Concept "grammatical basis" is inextricably linked with the sentence - one of the main syntactic units of the Russian language. Let's find out what is the core of the sentence.

Each sentence has its own core, around which the rest of its members are grouped. This grammatical core consists of the main members - the subject and predicate in a two-part sentence or only the subject or predicate in a one-part sentence, for example:

Twilight. It's early evening. We swam quite slowly (I.S. Turgenev).

What is the grammatical basis of a sentence

The sky was darkening- the grammatical basis of a simple sentence.

Who? we are the subject expressed by a personal pronoun in the nominative plural form.

What did we do? swam - predicate.

Examples of expressing the subject using different parts of speech

Three (numeral) slipped unnoticed into the yard.

Finally the long-awaited day after tomorrow has arrived (adverb).

To protect (infinitive) nature means to protect the Motherland.

Several children (numeral + noun) surrounded her with expressions of delight on their faces.

The girl is singing. The girl was singing. The girl will sing.

Will you live in this house?

We won't talk about the past.

Let the children of the whole Earth rejoice!

Let her go into the garden.

glad, ready, must, obliged, forced, intends.

The lecturer continued to present interesting facts from the life of insects.

You must tell me about this incident.

Father and mother decided to go to the village the next day.

The forester could not refuse the guests and took them to the lake where the swans lived.

The girl had the intention of coming closer and examining this exotic flower more carefully.

Compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, etc.) expressing the lexical meaning.

The word can act as a linking verb "be" in any form (will, will, will, was, would be, is). The ligament may be missing. In this case, we speak of a zero copula.

The juniper alley will be like a path in the forest.

Video lesson “The grammatical basis of a sentence. The main members of the proposal"

Offer is the smallest unit of communication. With the help of sentences, we express our thoughts and feelings, turn to each other with questions, advice, requests, wishes and orders.

The waters flowed quietly.

What? - sky. This is a subject, which, as a rule, is expressed by a noun (pronoun) in the nominative case form or any part of speech in the meaning of a noun.

A snowstorm (noun) arrived immediately (N. Ostrovsky).

I (pronoun) was driving alone in the evening on a racing droshky (I.S. Turgenev)

Smart (adjective) speaks for itself by its actions.

Those who arrived (communion) noisily sat down at the tables.

The bonds of friendship (phrase) connected them since childhood.

Let's discuss our plans.

Examples of a compound verb predicate

You are just starting to live!

The rain stopped falling and the bright sun came out.

Who told you to pick flowers in my garden?

Those gathered wanted to hear an old song.

Everyone is happy to help you.

The Greeks believed that the world is harmony and rhythm.

Mercury is also a metal.

russkiiyazyk.ru

The round dances were already leaving; A fisherman’s fire was already burning across the river, smoking (A.S. Pushkin).

To highlight the grammatical basis of a sentence, let’s find out who or what the statement is about. To do this, let's ask questions: Who? or What?

What does it say about heaven? What was the sky doing? faded- this is a predicate.

We were sailing- grammatical basis.

He who (pronoun) does not work, does not eat.

Nine (numeral) is divisible by three.

Loud cheers (interjection) echoed across the square.

The second main component of the grammatical basis is the predicate, which can be expressed by all conjugated forms of the verb. Such a predicate is called a simple verb - PGS.

The difficulty of isolating such a predicate is that it can be expressed by two words that make up complex forms of a future tense verb in the indicative mood or forms of the imperative mood, for example:

When will you have breakfast?

My friend won't talk about it.

Compound verb predicate(SGS) consists of an auxiliary linking verb and an infinitive.

The auxiliary verb does not have an independent lexical meaning, but expresses the beginning, continuation or end of an action (phasic verb) or denotes possibility, desire, expression of will, obligation, evaluation, etc. (modal verb).

Short adjectives can also act as connectives:

Particularly difficult are the GHS, which contain stable phrases with a modal meaning:

We are ready to leave immediately.

I had no right to take risks and therefore walked through the swamp carefully.

The water near the shores of the lake was crystal clear.

The order of highlighting grammatical bases

The diagram presented below will help you learn how to correctly highlight the grammatical bases of a sentence.

How to determine the grammatical basis? Explanation of sentence parsing, complex cases

The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) is its semantic and syntactic center. The chain begins with the definition of the grammatical basis parsing. The ability to correctly determine the grammatical basis in a sentence provides direction for establishing logical relationships between words in a sentence, helps solve punctuation problems (including when studying foreign language). If the grammatical basis was determined incorrectly, then all further analysis will go along the wrong path.

As part of the grammatical basis there are subject and predicate. If a sentence consists of one main member, then it is only a subject or predicate. There are no sentences without a basis (except for incomplete ones)!

Stage No. 1. We find the subject. Questions WHO? or WHAT?

The subject is the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent.

In a typical sentence, this is the thing (in the broad sense) that the sentence is talking about. This is the word in nominative case. Most often this is a noun or pronoun that answers the questions: Who? or What?

• Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About a wolf, that is, we pose the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
• Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (Who? Dog. Noun).
• I smiled and went forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).

There are some cases where the subject is expressed in other ways (not as a noun or as a pronoun):

Other ways of expressing the subject

Examples

Numeral (quantitative and collective) as a noun

Three came out of the forest.

Adjective as a noun

Well-fed not a companion for the hungry.

Participle as a noun

Vacationers had a fun time.

Will make it through the road going.

Tomorrow will definitely come.

It thundered in the distance hooray.

We are with friends we left earlier.

Quite a few schoolchildren participated in the competition.

Infinitive

compose- my passion.

Stage No. 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT DOES IT DO? (and etc.)

What are the predicates?

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?

But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.

Examples:

• Wolf came out of the forest (We ask a question from the actor, from the subject: what did the wolf do? Came out - this is a predicate expressed by a verb).
• Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
• I smiled and went forward. (What I did was smile and go).

Predicates in Russian are of three types:

• Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf came out.
• Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I'm hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
• Compound nominal (linking verb + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).

see also:

Difficult cases in determining predicates

Situation 1. Often problems with determining the predicate arise in a situation where a simple verbal predicate is expressed in more than one word. Example: Today you will not have lunch alone (= have lunch).

In this sentence, the predicate will dine is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that this is a compound form of the future tense.

Situation 2. I found myself in difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by phraseological units.

Situation 3. Another hard case- these are sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by the form of a short participle. Example: The doors are always open.

An error in determining the type of predicate may be associated with an incorrect definition of the part of speech (should be distinguished from the verb short participle). In fact, in this sentence the predicate is a compound nominal, and not a simple verb, as it might seem.

Why is it compound if it is expressed in one word? Because in the present tense form the verb has a zero connective. If you put the predicate in the form of the past or future tense, it will appear. Compare. Doors are always will open. Doors are always were open.

Situation 4. A similar error can occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate with a noun or adverb.

Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second one from the edge).

Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).

Remember that words are part of a compound predicate possible, necessary, impossible.

Determining the stem in one-part sentences

In nominative sentences, the stem will be represented by the subject.

Example: Winter morning.

In indefinite sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is understandable.

Example: I love the storm in early May.

Most difficult case base expressions in impersonal sentences. Most often this is just different kinds compound nominal predicates.

Examples: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.

If you do not develop the skill of determining the basis of a sentence in the elementary grades, this will lead to difficulties in analyzing single-component and complex sentences in grades 8-9. If you gradually develop this skill by increasing complexity, then all problems will be resolved.

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Grammar basis of a sentence with examples

Grammar basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of a sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: subject and predicate. See also introductory words. After reading this article 5-ege.ru, you can easily find it in any sentence.

Subject.

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

Seven (num.) one is not expected. All the past (adj. as a noun) I was just dreaming.

- numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.;

A lot of people gathered in the prince’s hut. Several ladies walked quickly up and down the platform.

- some, everyone, much / adjective + of + noun in R.P.;

Best of Students quickly solved this problem.

- someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun;

Something so insignificant tied in a scarf.

- noun / pronoun + s + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by a plural verb!).

Vanya and I went along the forest road ( plural predicate.).

Anna she entered the room with her daughter in her arms (predicate in singular).

Live in a lordly way - this is a noble affair

Predicate.

In the Russian language there are three types of predicates. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If a sentence contains homogeneous predicates, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, the definition of simple is in doubt verb predicate expressed in more than one word:

I will take part in the exhibition.

In this example I will take part– a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I'm participating. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.

Trap!

People often make the mistake of calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:

Everything in Moscow is imbued with poetry, punctuated with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, we must distinguish the short passive participle from the past tense verb form.

Short participles have suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, soakedBut, puncturedTo- These are short passive participles.

Secondly, we have before us a predicate, which is expressed in just one word, but what kind of it is - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis words with examples)? Try adding some time adverb to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, everything in Moscow was imbued with poetry and punctuated with rhymes.

A bunch appears was and the predicate clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a copula be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow There is imbued with poetry, rhymes There is pierced.

Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates, expressed short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Words it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary included in composite predicates.

I need to get off at this stop.

Be careful with your words to be, to appear, to appear, since by highlighting only them, you may miss another component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me. Wrong!

If you only highlight words appeared, then the meaning of the sentence changes completely ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

This task offers quite complex sentences for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What “traps” can you expect here?

1) Proposals can be compiled according to different models:

subject + predicate;

only predicate or subject (one-part sentences);

subject + homogeneous predicates;

homogeneous subjects+ predicate.

The answer option may omit a subject, predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main parts of the sentence; omitting one of them is a clear mistake.

2) The answer option can combine the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases.

3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. obviously incorrect (except for those cases when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).

4) The answer option may contain a participle or participial turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Designs should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? The coordinates have been calculated.

IN first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative case form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:

Calculated the coordinates. The coordinate has been calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, but the object remains unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences they are subjects.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks], (the kind that happen on windows when it rains). (what = droplets).

Analysis of the task.

1. Which combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the “TV version” of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired unique ability create ideal images of reality in your imagination, but they no longer seem to be a direct copy of a specific thing. (5) Thanks to development cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, abstracting from all other, unimportant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows him to see and recognize general signs and the qualities of various phenomena of reality.

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they do not appear to be a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option #1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the entire sentence (perception is = in the meaning “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the “Predicate” section.

Option No. 2 is also incorrect because it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4 the subject is the word Human.

Option #3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast is not in the I.P. form, but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the story is lost. They don’t introduce themselves = The images don’t give their names?!

Option No. 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have already said, can be subject. In the subordinate clause it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the sentence it is - allows you to see and recognize.

Thus, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their ages are different, and their professions are very different, and their level of knowledge is completely different, but everyone tried to know more than they already know. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people who greedily absorbed all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed it, they were lost

3) books were needed, when they came here they got lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

The correct one is Option 1, since in other variants the second ones included minor members of the sentence in the base: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is an adverbial phrase that is not part of the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is an adverbial phrase in the ocean.

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

(1)... (2) She will die of hunger if the gates are strong and no one opens them, but does not think of moving away from the gates and pulling them towards themselves. (3) Only a person understands that you have to be patient, work hard and do something you don’t want in order for what you want to happen. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, and this is taught to a person by his ability to think. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should be done (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is a task of increased difficulty.

Option #1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The sentence has a rather difficult structure to analyze. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include a predicate won’t think to step back and pull.

Option No. 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and there cannot be a subject with it.

Option #3 similar to the previous one. This sentence is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state that is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

Home » Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian » Grammar basis of a sentence with examples

As part of the grammatical basis there are subject and predicate. If a sentence consists of one main member, then it is only a subject or predicate. There are no sentences without a basis (except for incomplete ones)!

Stage No. 1. We find the subject. Questions WHO? or WHAT?

The subject is the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent.

In a typical sentence, this is the thing (in the broad sense) that the sentence is talking about. This is a word in the nominative case. Most often this is a noun or pronoun that answers the questions: Who? or What?

Examples:

• Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About a wolf, that is, we pose the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
• Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (Who? Dog. Noun).
• I smiled and went forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).

There are some cases where the subject is expressed in other ways (not as a noun or as a pronoun):

Other ways of expressing the subject	Examples
Numeral (quantitative and collective) as a noun	Three came out of the forest.
Adjective as a noun	Well-fed not a companion for the hungry.
Participle as a noun	Vacationers had a fun time. Will make it through the road going.
	Tomorrow will definitely come.
Interjection	It thundered in the distance hooray.
Collocation	We are with friends we left earlier. Quite a few schoolchildren participated in the competition.
Infinitive	compose- my passion.

Stage No. 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT DOES IT DO? (and etc.)

What are the predicates?

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?

But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.

Examples:

• Wolf came out of the forest (We ask a question from the actor, from the subject: what did the wolf do? Came out - this is a predicate expressed by a verb).
• Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
• I smiled and went forward. (What I did was smile and go).

Predicates in Russian are of three types:

• Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf came out.
• Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I'm hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
• Compound nominal (linking verb + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).

see also:

• Materials on the topic: and "".

Difficult cases in determining predicates

Situation 1. Often problems with determining the predicate arise in a situation where a simple verbal predicate is expressed in more than one word. Example: Today you will not have lunch alone (= have lunch).

In this sentence, the predicate will dine is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that it is a compound form of the future tense.

Situation 2. I found myself in difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by phraseological units.

Situation 3. Another difficult case is in sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by a short participle form. Example: The doors are always open.

An error in determining the type of predicate may be associated with an incorrect definition of the part of speech (a short participle should be distinguished from a verb). In fact, in this sentence the predicate is a compound nominal, and not a simple verb, as it might seem.

Why is it compound if it is expressed in one word? Because in the present tense form the verb has a zero connective. If you put the predicate in the form of the past or future tense, it will appear. Compare. Doors are always will open. Doors are always were open.

Situation 4. A similar error can occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate with a noun or adverb.

Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second one from the edge).

Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).

Remember that words are part of a compound predicate possible, necessary, impossible.

Determining the stem in one-part sentences

In nominative sentences, the stem will be represented by the subject.

Example: Winter morning.

In indefinite sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is understandable.

Example: I love the storm in early May.

The most difficult case of expressing the stem in impersonal sentences. Most often these are just different types of compound nominal predicates.

Examples: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.

If you do not develop the skill of determining the basis of a sentence in the early grades, this will lead to difficulties in analyzing single-part and complex sentences in grades 8-9. If you gradually develop this skill by increasing complexity, then all problems will be resolved.

is a syntactic unit containing a thought and consisting of one or more words. Using a sentence, you can express thoughts and feelings, an order, a request, etc. For example: Morning. The sun rises from the horizon. Open the window! What a wonderful morning!

The offer is minimum unit of utterance . Words are related to each other in sentences syntactic connections. Therefore, sentences can be defined as chains of syntactically related words . Thanks to this, even in a text without punctuation marks (for example, in monuments of ancient Russian writing), you can guess where one sentence ends and another begins.

Distinctive features of the offer:

1. A sentence is a statement about something in the form of a message, a question or an incentive.
2. The sentence is the basic unit of communication.
3. The sentence has intonation and semantic completeness.
4. The sentence has a certain structure (structure). Its core is the grammatical basis.
5. The sentence has lexical and grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning sentences are its specific content. The winter turned out to be snowy and frosty.

Grammatical meaning proposals are general meaning sentences of the same structure, abstracted from their specific content. She went on an excursion (face and its action). The travelers are cold and tired (face and its condition).

In meaning and intonation there are offers narrative (contain a message), interrogative(contain a question) exclamation marks (pronounced with strong feeling, with exclamation), incentive(encourage action), for example: Golden Moscow is the best. Do you find it funny? And what stars! Raise your sword higher! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the presence of minor members both one-part and two-part sentences can be undistributed (no minor members) and common (there are minor members), for example: I'm dozing (simple two-part unextended sentence). The ice has grown in lumps on the glass (simple two-part common sentence).

According to availability or partial absence members of the proposal proposals may be complete and incomplete , For example: In the cold hall the Christmas tree mysteriously sleeps a (full sentence). Glass - penny (incomplete sentence, predicate released costs ). (According to I. Shmelev)

Grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence

Offers have grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them. For example: Freezing. White beauty birch. I'm scared. There is a rainbow over Moscow. (According to I. Shmelev)

The grammatical basis may include both both main members proposals and one of them- subject or predicate. The stars fade and go out. Night. It's freezing. (I. Nikitin)

According to the structure of the grammatical basis simple sentences are divided into two-part (with two main terms) and one-piece (with one main member): The pipes are rattling in the hallway. It smells like polished floors, mastic, and a Christmas tree. It's frosty! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the number of grammatical bases proposals are divided into simple(one grammatical stem) and complex(two or more stems related to each other in meaning, intonation and using lexical means). For example: Our Christmas is coming from afar (simple sentence). The priests are singing under the icon, and the huge deacon screams so terribly that my chest trembles (complex sentence). (According to I. Shmelev)

Subject and predicate

Subject- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?

Ways to express the subject:

1. A noun in the nominative case or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun. Meanwhile sky(noun) continued to clear. Our fallen(prior) - like sentries.
2. The pronoun is in the nominative case. You you bloom alone, and I won’t be able to return these golden dreams, this deep faith (A. Blok).
3. Infinitive. Work it was not difficult, and most importantly, it was fun (P. Pavlenko).
4. Phraseologisms. Skillful fingers visited this master (P. Bazhov).
5. Indivisible phrase. My friend and I We left before sunrise (M. Sholokhov).

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?Dissuaded golden grove (S. Yesenin).

A sentence is a syntactic unit that consists of a predicatively formed word or combination of words. It serves to convey a message, question, or encourage action.

Predicativeness is an affirmation or negation of something, conveyed by the grammatical forms of the main members and the intonation of completeness, that is, intonational semantic completeness.

The following punctuation marks can appear at the end of a sentence: period, question mark, exclamation mark.

The main feature of a sentence is the presence of a grammatical basis (subject and predicate or one of the main members): By morning the flowers bloomed. Morning. It's getting colder.

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which answers the questions who? What? (Everyone arrived on time).

Morphological ways of expressing the subject

1. Noun or other part of speech expressed as a noun: The meeting began on time.

2. Nominative pronoun: I will definitely read this book.

3. Indefinite form of the verb: To live - to serve the Motherland (Proverb).

4. Phraseologisms: Young and old came out into the field.

5. Whole phrases: Prokhor and Gregory harnessed the horses (M. Sholokhov).

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. Its lexical and grammatical meaning is contained in one word: Spring came unexpectedly (indicative mood).

The simple verbal predicate agrees with the subject in number and person in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood (Do your homework quickly), in number - in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood (Suddenly he fell silent).

A compound predicate is a predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in in different words. A compound predicate can be nominal or verbal.

A compound verb consists of an auxiliary verb expressing grammatical meaning and an indefinite form of the verb: He began to tell.

Meanings of an auxiliary verb: beginning, end or continuation of an action (The girl continued to tell); possibility or desirability of action (He was going to wait).

A compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb expressing grammatical meaning and a nominal part expressing lexical meaning. The role of connectives can be verbs that have the meaning of movement, state: come, return, arrive: We returned from the sea rested.

The nominal predicate may include particles this, as if, as if, not: Poverty is not a vice.

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate can be expressed:

Noun (Moscow - hero city);

Adjective (The night was moonlit);

A short passive participle (The whole room is illuminated with an amber shine. A. Pushkin);

Numeral noun (Three and two will be five);

Pronoun (The notebook was mine);

Adverb (His boots fit well);

Syntactically indivisible phrase (Her dress was red).

1. Indicate sentences in which the predicate is a compound verb.

a) The night taiga rages around Gregory on both sides (V. Lipatov).

b) You need to go down to the Ilyinsky whirlpool along the sloping bank (K. Paustovsky).

c) Winter began to rule over the earth (K. Paustovsky).

d) Everything around him will seem extraordinary (K. Paustovsky).

2. Indicate sentences with a simple verbal predicate.

a) He walked alone, lost among the forest fields (V. Lidin).

b) Yesterday he failed to understand what was said (Yu. Bondarev).

c) The table sank even deeper (F. Abramov).

d) There was no need to push anyone (L. Panteleev).

3. Indicate sentences with a compound nominal predicate.

a) In the little house the windows were closed day and night (M. Sholokhov).

b) And each distance was kept in its own light (K. Paustovsky).

c) The sea was as majestic, endless and inhospitable as it was seven years ago (A. Chekhov).

d) The students paid Levitan with reciprocal love (K. Paustovsky).

4. In which sentences are grammatical bases incorrectly highlighted? (There are no punctuation marks.)

a) It began to rain (S. Borodin).

b) The horse, sensing a place to sleep for the night, ran at a large trot (S. Borodin).

c) There was a rustling sound all over the river from fluffy pieces of foam bursting every now and then (V. Korolenko).

d) In some places the clearing was completely filled with water (I. Turgenev).

5. In what sentences is the infinitive used in the role minor member offers?

a) Given the possibility of losing her forever, Vera became dearer to him than anything in the world (M. Lermontov).

b) At any time of the year I had to go to the station from my village (V. Soloukhin).

c) The division commander, Colonel Marchenko... after bandaging, lay down to rest (M. Sholokhov).

d) I told the coachman to drive more quietly (S. Borodin).

More on the topic OFFER. GRAMMARICAL (PREDICATIVE) BASIS OF THE SENTENCE. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE AS MAIN MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE:

1. A8. Offer. The grammatical basis of the sentence. Subject and predicate as the main parts of a sentence.
2. 23. The main members of the sentence as a predicative center. Subject, predicate, their varieties and methods of expression.
3. 60. Predicativity as the grammatical meaning of a sentence. Polypredicative sentences. Types of polypredicative complex sentences.
4. Extended Sentences Sentences with an adjective extending the subject or being part of the predicate

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Task formulation:

Indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 51. Write the answer in numbers:
(51) Anna Fedotovna closed her blind eyes and listened intently, but her soul was silent, and her son’s voice no longer sounded in her.

Correct answer: 3

A comment: 1st basis - Anna Fedotovna closed her eyes and listened; 2nd - the soul was silent; 3rd - the voice did not sound.

Task 11 related to task 8OGE in Russian, in which you need to write out the grammatical basis. Therefore, you should first repeat assignment material 8 (Link will open in a new window). Considering the specifics of task 11, your main task is to count the number of stems in a sentence. Therefore, in this article we will consider the theoretical material in more detail.

What you need to know:

Subject

SUBJECT- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting an object, the action or attribute of which is expressed by the predicate, and answering the questions “who?”, “what?”. You can ask a question that will help you in any situation: “Who (or what) is doing the action?” When parsing a sentence, the subject is emphasized by one line.

Most often, the subject is expressed by a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they).

Example: The book was lying on the table. In this sentence the subject is - book. She was lying on the table. In this sentence the subject is - she.

The subject can be:

1. any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun: Smart won't go uphill smart will go around the mountain(adjective meaning noun). Asleep didn't notice that the train had left for the depot (participle as a noun) They walked towards him three (numeral).

2. indefinite form verb: Observe Birdwatching is our cat’s favorite pastime.

3. pronouns of other categories (relative-interrogative, attributive, demonstrative) in the nominative case: Who feed the cat? You can't help but love a cat which lives in our house.

Subject expressed by phrase

The subject can be expressed as integral in meaning phrase:

1. proper name: At first sight Maria Sergeevna he didn't like it, Black Sea Wonderful;

2. a stable combination of words: Ugly duck was actually a swan. Railway goes along the shore of the Black Sea;

3. phraseological unit: Disservice in the form of a cheat sheet planted by a friend, prevented him from passing the exam the first time;

4. combination of a numeral with a noun in the genitive case:Sitting on the bench three old men ;

5. a combination of a noun that has a quantitative meaning (most, row, part, etc.) with a noun in the genitive case: Part of the class went on an excursion;

6. a combination of an adjective, numeral or pronoun in the nominative case and a noun in the genitive case with a preposition from: Each of us wanted to become an excellent student;

7. combination of an indefinite pronoun with an adjective: Each of us has something special;

8. a combination of a noun or pronoun in the form of the nominative case with a noun or pronoun in the form of the instrumental case with the preposition with: Tamara and I We go as a couple. (A. Barto)

In all these cases, the subject is the entire phrase, and not individual words in its composition.

Note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between nouns accusative case(they answer the questions “who?”, “What?” and are dependent words, playing the role of complements in a sentence) from nouns in the nominative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “What?” and play the role of the subject).

Example: The wind shakes the ear. In this sentence, two words answer the question “what?”: wind and ear. But only the word wind is the subject, because it correlates with the predicate, therefore, it is in the nominative case. And the word ear is an addition. All new interested in young people. The subject here is “everything new,” since its action is interesting. And the word youth is an addition.

2. There are sentences that have no subject. These are two-part incomplete or one-part sentences.

Example: It blew from somewhere. To me gave the opportunity fix the two.

Predicate

PREDICATE- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting an action or attribute of the subject and answering the questions “what does it do?” or “what uhIs that what it is?” When parsing a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two features.

Example: The guys emphasized the predicate with two features

At school, three types of predicates are studied: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal.

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate can be expressed:

1. With one verb in the form of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood: Masha does his homework. Masha doesn't do her homework (negative particle Not is always part of the predicate). Masha will do her homework. (will do is a compound form of the future tense of the verb do.) Do your homework! Let him do his homework (let him do - this is the imperative mood, formed with the help of the particle let and the 3rd singular form of the verb). Masha would do her homework if she felt well (would do - this is a form of the verb in the conditional mood).

2. A stable combination of verb character: The student came to the conclusion (= understood) that the predicate consists of several words. I I will take part(= will participate) in testing.

3. Phraseologism (in such cases, the predicate is the entire phraseological unit as a whole, and not individual words included in the phraseological unit) : Enough of the bullshit! (= to idle). Rivals often put a spoke in each other's wheels (= get in the way).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate can consist of:

1. An auxiliary verb denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, and an indefinite form of the verb: Wind continued to howl. I started studying literary theory.

2. An auxiliary verb denoting the desire, opportunity, ability or intention to perform an action, and the indefinite form of the verb:Mom wants to go to the sea.

3. Short form adjective (glad, must, obliged, ready, etc.) and an indefinite form of the verb : Everyone should study well. Children able to rejoice life. I was glad to help you.

4. Stable combination and indefinite verb form A:I didn't feel like going for a walk down the street in such cold weather.

5. Predicative adverbs: it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary and the indefinite form of the verb: I need to finish the job. You can't help but think about future. Sometimes need to think not only about myself. It was necessary to tell about this right away.

Note

A compound verb predicate always contains an infinitive form of the verb. At the same time, the indefinite form of the verb is not always part of the predicate.

Etc imer:
- Vasya began to sing.
- Petya asked Vasya

sing more quietly.
In the first sentence, sing is part of a compound verbal predicate, and in the second it is an addition (asked for what?).
I want to rest. She sat down (for what purpose?) to rest

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate can consist of:

1. Linking verbs and nouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs, pronouns, etc.: The sky was gloomy. Outside the window it was getting dark. Sun on the horizon seemed huge. Sea it was blue.

2. Noun, adjective, participle, adverb, pronoun, etc. and zero connective: He doctor (he is a doctor). Mom is an engineer (mother is an engineer). Walking on fresh air useful (are useful). Although the predicate in these examples consists of one word, it is still called a compound noun.

Complicated compound nominal predicate:

I I want to become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate consists of the union of two predicates: a compound nominal ( To become a doctor) and compound verb ( I want to be). Sometimes such a predicate is called complex or mixed.

I should have become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate can be represented as a combination of three predicates: a compound nominal ( had), compound verb ( should have been) and compound nominal ( To become a doctor).

Note

If you are looking for the grammatical basis of a sentence, check

A) Is the predicate compound? If you are dealing with a compound predicate, then the predicate includes both an auxiliary verb and a main semantic verb or other part of speech.

b) whether the predicate is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological unit. In this case, all words in a stable combination or phraseological unit are included in the predicate.

Particles in the predicate

The predicate contains some particles. The most common of them is the particle Not.

I I don't like fatalities.
I never get tired of life.
I don't like any time of year
When I don't sing happy songs. (V. Vysotsky)

Modal particles ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just etc.) are also included in the predicate.

let's talk compliment each other. (B. Okudzhava)

Let them talk!

He almost cried from resentment.

In addition, the predicate includes particles so, yes, know (to yourself), well, so and to yourself.

Well you I'm so late I'm so late, I've been waiting for half an hour already. (As a rule, the verb is repeated like this with a particle.)

There is noise and commotion in the house, but our cat is asleep.

Grammar basis

The subject and predicate together form the grammatical basis of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of a sentence - the main part of the sentence, consisting of its main members: subject and predicate or one of them.

Each of us wanted to become more educated. The grammatical basis in this sentence is each of us wanted to become more educated.

Sometimes a sentence may only have a subject or only a predicate. Then the sentence is one-part.

A sentence may have several homogeneous subjects or several homogeneous predicates. In this case, they are all included in the grammatical basis.

How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects). Trees in a large forest during a storm moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates).