. For example, in Iceland some time ago, about 200 people were convicted of visiting resources with child pornography, which is a significant figure for such a small country. Let me emphasize that not for distribution, but specifically for visiting these resources! Following this, 70 percent of Icelandic families voluntarily installed special filters in their homes to prevent access to child pornography.
In South Korea, where the Internet is available in almost every home and where online culture and freedom of exchange of opinions are very developed, there is a law according to which large portals with an audience of more than 300,000 people per day do not have the right to publish comments under a pseudonym - only under their real name . Now they are preparing a law according to which this rule will apply to all other sites. And what’s most interesting is that 63 percent of the population supports this law!
In Israel, a law on Internet censorship is being prepared and has already passed its first reading, which obliges all Israeli Internet providers to install special filters for clients by default, cutting off access to “undesirable” sites. Such sites, according to this law, include online casinos, porn sites and sites that promote violence. The Ministry of Communications is responsible for compiling lists of harmful sites and determining methods for filtering them. However, 56 percent of Israelis support the adoption of such a law.
EU countries also had to introduce more stringent norms into the legislative regulation of the Internet. In April of this year, the states of the European Union agreed on the need to tighten penalties for incitement to terrorist acts in order to curb the activity of militant groups on the Internet. The Framework Agreement gives the courts the right to require the provider to close any suspicious website if the corresponding server is located in the EU.
Of course, in many countries, especially where the Internet has been used relatively recently, national legislation contains significantly fewer legal provisions than in the above examples. Another thing is that we, in principle, did not set ourselves the task of regulating the entire Internet, deliberately limiting ourselves only to amendments to the law “On the Mass Media.” This is too multifaceted a task - legal definitions, tax issues, Internet banking, online commerce, anti-spam, advertising, copyright, and so on. The development of such a law alone could take years or even decades.
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Data from the online newspaper “Days of Ru”
Rumetrica website data
According to IBM research
