Every time you write a text or simply communicate with other people, you choose the style of speech that is most relevant for the given moment. There are five styles in total, but the success of your dialogue, both with your interlocutor and with the reader, depends entirely on the correct choice of each of them. For the reader, your style of presentation even has higher value, since when reading a person does not have non-verbal information about you, such as facial expressions, gestures, breathing rate, gaze, etc. So, today we will look at what text styles exist, what features they have and, of course, we will look at examples of these styles.
Five Basic Speech Styles
So, as mentioned above, any text that you create can be classified into one of five speech styles. Here they are:
- Scientific style
- Journalistic style
- Art style
- Formal business style
- Conversational style
Please note that different types of text tend to be different styles, although they may describe the same object. Let's look at an example. Suppose you need to write a text about washing machine. How can you write it:
- You write a review with the main characteristics (scientific style)
- You write a selling text (conversational style)
- You are writing an SEO article for a blog (journalistic style)
- You write hypnotic text (art style)
- You write Commercial offer(formal business style)
However, for greater objectivity, today we will not focus on the washing machine, but will simply consider all five styles of speech with various examples.
1. Scientific style of speech
The scientific style is characterized by strict writing requirements, which are described in more detail in the article "". In this article, an example of a scientific style will be more condensed, but if you are interested in an expanded version, it can be found at.
The scientific style is used among scientists as well as in educational settings. Distinctive feature scientific style lies in its objectivity and comprehensive approach to the issue under consideration. Theses, hypotheses, axioms, conclusions, monotonous coloring and patterns - this is what characterizes the scientific style.
An example of a scientific style of speech
Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that the object has a soft homogeneous structure, freely transmits light and can change a number of its parameters when exposed to a potential difference in the range from 5 to 33,000 V. Research has also shown that the object irreversibly changes its molecular structure under the influence of temperatures above 300 K. When mechanically acting on an object with a force of up to 1000 N, no visible changes in the structure are observed.
2. Journalistic style of speech
Unlike the scientific style, the journalistic style is more controversial and ambiguous. Its main feature: it is used for “brainwashing” in the media, and, therefore, is initially biased and contains the author’s assessment of ongoing events, phenomena or objects. The journalistic style is widely used for manipulation. Let's look at examples.
Let’s say that in the village of Experimentalovo, local resident Uncle Vanya conducted a series of tests of a new chemical preparation on the hen, causing her to lay golden eggs. Now let's see how the journalistic style can convey this information to us:
Example of journalistic style of speech No. 1
Incredible discovery! A resident of the remote village of Experimentalovo invented new drug, making hens lay golden eggs! The secret that the world's greatest alchemists have struggled with for centuries has finally been revealed by our compatriot! While no comments have been received from the inventor, he, in this moment, is in a strong binge, but we can definitely say that the discoveries of such patriots will definitely stabilize the economy of our country and strengthen its position on the world stage as a leader in the field of gold mining and the production of gold products for decades to come.
Example of journalistic style of speech No. 2
An act of unprecedented cruelty and inhumane treatment of animals was demonstrated by a resident of the village of Experimentalovo, who, for his own selfish purposes, with particular cynicism, used unfortunate chickens to create his “philosopher’s stone.” The gold was obtained, but this did not stop the flayer, and he, like an absolutely immoral type, went into a deep binge, without even trying to help the poor creatures who had become victims of his outrageous experiments. It is difficult to say what such a discovery entails, however, given the trends in the “scientist’s” behavior, we can conclude that he is clearly plotting to seize power over the world.
3. Artistic style of speech
When you are overtired by the dryness of the scientific style or the duplicity of the journalistic style, when you want to breathe in the lightness of something beautiful, bright and rich, overflowing with images and an unforgettable range of emotional shades, then artistic style comes to your aid.
So, the artistic style is “watercolor” for a writer. It is characterized by images, colors, emotions and sensuality.
An example of artistic speech style
Sidorovich slept poorly at night, waking up every now and then to the sound of thunder and flashing lightning. It was one of those terrible nights when you want to wrap yourself under a blanket, sticking your nose out for air, and imagine that you are in a hut in the wild steppe hundreds of kilometers from the nearest city.
Suddenly, out of nowhere, the palm of his wife, who was sleeping next to him, ran across Sidorovich’s ear:
“Go to sleep already, you damn traveler,” she moaned, sleepily smacking her tongue.
Sidorovich turned away offended, pouting. He was thinking about Taiga...
4. Formal business style of speech
The main characteristics of business style are accuracy, pedantry to detail, and imperativeness. This style places the main emphasis on conveying information, does not allow dual interpretations and, unlike the scientific style, may contain first and second person pronouns.
Example of business style of speech
I, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov, express my sincere gratitude to the employees of the Primer LLC company, in particular, S.S. Sidorov. and Pupkov V.V. for the high level of quality of service and the prompt resolution of all controversial issues right on the spot and I ask you to encourage them in accordance with the terms of the collective agreement of Primer LLC.
5. Conversational style of speech
Conversational style is most characteristic of the modern Internet. With the massive emergence of blogs, it has become dominant on the Internet and leaves its mark not only in web journalism, but also in selling texts, slogans, etc.
The conversational style essentially blurs the boundaries between the author and the reader. It is characterized by naturalness, relaxedness, emotionality, its own specific vocabulary and adjustment to the recipient of information.
Example of conversational style of speech No. 1
Yo, dude! If you read this text, you will understand the topic. Energy, drive and speed are what define my life. I love extreme sports, I love thrills, I love when the adrenaline rushes through the roof and blows my mind away. I can’t live without this, dude, and I know that you understand me. I really don't care: skateboard or parkour, roller skates or bike, as long as I have something to challenge. And that's cool!
Example of conversational style of speech No. 2
Have you ever wondered what would happen if the Earth switched places with Jupiter? I'm serious! Would New Vasyuki appear on his rings? Of course not! They're made of gas! Have you really bought such blatant nonsense for even a minute? I won't believe it in my life! And if the moon fell into the Pacific Ocean, how much would its level rise? You probably think that I am a rare bore, but if I don’t ask these questions, then who will?
conclusions
So, today we looked at examples of speech styles in all their, albeit not rich, diversity. For various situations Various directions will be optimal, but the main thing you should pay attention to when creating text is the language of your audience and a style that is convenient for them. The emphasis on these two parameters allows your texts to be read in one breath, and, therefore, increases your chances of successfully completing the task assigned to the text.
The concept of “text style” implies a system of expressive means of language, which is usually used in a certain communicative sphere. Text styles in the Russian language make it possible to describe the same phenomenon, the same object in completely different ways. For example, snowfall. “Unprecedented snowfall in the Nizhny Novgorod region has caused traffic congestion. Regional authorities accept emergency measures." “It kept snowing and snowing. White flakes slowly fell on trees, roofs of houses, benches in the park, collected in snowdrifts, and covered the roads with a thick blanket.” “A strong cyclone moved from the northern part of Scandinavia to the Kola Peninsula, causing heavy snowfalls in the Murmansk region. Precipitation amounted to 50% monthly norm" “I would like to inform you that due to heavy snowfall and poor condition It is not possible for a school bus to leave the roads.” “Well, we had snow yesterday! The snow was knee-deep! Neither pass nor pass! These statements are examples of different styles of Russian text. Text styles in Russian are divided into:
- - Journalistic;
- - Artistic;
- - Scientific;
- - Official business;
- - Conversational.
Text styles in the Russian language have a scope of application, genres, and are characterized by certain lexical and morphological features.
Journalistic style.
The task of style is to influence the audience through the media in order to create a certain public opinion. The texts are intended for the general reader and are aimed not only at logical, but also at emotional perception.
Main genres: article, report, essay. The style is characterized by socio-political vocabulary, imagery, emotionality along with logic.
Art style.
The function is to convey emotions and thoughts from the author to the reader. The style is characterized by imagery and emotionality, which differ from journalistic imagery and emotionality in its aesthetic orientation and a wide variety of expressive means.
Genres of style: story, story, novel, verse, sonnet, drama, fairy tale, tragedy, comedy, hymn, ode, etc.
Scientific style.
Used in scientific journals, dissertations, lectures. Target Audience are scientists, students, specialists and people simply interested in science. The objectives of the style are the accurate transmission of scientific information, the description of patterns, the proof of certain judgments, and teaching. Characterized by the widespread use of specific and general scientific terminology, evidence, strict logic, and unambiguous definitions. Characteristic genres are an article, lecture, monograph, textbook.
Official business style.
The scope of use of the style is office work, administrative and legal relations. the main task style - informational. It is in this style that they are decorated official documents, addressed to institutions, administration, etc. Style features are accuracy, standardization, unambiguity, imperative nature, complete lack of emotionality, the use of industrial or legal terminology, and the presence of abbreviations. Style genres - order, statement, memo, etc.
Conversational style
Style of direct communication, exchange of information in everyday life. The style is characterized by expressiveness, semantic capacity, emotionality, and subjective assessments. There is colloquial vocabulary, address words, interjections, . Great importance At the same time, they have non-verbal signals: facial expressions, gestures, intonation, environment. The conversational style is implemented, as a rule, in the form of dialogue.
Instructions
Conversational style.
The conversational style is used in everyday life, when sharing your feelings or thoughts with others in an informal setting. It contains colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. This style differs from others in its large semantic capacity, colorfulness, and it adds brightness to your speech.
Speech genres: dialogue, conversation, private conversation or private letters.
Language means: imagery, simplicity, emotionality, expressiveness of vocabulary, use of introductory words, interjections, repetitions, words of address.
Scientific style.
The main function of the scientific style is information, facts and their truth.
Speech genres: Research Article, monograph, educational literature, dissertation, etc.
Language tools: terminology, the presence of general scientific words, professionalisms, abstract vocabulary.
Style features: predominance of nouns in, logic, accuracy, evidence, unambiguity, generalization, objectivity.
Official business style.
Used to inform people in a formal setting. Official business style is used in the following documents: laws, orders, receipts, certificates, protocols, etc. The scope of application of this style is law; one can act as a lawyer, diplomat, lawyer or just a citizen.
Style features: accuracy, standardization, lack of emotionality, presence of speech cliches, use of terminology, abbreviations.
Journalistic style.
The journalistic style serves to inform people in the media. This style can be used in reports, articles, interviews, essays, and oratory. Information conveyed in a journalistic style is intended not for a narrow circle of people, but for broad sections of society.
Style traits: emotionality, appeal, logic, evaluativeness.
Art style.
Used in fiction. The purpose of artistic style is to influence the reader, to convey the feelings and thoughts of the author, his.
Style features: emotionality of speech, imagery, use of all the riches of vocabulary.
Video on the topic
Sources:
- how to change text style
The word journalism comes from the Latin publicus, which means public. The journalistic style is used to agitate and promote socio-political ideas in newspapers and magazines, on radio and television.
Instructions
A scientific informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, completely coinciding with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. Writing works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and convey their content in a condensed form without distortion.
Other genres of scientific style of speech
In one large group Linguistic specialists often combine texts of scientific reference, educational and scientific and popular science genres of scientific style. These substyles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject at the center of the publication. It’s not just the results that matter scientific research, but also form.
In the educational and scientific genre they most often write teaching aids and lecture texts. The scientific reference genre, characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts composed in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.
Which is used in both oral and written speech. The main goal is the accurate presentation of certain scientific information. Statements are pre-thought out, a strict selection of linguistic means is carried out before the speech, which distinguishes the scientific style from others. Various terms are widely used, they have their own grammatical features, and verbal terms are also widely used. Sometimes nouns are used in singular to denote a general range of objects. The presentation is logically structured and accurate. Emotionality is rarely used.
Business style used when conveying business information in writing. Used when writing various official business documents, statements, reports, etc. As in the scientific style, certain terminology is used, there is a presence of different ones, and there is no emotional coloring. Mainly used complex sentences with a strict word order, impersonal constructions play a large role. Often used in the imperative mood.
The journalistic style is used in the press, in news feeds and is compiled as the text of speeches to the public for the purpose of propaganda. The main function is influence and propaganda. In this style of speech, an important role is played not only by the information itself, but also by the emotional coloring, which makes it clear the attitude of the author. A special role is played by the logic of presentation and handling of various facts, but at the same time, the emotional component plays an equally important role. The style is characterized by the use of colloquial and bookish constructions when constructing sentences.
Conversational style is present in everyday communication in an informal atmosphere. It is used both in written and oral form. It does not differ in any selection of linguistic means; sentences are constructed based on the speech situation. Colloquial speech complemented by facial expressions and accents, pauses and changes in intonation are widely used to give maximum emotional coloring, where the main emphasis is on expressiveness. Repetitions and introductory constructions are widely used.
Artistic style used in works fiction and is particularly emotional and expressive. In this style, metaphors and linguistic expressions are most used to give a solemn and sublime coloring. Often used outdated words. The style is different high level information content, as well as expressiveness, and for this, the features of other speech elements of other styles are used.
Inherent various types communication. Each style is characterized by its own set speech means, is appropriate in a certain area, has its own genres, purpose of use.
What are the different speech styles? Let's take a closer look at their classification.
Colloquial. on which we communicate every day in everyday life. He is characterized by a large range of emotionally charged words (for example, “boy”, “cool”, etc.). It is permissible to use incomplete sentences, the meaning of which is clear from the context, and informal addresses. Genres of style can be conversation or conversation (oral forms), notes, letters (written form).
Art style. Its purpose is to influence readers, shape their feelings and thoughts, using a variety of images. The genres of this style are prose, drama, poetry. In order to convey images, writers use all styles of speech, all the richness of the Russian language.
The scientific style is intended to explain scientific works, and its scope of use is Distinctive feature scientific speech is the abundance of terms - words that have a single, most precise, comprehensive meaning. Genres of science include reports, textbooks, abstracts, and scientific works.
Designed for communication between citizens and institutions or institutions among themselves. For this purpose, protocols, official letters, laws, regulations, announcements, etc. are used. This style contains a lot of cliches (set expressions), business vocabulary, and official addresses.
Journalistic style has a strictly defined purpose. Translated from Latin, the word means “state”, “public”. It is needed for:
- propaganda of ideas;
- influence on public opinion;
- transfers vital information with a simultaneous impact on humans;
- instilling ideas, views;
- incentives to perform certain actions;
- agitation.
The sphere of use of this style is cultural, social, economic, and political relations. It is used in the media, public speaking, propaganda and political spheres. Features of the journalistic style of speech are:
- consistency of the narrative;
- imagery of speech means;
- emotionality of performances;
- narrative evaluation;
- appeal of speeches.
It is quite natural that emotional coloring style corresponds to no less emotional linguistic means. Political and social vocabulary is widely used here, the most different types syntactic structures. The use of appeals, slogans, and incentive offers is allowed.
Genres of journalism:
- interview;
- essays;
- reports;
- articles;
- feuilletons;
- speeches (oratorical, judicial);
- speeches.
To some extent, journalistic and scientific styles of speech are close. Both must reflect only verified facts, be reliable, strictly substantiated, and specific.
Some articles or speeches in journalism are even structured in the likeness of a scientific text. A thesis is put forward, followed by arguments, facts, and examples. Then a conclusion is drawn. But, unlike the scientific one, the journalistic style is characterized by high emotionality, tension, and often a personal attitude to what is happening.
Unfortunately, modern journalists do not always fulfill the requirements mandatory for publicists. Often their articles are based on unverified data, and to create sensational material, some publicists use deliberately false information.
When constructing your speech, addressing someone, creating an artistic or scientific text, you need to remember: they were not invented by chance. The ability to convey one’s thoughts accurately and appropriately characterizes a person as an educated, cultural person.
