Psychotypes. Personality types in social psychology

Society is made up of individuals. Each person is individual. However, there is a certain classification based on a person's reaction to external stimuli. The generalization of research experience in the field of psychology was expressed in such a term as "psychotypes of personality". The practical application by leaders of knowledge of personality psychology according to a certain type will help to correctly reveal the potential of a person, smooth out conflict situations.

The concept of personality psychotype

Personality types are formed under the influence of various factors:

• Environmental impact;
• Character traits;
• own worldview;
• relation to various events.

Psychology is a rather subjective science. There are many schools of psychology.

In ancient times, Hippocrates divided people according to temperament into the following types:

• Cholerics;
• Sanguine;
• Melancholy;
• Phlegmatic.

In the 19th century, Cesare Lombroso put forward the theory of a criminal personality type. The 20th century was very "productive" for psychology in terms of the development of various schools. E. Kretschmer singled out such characters by type:

• Picnic;
• Asthenic;
• Athletic.

W. G. Sheldon offered his systematization according to the degree of temperament:

• Mesomorphic type;
• Endomorphic;
• Ectomorphic.

Carl Jung divided people into two types of personalities:

• introverts;
• Extroverts.

The Myers-Briggs typology became an expanded version of this Jungian theory.

K. Leonhard put forward a theory of the type of accentuated personality.

Russian psychiatrist Gannushkin Pyotr Borisovich proposed the following classification of psychotypes:

• Asthenic;
• Cycloid;
• Antisocial;
• Unstable;
• Constitutionally stupid.

These main types were supplemented by subgroups:

• Emotionally labile;
• depressive;
• Dreamers;
• pathological liars;
• excitable;
• Neurasthenics;
• Fanatics.

Soviet psychiatrist A.E. Lichko, on the basis of extensive research, identified the following types of personality in psychology:

• schizoid;
• Hyperthymic;
• hysterical;
• Cycloid;
• Psychasthenic;
• epileptoid;
• sensitive;
• Conformal;
• Emotionally labile;
• Asthenoneurotic;
• paranoid;
• Unstable;

Briefly describe the psychotypes of personality, external signs and behavioral patterns.

1. The schizoid personality type gives a person a split. They are prone to isolation, experience difficulties in interpersonal communication, and are emotionally cold. They have a wild imagination. Often alcohol is used as a dope for communication.

2. The hyperthymic type is characterized by mobility, restlessness, sociability, noisiness, high spirits, lack of perseverance, mischief. The significance of their own personality is greatly overestimated, they are drawn to the company, sometimes asocial.

3. Hysteroid types claim leadership positions. They differ in that they want to attract attention to themselves at any cost (egocentrism). They love compliments. People of this type are prone to pretense, unnaturalness and posturing. Feelings are superficial, willpower is weak and, as a rule, low authority.

4. Personalities with a cycloid psychotype are prone to mood swings. Activity, playfulness on the rise with a tendency to hard drinking can be replaced by a decline in mood up to subdepression. During such periods, weakness, lethargy, boredom, a desire to be alone are characteristic.

5. Psychasthenics are prone to "self-flagellation" and "self-blame". Indecisive, suspicious, timid, experiencing obsessive fears, angular in movements.

6. Representatives of the epileptoid type are characterized by such features - increased jealousy, angry malice, cruelty, dominance. In a state of intoxication, they are capable of aggression, often fall into unconsciousness, and show sadomasochistic inclinations. At the same time, they possess accuracy, pedantry and frugality.

7. Personalities of the synsitive type are very worried about their inferiority, impressionable, prone to intellectual and aesthetic hobbies.

8. Conformists, like chameleons, easily adapt to environmental conditions. At the same time, they are weak. In a good team, they make excellent performers. At the same time, they can sleep "for the company", they cannot refuse. Own "I" dissolves in the environment.

9. The emotionally labile type is characterized by an extreme change of mood, even on insignificant occasions. Increased attachment to close and dear people, very susceptible to signs of attention.

10. Asthenoneurotics are very capricious, irritable. As a rule, they sleep poorly, suffer from hypochondria and poor appetite.

11. The paranoid type is very distrustful, suspicious, always on edge.

12. For individuals with an unstable psychotype, such manifestations are characteristic - lack of initiative, easy subordination. They often fall into bad company, are prone to gambling, idleness, pleasure and antisocial behavior.

The main psychotypes of men and women

Depending on the gender of the individual, the same events can be perceived differently.

Women are more attentive to details, but at the same time they often do not see the whole picture. Men are characterized by a global scale of perception of the world. They are not interested in all sorts of little things, from which the ladies come to an indescribable delight.

Female psychotypes have their own specifics and can be divided into the following groups:

• Mother. Always preoccupied with looking after someone. Everyone is patronized by a pronounced leader in the family;
• Active woman. Lives for himself, self-sufficient, requires care and attention to his person;
• Woman altruist. Devoted to her beloved man, ready to give everything for his good;
• Daughter. Selfish, needs constant guardianship and care.

Male psychotypes can be divided into the following groups:

• Caring father. He constantly controls the situation, is demanding of others, does not recognize compromises. Doesn't admit mistakes
• Active man. First and foremost is the benefit. May take risks. Your desires are above all;
• The man is an altruist. Surrounds the family with care, a good owner;
• Sonny. Egoist. Lives one day, has inclinations to prodigality. Increased self-love.

There are several ways to conduct a personality test. Turning to specialists or self-testing will help satisfy the need to determine your personality type. There are many different test items. Consider the personality test developed by Susan Dellinger. According to her methodology, five psychotypes of people were identified. The person being checked is invited to display on paper, of his choice, three geometric shapes from the basic five:

• in the form of circles;
• square figures;
• figures in the form of triangles;
• various Rectangles;
• Zigzag lines.

Each figure denotes a certain psychotype. The figure that is depicted first and gives an idea of ​​the psychotype of a person. The next two images are secondary and reflect a deep hidden essence. Decipher the meaning of geometric shapes.

Circle

The person who drew the circle is the "soul of the company". They are sociable and cheerful. They go headlong into social work, good organizers of various events and parties. Always ready to help and give good advice. They have good psychological skills. They love jokes, speech is always emotionally colored. The world of material goods is secondary for them. Prefer practical and soft clothes. The workplace is a "creative" mess. The disadvantages include frequent “orientation” to the opinions of others, easily fall under third-party influence.

Figure in the form of a square

Conservatives and pedants to the core. Appearance is always neat and tidy. They love perfect order. They always act within the framework of the assigned tasks according to the instructions. Reliable performers when working with documents and digital data. As a disadvantage, they are predisposed to intrigues and psychological relationships.

Triangle

Strive to be leaders in everything. They have good taste, like to surround themselves with expensive and prestigious things. They do not tolerate objections, the speech is correct with imperative intonations. They always think they are right. They are critical of information, they know how to work with it. Vanity and despotism spoil the rosy picture about this personality type.

The person who drew the rectangle refers to unstable personalities. They are prone to stress, listen to the opinions of others. No independence, many questions, curious. Imitate other people in clothing style. Their own opinion is not formed, they use "foreign world estimates". In a state of stress, it is possible to turn into any " geometric figure» from the test. They are tormented by constant doubts and hesitations.

Zigzags

People of this psychotype have non-standard and original thinking. Solid fountain of ideas. Strive for self-realization. Clothing is given secondary attention. The speech is emotional, incendiary and original. They try to shock and draw attention to their person. The disadvantages include inconstancy and changeability.

With the help of such a simple test, a manager can learn a lot about his subordinates and make adjustments to the personnel policy. The personality type test is widely used by HR employees in the selection of personnel in a company.

Psychological personality types include those prone to conflicts.

Working in a healthy team involves resolving conflict situations with minimal losses for people. Types of conflict personalities can be conditionally divided into the following types:

• Personality prone to conflicts of a demonstrative type. Strives to be the center of attention. Puts a lot of effort into wanting to look good in the eyes of others. Inadequately emotional, takes offense to heart over trifles. Painstaking and systematic work is a burden for him;
• Rigid type of conflict personality. Straightforward, suspicious, self-esteem inflated. Needs constant emphasis on its importance. Intolerant of other people's opinions, painful resentment, does not suffer from self-criticism;

• Uncontrollable type of conflict personality. Undisguised aggression, lack of "brakes". Actions are unpredictable. In all failures, he is inclined to blame anyone except himself. Does not learn from mistakes, is not able to work productively independently;
• Super-anxious type of conflict personality. Pedant at work. Overprotective. Picky about others. Always in a state of anxiety over trifles;
• Conflict-free type of conflict personality. Has no opinion of its own. Like a weathervane. Short-sighted, subject to influence from the outside, always makes rash compromises. Willpower is weak.

Psychology and identification of the offender

Criminalists have been working on the problem of eradicating crime for a long time. The typology of the offender's personality is intended to assist law enforcement agencies in this work.

The basis of the psychology of the criminal was laid by the Italian psychiatrist Lombroso. The criminal environment is heterogeneous, so are criminals.

Various systematizations are carried out according to various criteria. The motives for committing criminal acts, their severity, etc. are taken into account. There is an extensive specialized literature on this topic. Those who wish to study this section of psychology in more detail can independently find such publications in libraries, the Internet, etc.

Was last modified: December 17th, 2015 by Elena Pogodaeva

Introduction

General concept of personality

1 Personality structure

2 Dispositional approach to the definition of personality structure

Typological approach

Personality types in social psychology

1 Typology of psychosociotypes

2 Typology of temperaments I.P. Pavlova

3 Constitutional typologies of E. Kretschmer

4 Typology K. Horney based on different needs for communication

3.5 Typology based on the ratio of behavior and internal motives of a person

6 Typology A. Adler. Personality Types: Lifestyle Attitudes

3.7 Locus of control typology

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

A person in society must grow according to his nature, be himself and the only one, as on a tree each leaf is different from the other. But in each leaf there is something in common with others, and this commonality runs through the knots, vessels and forms the power of the trunk and the unity of the whole tree.

MM. Prishvin

The difference between people is multifaceted: it is a difference in beliefs and interests, knowledge and experience, abilities and skills, temperament and character.

And, nevertheless, the functioning of the psyche of all people is subject to general laws, everyone has a memory, emotions and other mental processes.

In individual development, a person goes through the general stages of development, general, typical human manifestations of the psyche are formed.

It should be noted that the interaction of heredity and the environment determines the individual characteristics of the human psyche. But even the differences of people from each other are characterized by a certain stability; as a result, these differences can also be distinguished, described, typified, generalized, i.e. scientific typologies are created, there is a "common" even in differences.

All existing classifications of types of thinking, temperament, character, personality of people, on the one hand, are too broad, because a large number of various people, on the other hand, are too narrow, because no person ever fits entirely into one rubric. But, despite this, one cannot do without scientific typologies. They are needed because they help predict a person, his development, mental reactions, interaction in society, his activities.

1. General concept of personality

In psychological science, the category "personality" is one of the basic concepts. But the concept of “personality” is not purely psychological and is studied by all social sciences, including philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, etc. What is the specificity of studying personality within the framework of psychological science and what is personality from a psychological point of view? It is not so easy to answer this question, since all psychologists answer it differently, which indicates the complexity of the personality phenomenon itself. According to I.S. Kona “On the one hand, it designates a specific individual (person) as a subject of activity, in the unity of his individual properties (single) and his social roles (general). On the other hand, personality is understood as a social property of an individual, as a set of socially significant features integrated in him, formed in the process of direct and indirect interaction of a given person with other people and making him, in turn, the subject of labor, cognition and communication. )

Each of the definitions of personality available in the scientific literature is supported by experimental studies and theoretical justifications, and therefore deserves to be taken into account when considering the concept of "personality".

By definition, A.G. Maklakov "Personality is special person, taken in the system of his stable socially conditioned psychological characteristics, which are manifested in social relations and relations, determine his moral actions and are of significant importance for himself and those around him. ”(2)

Psychology has its own idea of ​​the problem of human research. This idea was substantiated by B.G. Ananiev, who identified four levels of human organization that are of greatest interest to scientific research, is an individual, a subject of activity, a personality, an individuality.

concept "individual"characterizes a person as a carrier of certain biological properties (the belonging of a particular person to the human race). Being born as an individual, a person is included in the system of social relationships and processes, as a result of which he acquires a special social quality - he becomes a person. This happens because a person, being included in the system of public relations, acts as subject - carrier of consciousness, which is formed and developed in the process of activity.

In turn, the features of the development of all these levels characterize the uniqueness and originality of a particular person, determine his individuality.Thus, the concept of "personality" characterizes one of the most significant levels of human organization, namely, the features of its development as a social being.

1.1 Personality structure

When considering the structure of personality, it usually includes abilities, temperament, character, motivation and social attitudes.

Capabilities- these are individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various activities.

Temperamentis a dynamic characteristic of human mental processes. Charactercontains qualities that determine the relationship of a person to other people. Motivationis a set of motives for action.

Social Attitudesare people's beliefs.

Will- the need to overcome obstacles, the conscious mobilization of the personality of their mental and physical abilities to overcome difficulties and obstacles, to perform purposeful actions and deeds.

Emotions- a set of qualities that describe the dynamics of the emergence, course and termination of emotional states.

The personality receives its structure from the specific structure of human activity and is characterized, therefore five potentials: cognitive, valuable, creative, communicative and artistic.

1. Gnoseological (cognitive) potentialdetermined by the volume and quality of information that a person has.

2. Axiological (value) potentialpersonality is determined by the system of value orientations acquired by it in the process of socialization in the moral, political, religious, aesthetic spheres, i.e. her ideals, life goals, beliefs and aspirations.

3. Creative potentialPersonality is determined by the acquired and independently developed skills and abilities, abilities for action and the measure of their implementation in any field of activity.

4. Communication potentialpersonality is determined by the measure and forms of its sociability, the nature and strength of contacts established with other people.

5. Artistic potentialpersonality is determined by the level, content, intensity of its artistic needs and how it satisfies them.

Elements psychological structure personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, the so-called "personality traits".Psychologists try to arbitrarily put an unlimited number of personality traits into substructures. In this regard, the concept of K.K. Platonov, who developed the hierarchical structure of the personality, taking into account the definition of personality levels and such substructures as: orientation, experience, forms of reflection, biological, constitutional properties.

The outstanding psychologist S.L. Rubinstein distinguished in personality - orientation, abilities, temperament, character, self-consciousness.

But A.N. Leontiev believed that personality is the social essence of a person, and therefore the temperament, character, abilities and knowledge of a person are not included in the personality as its substructures.

1.2 Dispositional approach to the definition of personality structure

In psychology, there are two main directions in the study of personality: the first is based on the identification of certain traits in the personality, and the second is based on the definition of personality types.

From the point of view of the dispositional approach, there are no exactly the same people. An adherent of the dispositional approach, Gordon Allport, believed that each person is unique and that its uniqueness can be understood through the definition of specific personality traits, since. human behavior is always the result of a certain configuration of personality traits.

personality trait- this is what determines the constant, stable, typical for a variety of situations, features of human behavior, this is an important component of the "personal structure".

G. Allport singled out common and individual features. Common features include any characteristics that are shared by a number of people within a given culture.

Individual traits, or individual dispositions- these are the characteristics of a person that do not allow comparisons with other people, these are the unique features of a particular person that most accurately reflect his personal structure.

Empirical studies of the main traits that form the core of personality were carried out by psychologists Eysenck, Cattell, Guilford and others, proving that the basic structure of personality traits affects a person's behavioral responses. In their research, they used the factorial method of analyzing the structure of personality. The factorial method consists in the mathematical analysis of correlations (relationships) within a certain group of data.

2. Typological approach

Larger in volume and more heterogeneous compared to the trait is the concept "type". The personality type is considered as a holistic formation, not reducible to a set of features. The concept of "type" is distinguished by a higher level of generalization and performs the function of categorizing personality traits into more voluminous units that are directly related to the observed patterns of human behavior.

Types- these are combinations of meaningful personality characteristics, between which there are regular and necessary connections, "complexes"

(G. Murray), "coordinated patterns" (S. Maddy).

The typological approach proceeds from the position that the type of personality is a holistic formation, not reducible to a combination of individual personal factors. Its content is revealed by the description of a typical or average representative of a group of persons attributed to this type. For example, such a personality type as "authoritarian personality" is a conglomeration of at least four personality factors, not reducible to - dominance. However, one of the most distinguishing differences between authoritarianism and dominance is that the authoritarian personality oppresses those at a lower level and grovels to those above, while the dominant person is a leader for those in a lower position and fights for a higher position.

Typology of personality is a fundamental problem of psychological knowledge. One of the first to state and carefully analyze it was carried out by Carl Gustav Jung in the classic work Psychological Types. It should be noted that the issues of typology are not limited to the general principles of grouping individual personality traits and substructures, but involve considering the personality as an integral subject that differs from other subjects not only in temperament and characterological manifestations, but also in a specific way of life, a way of perceiving the world around us, and a worldview. , value system, etc.

From a review of the classifications of temperament and character, it becomes clear that when distinguishing personality types, its stable individual or socially formed characteristics are taken into account, such as features of the bodily constitution, properties nervous system, accentuations, etc. However, along with the psycho-physiological and psychiatric evaluation criteria, the most general grounds can be singled out, allowing to typify the personality in its integrity and specificity of mental activity.

One of these attempts was carried out by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, who, along with a description of the four types of temperament, identified three "purely human types" of higher nervous activity: thinking, artistic, average. At the heart of the typology I.P. Pavlova lies the correlative participation of the first and second signal systems in the perception of the world and the organization of human activity.

According to Pavlov , representatives thinking type,characterized by the predominance of the activity of the second signaling system of the left hemisphere of the brain, are very reasonable, prone to a detailed analysis of life phenomena, to abstract abstract-logical thinking. Their feelings are distinguished by moderation, restraint, and are usually expressed outwardly only after passing through the "filter of the mind." People of this type, as a rule, are interested in mathematics, philosophy, they are fascinated by scientific activities.

In people artistic typethe activity of the first signaling system of the right hemisphere of the brain predominates and a developed creative thinking, which is imprinted by high emotionality, brightness of the imagination, immediacy and liveliness of the perception of reality. They are interested, first of all, in art, poetry, music, theater, they successfully realize themselves in writing and artistic creativity. In contrast to the skepticism of the mental type, the personalities of the artistic warehouse often turn out to be "romantic natures."

Most people (up to 80%) belong to the "golden mean", middle type. Their character is slightly dominated by a rational or emotional beginning, and this depends mainly on upbringing and life circumstances. These typological features begin to appear by the age of 12-16: some teenagers devote most of their time to literature, music, art, others to chess, physics, mathematics, so adolescence is quite favorable for preliminary career guidance.

Another example of the systematic development of personality typology problems is the theory of psychological types by K.G. Cabin boy. He attributed typological differences to two factors:

1.The predominance of a certain attitude of consciousness in the mental activity of the individual;

2.Dominance of one of the main mental functions.

In Jung's theory, two attitudes or orientations of consciousness are distinguished, corresponding to two directions of mental energy: introversionAnd extraversion.

introversionimplies the focus of mental activity on the phenomena and contents of the inner world of the subject, his thoughts, fantasies, experiences. IN this case the motivating force of actions comes from the subject himself and to a lesser extent depends on external (“objective”) circumstances.

Introvert - this is a person turned deep into himself, listening to the "inner voice", leading an intense inner life and showing little interest in the environment.

extraversion, on the contrary, draws a person to the world of external phenomena and events. At the same time, there is a predominant orientation outward, to the object: dependence on it or an increased interest in it.

extrovert , in his thoughts, feelings and actions he is inclined to obey the "objective" external requirements or the "attractive force" of the object. Jung emphasized that these two types are not rigidly fixed.

Introversion and extraversion are observed in the soul of any person and in the natural life process they naturally replace each other, alternate, like phases. systole(heart contraction, then blood is pumped into the arteries) and diastole(expansion of the cavities of the heart due to relaxation of its muscles, the heart "rests"). Introversion or extroversion mean only the predominant orientation of consciousness. (Note that Jung's understanding does not fully coincide with the interpretations of introversion and extraversion, put by G. Eysenck as the basis of his famous test).

The second significant factor in the differentiation of psychological types is the maximum severity of one of the four mental functions, which include: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. This or that function becomes decisive in the life of the individual, the other turns out to be subordinate and auxiliary, two more remain undifferentiated (undeveloped) and operate mainly at the unconscious level. Depending on this factor, a person in his perception of the world and behavior mainly relies either on a rational judgment or on an emotional and ethical assessment of events; either on facts and impressions, or on intuitive (holistic and not fully realized) understanding.

According to this criterion, the following types are distinguished:

· Thinking- Orientation to the personal past.

· Emotional- orientation to the historical past,

· Sensory- perceives the present in its entirety, is not attentive to the past,

· Intuitive- present and past tense, insignificant, directed to the horizon

Each type can be introverted or extroverted, so in total Jung describes in detail eight possible personality types.

Typologies of personality can be built according to a variety of criteria, for example, according to the nature of the orientation of the personality, its interests, ideological guidelines and beliefs, as well as in accordance with culturally determined types of worldview.

This group includes "ideological" typologies, in particular, classification by Eduard Spranger . It highlights six personality types, based on six universal value orientations. The values ​​identified by Spranger are inherent to a certain extent to all people and are pivotal in human life. Different people have different combinations of the following values, with the predominance of any one of them.

· Theoretical.A person who gives priority to this value is primarily interested in revealing the truth.

· Economic.An "economic" person, first of all, appreciates what is useful and profitable,

· Aesthetic.Such a person is predominantly oriented towards perfect form and harmony.

· Social.The highest value for a "social" person is the love and recognition of people.

· Political.The dominant interest of the political type is to fall. It corresponds to the "man of strength."

· Religious.People of this type are mainly interested in understanding the world as a whole, governed by higher powers, God, the absolute or first principle.

A similar axiological (value) approach was followed by Gordon Allport, who believed that personality types should be determined in accordance with differences in the value systems of different individuals. According to Allport, values ​​can be represented as the most complex, deep personality traits or dispositions that serve as the main criterion for classifying a person as a certain type.

Other examples of typology can be classifications based on differences in professional orientations, or socio-psychological classifications, in which the social roles of the individual, leadership style (K. Levin's classification), etc., serve as criteria.

There are curious private typologies of personality (the criterion is sociability, differences in people's motivation, etc.).

Research by R. Fine (USA) and N. A. Aminov (Russia) shows that there are two types of teachers: 1) X-type - developing; 2) Y-type - estimating.

The first one develops the personality of the child, adheres to a flexible program, friendly style, has a focus on identifying giftedness, and has low anxiety.

The second draws attention to mental development students, the result is excessive demands, strict verification, a clear study of the subject, keeps aloof with children. It was shown that the prevailing type of teachers depends on the attitude of society towards education and that in times of crisis,

The specificity of modern developments in the problems of psychological typology in domestic science (studies by K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, B.S. Bratus, A.I. Krupnov and others) lies in the desire to analyze the personality not as an autonomous complex of stable properties, but in terms of personal activity, which is typological in nature, in the light of the complex relationship "man - life path". Qualitatively new typologies are being created in this direction: initiative, responsibility, the semantic integral of personality activity, personal ability to organize time, social thinking, and a number of others.

Several typologies are associated with historical changes that lead to a change in the prevailing types of people corresponding to a certain level of development of society. The concepts of this direction include, first of all, the development of problems of a social nature and the main personality.

personality dispositional temperament psychosociotype

3. Personality types in social psychology

There are several classifications of personality types, the main of which have developed quite recently - in the 40-50s of the last century. The division into personality types in social psychology takes into account the degree of introversion / extroversion, the level of isolation, sociability, temperament, perception of time, control over one's own life and some other criteria. This typology is close to socio-psychological, as it is associated with the prevailing attitudes in the field of communication.

3.1 Typology of psychosociotypes

Psychosociotype of personality is an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange of a person with the environment, depending on the level of development of such mental functions as emotions, sensations, intuition and thinking, and the specifics of preferences: extraversion or introversion. The allocation of psychotypes is based on personality typology, developed K. Jung (which has already been discussed in the previous chapter).

K. Jung argued that the obvious difference in people's behavior is determined by different preferences, which are revealed very early, forming the basis of our special individuality.

There are four main preferences:

· The first has to do with where a person draws his energy - from the outside world (extroverted) or inside himself (introverted);

· The second is related to how a person collects information about the world - verbatim and sequentially, based on current real sensations (sensory-sensing) or more arbitrarily, trusting his intuition (intuitive);

· The third refers to how a person makes decisions - objectively and impartially, carefully thinking through everything, analyzing and planning (thinking-logical) or subjectively and interpersonally, at the behest of the senses (emotional-feeling);

· The fourth has to do with the way of life of a person - whether a person is capable of being decisive and methodical (decisive, rational type) or a person is compliant, flexible, spontaneous, somewhat spontaneous (perceiving, emotional type).

According to the typology of K. Jung, people can be divided into types according to the following characteristics:

1.extraversion - introversion;

2.rational - irrational;

.thinking type (logic) - emotional type (ethic);

.sensing type (sensor) - intuitive type (intuit).

It should be noted that the thinking, emotional, intuitive, feeling types will manifest themselves in peculiar functions depending on the person's extraversion or introversion.

So, by typology of C. Jungthe most popular at present is the division into such socio-psychological types as: extroverts, introverts, emotionally unstable, emotionally stable.

emotionally unstable people are those who live in a state of emotional tension and constant fear, who cannot relax, deeply experience any troubles.

emotionally stable People - in contrast to the unstable type, very balanced, calm, at the same time unable to sympathize with other people.

The above personality types are usually combined in one person, but depending on the predominance of certain qualities, personality types are distinguished in social psychology, which we also know as - melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic (according to the typology of temperament).

3.2 Typology of temperaments I.P. Pavlova

Temperament- these are the innate features of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, and the features of adaptation to the environment.

From time immemorial, attempts have been made to reduce an almost infinite number of individual features to a small number of typical portraits.

Academician I.P. Pavlov studied the physiological foundations of temperament, drawing attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of nervous system. He showed that the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - reflect the activity of the brain. From birth, they are different for everyone: in strength, mutual balance, mobility. Depending on the ratio of these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity:

) "unrestrained" - a strong, mobile, unbalanced type of nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of the choleric;

) "live" - ​​a strong, mobile, balanced type of nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person;

) "calm" - a strong, balanced, inert type of nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of the phlegmatic;

) "weak" - a weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of nervous system

corresponds to the temperament of the melancholic.

Choleric -this is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, shows impatience, abruptness of movements, irascibility, incontinence. The alternation of positive cycles of raising mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression cause uneven behavior and well-being, its increased susceptibility to the emergence of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.

sanguine- a person with a strong, balanced, mobile nervous system, has a quick reaction, his actions are deliberate; cheerful, thanks to which he is characterized by high resistance to life's difficulties. The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, easy adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person, a productive figure in the presence of interest, i.e. with constant excitement. In a stressful situation, it shows a “lion reaction”, i.e. actively, deliberately defends itself.

Phlegmatic -a person with a strong, balanced, but inert nervous system, as a result of which he reacts slowly; shows emotions slowly, is taciturn, has a high capacity for work, well resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties, but is not able to quickly respond in unexpected, new situations. He firmly remembers everything learned, is not able to abandon the developed skills and stereotypes. In a stressful situation, he remains outwardly calm.

melancholic- a person with a weak nervous system, who has increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can cause him to "break down", "stop", confusion. Hypersensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance. The mood is very changeable, he is often sad, depressed, unsure of himself, anxious. Melancholics are prone to neurotic disorders. However, having a high sensitivity of the nervous system, melancholics often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.

Temperament- this is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and the true temperament is “disguised”. Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, and yet the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior. In behavioral communication, it is possible and necessary to foresee the peculiarities of the reaction of persons with different types of temperament and to respond adequately to them. It should be noted that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful characteristics of behavior.

3.3 E. Kretschmer's constitutional typologies

The German psychologist E. Kretschmer (1888-1964) in his famous book "The Structure of the Body and Character" tried to find the connections that exist between the structure of the human body and its mental warehouse.

According to E. Kretschmer, there are only four main variants of human anatomy, which are found not only in their pure form, but also in various combinations.

1. Asthenic type -a man of fragile constitution, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and fragile limbs, an elongated face, but a highly developed nervous system, and the brain.

2. Picnic -differs in the development of the internal planes of the body (head, chest, abdomen) and the tendency of the torso to obesity with a weak motor apparatus. Average height, solid figure, soft broad face on a short massive neck, solid, massive belly.

. Athletic -causes the development of a strong skeleton, pronounced muscles, proportional to a strong physique. The athletic type is characterized by a strong development of the skeleton and muscles, elastic skin, a powerful chest, broad shoulders, and a confident posture.

. Dipplastic -a person with a wrong physique.

With the distinguished types of body structure, Kretschmer correlated certain types of personality. According to Kretschmer, asthenic physique It has schizothymic.

He is closed, prone to reflection, to abstraction, with difficulty adapting to the environment, sensitive, vulnerable. Schizothymics fluctuate between sensitivity and coldness, between sharpness and dullness of feeling.

picnic physique It has cyclothymic, his emotions fluctuate between joy and sadness, he is sociable, frank, good-natured, realistic in his views.

Athletic physique have iscotimics,they are of two types: energetic, sharp, self-confident, aggressive, with restrained gestures and facial expressions, with low flexibility of thinking.

If we use the traditional names of temperaments, it is easy to see that melancholics mostly have a fragile asthenic physique, choleric people - mainly in transitional gradations from athletic to asthenic, phlegmatic - in transitional gradations from athletic to pycnic, sanguine - mostly pyknic physique.

.4 Typology of K. Horney based on different communication needs

The American psychologist K. Horney, depending on the attitude to communication with other people, identified three psychological personality types:

· "Affection Type"- a person has an increased need for communication, for him the most important thing is to be loved, respected, so that someone takes care of him - such a person approaches the assessment of another person with the question: “Will he love me, take care of me?”

· "Aggressive type"- the attitude towards other people as a means of achieving their goals is typical - such people strive to dominate, do not tolerate objections, consider the other person from the following point of view: “Will he be useful to me?”

· "Alienated Type"- for such people, a certain emotional distance with other people is necessary, because they view communication as a necessary evil, are not inclined to participate in group activities and believe that recognition should be provided to them already because of their merits; when they meet other people, they secretly ask themselves the question: “Will he leave me alone?”

3.5 Typology based correlation of behavior and internal motives of a person

Depending on the ratio of behavior and internal motives of a person, three types of personality are distinguished:

1. Harmonic Personality- there are no conflicts between behavior and internal motives: desires, moral principles, a sense of duty and real human behavior are harmoniously combined with each other, have a social orientation and adequacy;

2. Conflict, contradictory personality- there is a discord between behavior and motives, i.e. actions contrary to desires;

3. impulsive personality- acts only at will, or, if a person does not have pronounced desires, then he acts in accordance with external influences, - a "weather vane" who acts in accordance with the immediate situation, although he can mask his failure with businesslike, democratic collegiality .

3.6 A. Adler's typology Personality types: attitudes associated with lifestyles

Adler notes that the constancy of our personality throughout life is explained by lifestyle. The basic orientation in relation to the outside world is also determined by the lifestyle. The true form of a lifestyle can be recognized by knowing what ways and means a person uses to solve basic problems. life problems: work, friendship, love.

Adler developed a typology of attitudes determined by lifestyles (depending on how the main life tasks are solved, depending on the level of social interest and the degree of human activity). Social interest is a feeling of empathy for all people, it is manifested in cooperation with others for the sake of common success rather than for personal gain. Social interest is the main criterion for the psychological maturity of a person; its opposite is selfish interest.

The degree of activity has to do with how a person comes to solving life problems, how high his energy level is. The degree of activity plays a constructive or destructive role only in combination with social interest.

In the case of insufficiently expressed social interest, the following types of personalities are possible (depending on the level of activity):

· Control type- These are self-confident and assertive people, with little social interest. They are active, but not socially, they are indifferent to the well-being of others and they are characterized by an attitude of superiority over the outside world. They solve the main life problems in a hostile, antisocial way (offenders, drug addicts, etc.)

· avoidant type- these people do not have sufficient social interest, they do not have the proper activity necessary to solve their own problems, they are afraid of failures and shy away from solving life problems.

· Socially useful typeis a mature, full-fledged personality, it combines a high degree of social interest and high level activity. Such a person sincerely shows concern for others and is interested in communicating and interacting with other people. Approaches the solution of vital problems consciously, responsibly.

3.7 Locus of control typology

In recent years, the typology of personality associated with the scale " locus of control »

One of the most important characteristics of a person is the degree of independence, autonomy and activity of a person in achieving his goals, the development of personal responsibility for the events happening to him.

For the first time, methods for studying this characteristic were developed in the 60s of the last century in the United States. The most famous is the scale of "locus of control" by D. Rotter. This scale is based on position: people differ among themselves in terms of where they locate control over events that are significant to them. There are two loci of control and, accordingly, two types of people:

1. External studies- when a person believes that the events happening to him are the result of external forces, chance, circumstances, actions of other people, etc.;

2. Internals- when a person interprets significant events as a result own efforts. Internals believe that most important events in their lives were the result of their own actions, and feel their own responsibility for these events and for the way their life as a whole develops.

A person of the “internal” type is more often a “winner” in life, an external person is a “loser”, they have different life scenarios, different attitudes towards themselves and other people.

At the same time, externality / internality are not mutually exclusive, but are associated with cultural traditions: Eastern culture contributes to the formation of an external type of personality, Western culture - internal. Internality is associated with the deep development of personal responsibility. This is very well shown in the study of K. Muzdybaev.

Conclusion

Personality is the object of a number of sciences and, being a complex, multifaceted social phenomenon, requires a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach (philosophical-sociological, socio-psychological, etc.).

In a broad sense, a person's personality is an integral integrity of biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic elements.

Man is an active being. Being included in the system of social relations and changing in the process of activity, a person acquires personal qualities and becomes a social subject.

Thus, personality -this is a specific person who is a representative of a certain state, society and group (social, ethnic, religious, political, gender and age, etc.), who is aware of his attitude towards the people around him and social reality, included in all relations of the latter and engaged in a peculiar type of activity and endowed with specific individual and socio-psychological characteristics.

The main socio-psychological characteristics of a person are determined by:

) the degree of integrity and inconsistency of the worldview and beliefs;

) the degree of awareness of one's place in society;

) the nature of needs and interests;

) the specifics of the ratio of different personal qualities.

Personal development is due to various factors. These usually include: the originality of the physiology of higher nervous activity, anatomical and physiological features, environment and society, socially useful activity. The effectiveness of a correct understanding of all individual and social action and human actions. In the process of interaction and communication, there is a mutual influence of individuals on each other, as a result of which a commonality is formed in views, social attitudes and other types of relationships.

Literature

1.Ananiev B.G. Man as an object of knowledge. L., 1968.-214 p.

2.Adler A. Understand the nature of man. SPb., 1997.

.Asmolov A.G. Personality as a subject of psychological analysis. M., 1988. - 124 p.

.Kon I.S. Sociology of personality. M.: Politizdat, 1967.- 243 p.

.Kovalev A.G. Psychology of Personality. M., 1970. -211 p.

.Leontiev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. M., 1975.-186 p.

.Maklakov A.G. General psychology- Textbook for universities - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. - 470s.

.Platonov K.K. Personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon // Social psychology. M., 1975. -212 p.

.Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. -511-641 p.

.Shorokhova E.V. Socio-psychological understanding of personality // Methodological problems of social psychology. M., 1975-178 p.

Footnotes in the text of the work

Kon I.S. Sociology of personality. M.: Politizdat, 1967.- 243 p.

Maklakov A.G. General psychology - Textbook for universities - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. - 470s.

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Personality is the unique definition of a person. Each has its own characteristics of character and behavior, partly inherited, and partly acquired in society. Often a person knows his personality type, but some features may be hidden or not yet realized. People with a similar typology find a common language easier. Knowing your type, you can choose and tune in to a particular profession. To determine it, special tests are used, and then the result is deciphered.

Basic personality types

Typology of personality is one of the most important aspects in sociology. More than a century ago, the German philosopher Eduard Spranger developed his own classification of personality systems, identifying 6 main "ideal" types based on their motivational orientation:

• social, seeking to communicate and establish social ties;
• aesthetic, prone to self-expression and experiences;
• economic, builds his life in accordance with the search for profit and the principles of utility;
• theoretical, focused on obtaining new knowledge;
• religious, seeks to find the highest meaning of life;
• political type, striving for dominance.

It is clarified that in practice a person has never met with one of these types in its pure form, in each the dominant type and echoes of the others are distinguished.

Famous psychologists and philosophers have identified many other classifications based on certain signs and characteristics: Ernst Kretschmer correlated the type of personality in accordance with the constitution of the body, Jung divided all people into extroverts and introverts.

Personality types regarding temperament

Temperament is an individual property of a person, manifested by a combination of mental and mental properties and reflecting his attitude to the surrounding reality.

According to the teachings of Hippocrates, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body: blood - sanguine cheerful and active, phlegm - phlegmatic calm and slow, bile - choleric more impulsive, black bile - melancholic, often sad and fearful.

When determining the psychological characteristics, the main criteria for temperament are distinguished:

• sensitivity explains how small the force of influence can be for the occurrence of a psychological reaction;
• reactivity reflects the degree of involuntary reaction to certain influences;
• activity shows how energetically a person influences the surrounding world and society;
• ratio of activity and reactivity;
• plasticity and rigidity determine how easily a person adapts to new conditions and situations;
• the reaction rate reflects the speed of the main psychological processes;
• extraversion and introversion - the dependence of a person's activity on impressions or on thoughts related to past experience is revealed.

Characteristics of the main types of temperament:

Temperament Criteria	sanguine	Phlegmatic person	Choleric	melancholic
sensitivity	Lively responds to everything that attracts his attention	The mood is almost independent of what is happening around.	impatient, impulsive	Too touchy, sensitive
Reactivity	Increased	Malaya	High	Malaya
Activity	Increased	High	High	Low
Reactivity to activity ratio	balanced	Activity prevails over reactivity	balanced	balanced
Plasticity or rigidity	High plasticity	Rather rigidity	Rather rigidity	Rigidity
Reaction rate	Very fast	Calm, slow	Average	Short
Extra or introversion	extrovert	More like an introvert	More like an extrovert	introvert

Temperament is determined by the type of nervous system, that is, it is inherent from birth. You can’t completely change it, but you can look at situations differently and correct behavior.

Classification: 16 personalities

In psychology, another typology is distinguished in accordance with the predominance of certain aspects of personality in a person: mind, energy, essence or character, tact and individuality. Based on this, 4 groups of personalities are distinguished, each of which includes 4 more subtypes - a total of 16 types or personalities.

Analytics group

This group includes:

Diplomats include:

• Activists - they are decisive and moral. Many activists tend to make helping others, charity, the goal of their lives. They easily join the team, are very polite towards others, but always clearly defend their positions and views. Being socially active, they often forget about themselves.
• Intermediaries - they care about the process, not the result. They are driven by the principles of honor and morality, they speak beautifully and, on a subconscious level, create features your ideas. They have a penchant for languages. Unlike others, mediators focus their attention on one significant goal and on several important people in life - they do not scatter their efforts, otherwise they may be left with nothing.
• Coaches are natural motivators and mentors. They proudly demonstrate their knowledge and skills to others and are very happy when they manage to "reach every mind" with serious facts or emotional impact. The main weakness of trainers is the desire for introspection and reflection.
• Wrestlers - enjoy social interactions, so they are frequent guests at parties and ringleaders in companies. The self-esteem of such individuals largely depends on the ability to make independent decisions. original solutions, at a monotonous job, such people are bored. Wrestlers easily switch their attention and know how to relax after work.

Guardian group

Includes:

• Administrators - always follow the established rules, clearly fulfilling their duties. Such people are proud of the work done, operate with facts, not emotions, have self-sufficiency. Complaining is considered a sign of weakness. Reliability is one of the main negative qualities of an administrator in the long run, when others begin to use his help.
• Defenders - consist entirely of contradictions. Always looking for security, but not opposed to change; quite secretive and silent, but easily join the company. Such people are true altruists who give their all, wanting to receive in exchange only kindness and gratitude. Often pedantic, they like to put off things for later, but they always do everything at the appointed time.
• Managers are the law and order of modern society. The main qualities are honesty and determination, they show by their example that everything can be achieved through hard work. Such people are team players, constantly waiting for help and support, but are unhappy when colleagues do not meet a high level.
• The consul always strives to improve his social status. Such individuals are always in the spotlight, really listen to the interlocutor and delve into the conversation. They like to be useful, they are not averse to being even altruists, as long as they see their need and gratitude for their work.

Seeker group

This group includes:

• Virtuosos who are born creators. They love to explore the world around them with rationalism and inspired curiosity. Willingly help others, share experience, strive to constantly improve existing mechanisms. Such personalities are very mysterious - they are friendly, but often closed, calm, restless. All decisions are made on the basis of practical realism.
• Artists love to experiment with appearance and behavior and break the conventional wisdom. Mostly introverts, but they spend their free lonely time on introspection and reassessment of their own values. They are very sensitive to people's feelings. They do not love and do not plan their future, they live here and now.
• Dealers are very comfortable in the spotlight and love to discuss burning topics related to the immediate present. They do not build long-term plans, do everything at once, correct mistakes on the go. Most of all, they are prone to a risky life, they are hard to adapt to the generally recognized norms of society.

Well-known psychological types were identified and described by the Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst C. G. Jung.

His theory of "introversion - extraversion", as well as the four types of perception of the world has developed and continues to develop.

Psychotypes of personality proposed by Jung:

• Personality types depending on the vector of its orientation:

1. An extrovert is a person who is psychologically oriented towards the outside world; sociable, active, active.
2. - a person focused on the inner world; reserved, sensitive, thoughtful.

• Psychological types depending on the predominant way of perceiving life, in other words, on the main mental function:

1. The thinking type is a person who, in making decisions, mainly relies on logic and thinking. The sphere of feelings is suppressed.
2. Feeling type - a person focused on, judges in terms of "good - bad", and not logically.
3. Sensing type - a person who perceives life directly with the senses, he looks, listens, touches and makes a decision based on the information received. they are suppressed.
4. The intuitive type is a person who relies on a "sixth" sense; such people make decisions based on intuitive, unconscious knowledge, and not on direct sensations.

Based on Jung's typology, in the seventies and eighties of the last century, the Soviet sociologist A. Augustinavichute developed one of the most detailed and reliable personality typologies and became the founder scientific direction called socionics.

• A. E. LICCHKO

Another Soviet scientist A.E. Lichko, observing adolescents, identified psychological types that describe the types of character accentuations. Accentuation is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits, psychological deviations that border on psychopathology, but do not go beyond the norm.

1. In adolescence, crisis age, accentuation is most pronounced.
2. Later, the character is "smoothed out", and accentuation appears only in crisis,.

• K. LEONHARD

The German scientist K. Leonhard proposed a similar classification, but did not limit it to the pubertal period. The classification is based on an assessment of the style of communication of a person with a close environment.

Psychological types according to K. Leonhard:

1. Hyperthymic. Optimistic, sociable, initiative, active, conflict, irritable, frivolous.
2. Distimny. Pessimistic, silent, closed, non-conflict, conscientious, fair.
3. Cycloid. Changeable type, combining hyperthymia and dysthymia.
4. Excitable. Slow, irritable, sullen, domineering, conscientious, tidy, loving animals and children.
5. stuck. , inquisitive, fair, ambitious, touchy, suspicious, jealous.
6. Pedantic. Formalist and neat, serious, reliable, non-conflict, passive, boring.
7. Anxious. Timid, insecure, defenseless, pessimistic, self-critical, friendly, executive, sensitive.
8. Emotive. Excessively vulnerable, tearful, passive, kind, compassionate, sympathetic, executive.
9. Demonstrative. Can be both a leader and an opportunist; self-confident, artistic, courteous, captivating, extraordinary, selfish, boastful, lazy.
10. Exalted. Extremely sociable, bright and sincere feelings, amorous, altruistic, compassionate, changeable, prone to panic and exaggeration.
11. Extroverted. Sociable and talkative, open, executive, frivolous, prone to excitement and risk.
12. introverted. Idealist, closed, philosophizing, non-conflict, principled, restrained, stubborn, stubborn.

Classification of personality psychotypes depending on temperament

Most often, personality typology is compiled on the basis of differences in temperaments and characters of people.

• Hippocrates

The first known typology of personality depending on the type of temperament was proposed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. It still remains relevant and popular, although the scientist did not connect the individual typological features of the personality with the properties of the nervous system (as is customary now).

According to Hippocrates, the human psychotype depends on the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and two types of bile.

Psychological types of temperament according to Hippocrates:

1. phlegmatic - a person whose body is dominated by lymph (phlegm), which makes him calm and slow;
2. melancholic - a person whose body is dominated by black bile (melane chole), which is why he is timid and prone to sadness;
3. sanguine person - a person in whose body there is a lot of blood (sanguine), mobile and cheerful;
4. choleric - hot and impulsive, in his body a lot of yellow bile (chole).

For many centuries the doctrine of temperaments has been developed and supplemented. In particular, the German philosopher I. Kant and the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov were engaged in this. Today, the names of the types of temperament have remained the same, but the essence has changed.

Temperament is a combination of innate features of the work of higher nervous activity. It depends on the speed and strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Thus, a weak type of higher nervous activity corresponds to the temperament of a melancholic; strong balanced, but inert - phlegmatic; choleric - strong and unbalanced; strong, balanced and mobile - sanguine.

• E. KRECHMER

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer identified different personality types depending on the character. This was the first character classification. Kretschmer associated the psychotype of a person with the constitution of his body.

Three types of bodily constitution:

1. Asthenic. Skinny and tall people, they have elongated arms and legs, underdeveloped muscles.
2. Athletic. People are strong, with well-developed muscles, growth is average or above average.
3. Picnic. Overweight people with underdeveloped muscles and musculoskeletal system, of medium or small stature.

Since E. Kretschmer was a psychiatrist, he compared personality psychotypes with a tendency to one or another psychopathology and grouped them into two personality types:

1. Schizothymics are mentally healthy people with an athletic or asthenic physique, vaguely resembling patients with schizophrenia. They are characterized by such character traits: artistry, sensitivity, alienation, selfishness, authority.
2. Cyclothymics are mentally healthy people with a picnic physique, reminiscent of patients with manic-depressive psychosis. These are cheerful, optimistic, sociable, frivolous people.

The theory of E. Kretschmer was based only on his personal observations, but served as the basis for subsequent, more complex typologies of character. Much later, scientists came to the conclusion that the shape of the body really affects the character and individual typological characteristics of the personality. The connection between the constitution of the body and the tendency to accentuation of character (an extreme degree of the normal functioning of the psyche) and psychopathology does exist.

Classification of personality psychotypes depending on the character

People differ not only in character traits, but also in their attitude to life, society and moral values. Despite the fact that there is a concept of proper behavior, people behave differently.

The German psychoanalyst and sociologist E. Fromm introduced the concept of "social character" and defined it as a kind of identical set of character traits in the personality structure of the majority of members of a particular community. Any community, class or group of people has a certain social character.

The social character was taken as the basis for the classification of psychological personality types.

Psychological personality types according to E. Fromm:

• "Masochist-sadist"

A person who is inclined to direct aggression at himself or at other people, if he considers them guilty of ongoing personal failures or problems of the whole society. Such people strive for self-improvement, insecure, punctual, responsible, demanding, domineering, like to terrorize others, justifying their actions with good intentions.

Psychological masochism is almost always combined with sadism. However, there are people more prone to one of the types.

Individual typological features of the "masochist": self-abasement, self-criticism, the tendency to always blame yourself for everything. "Sadist" Fromm defined as an authoritarian person. This is a man-exploiter, imperious and cruel.

• "Destroyer"

It does not cause suffering either to itself or to people, but aggressively eliminates the cause of its troubles. In order not to feel powerless and frustrated, a person ends the relationship or interrupts the work he has begun, that is, he uses destructiveness as a means of resolving any trouble. "Destroyers" are usually anxious, desperate, cowardly people, limited in the realization of their capabilities and abilities.

• "Conformist-machine"

Unlike the two previous psychological types, the "conformist" is passive. He does not fight, but resigns himself to difficult life circumstances. This is a too labile person who has practically lost his

He is an adaptable person who will change his point of view, behavior, principles, and even type of thinking, if the situation requires it. Such people are immoral, therefore they do not see anything shameful in changing points of view and life values.

Such social typology does not characterize people from the best side, but reveals the problems of society and remains extremely relevant in our time.

It is impossible to say which of the typologies is better, they complement each other. Any typology of personality allows an individual to know himself and at the same time realize his uniqueness.

The reason for the division into psychotypes

Philosophers and scientists at all times of the existence of a civilized society have tried to distinguish and single out psychological types of people from the diversity of the nature of human nature. Many classifications are based on observations of people, life experience or conclusions of a scientist who proposed a specific typology. Only in the last century, in connection with the flourishing of psychology, personality psychotypes became the object of research and received proper scientific justification.

Despite the variety of psychological types that exist today, it can be difficult to determine what type of personality a person belongs to. Often, when reading the classification of types and wanting to find himself, he cannot decide or finds several types at once, similar to the individual typological features of his own personality.

The disadvantage of any typology is that it cannot accommodate all possible personality types, because each person is an individual. It can be said that it rather belongs to one or another type, is more similar to it, or at some moments manifests itself in a similar way.

Any psychotype of a person is a generalization, an attempt to combine into a group close and often observed together qualities, temperamental characteristics, and other individually typological personality traits.

Personality types are often exaggerated and simplified, describing deviant behavior (even psychopathology) or only those personality traits that are pronounced and stereotypical, stereotyped.

Pure types are rare. However, every second person, reading this or that typology or passing a psychological test, easily determines his psychotype and agrees with the characterization given to him.

The more developed the personality of the individual, the more difficult it is for him to attribute himself to one or another type of personality. harmoniously developed personality and a bright individuality hardly "fits" into any individual psychotype.

Despite the imperfection of typologies and personality types, they allow you to understand yourself, notice shortcomings, and identify development paths. It is easier for people around the individual who know what psychological type he belongs to to build relationships with him and predict behavior in a particular situation.

Personality typology helps professional psychologists conduct psychodiagnostics of the client. The psychological portrait of a person necessarily includes a description of his psychotype. Individually typological personality traits are extremely important, because they will tell about temperament, character, abilities, emotional-volitional sphere, orientation, attitudes, motivation and values ​​- about all components of individuality.

There are many pseudo-scientific classifications of psychological types that people use in Everyday life. For example, the division of people depending on the time of day, when there is the greatest activity and ability to work, into "larks" and "owls".

There are a huge number of pseudoscientific tests on the Internet, more entertaining than allowing you to understand yourself. But even such psychological tests have the right to exist, since they give rise to a person's desire to know himself. What psychotypes of people are described in the science of psychology?