You will rarely meet a person who has not looked into a dictionary at least once in his life. With their help, we not only learn the meaning of certain words, select synonyms or antonyms, but also learn a lot of new things.
Let's talk about what kinds of dictionaries there are, what their classification is and remember the main "linguistic reference books" of the Russian language.
The Science of Dictionaries
Lexicography is one of the branches of linguistics that deals with the problems of studying and compiling dictionaries. It is she who deals with classification and puts forward requirements for the design of articles and their content.
Scientists who compile dictionaries call themselves lexicographers. It is important to note that dictionaries do not have authors, only compilers. This is due to the fact that they are compiled using special cards on which the meanings of words and their forms are recorded. In this case, the compiler can use both cards collected by him personally, and cards collected by an entire staff of linguists.
Classification of modern dictionaries
All dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and philological, or linguistic.
Encyclopedic dictionaries provide information about various events. A striking example BES - Bolshoi can serve as such a dictionary encyclopedic Dictionary. Encyclopedic ones include
What types of linguistic dictionaries are there? This group of dictionaries deals directly with words and their interpretation. They are also divided into bilingual and monolingual.
Bilingual dictionaries contain languages and their equivalent in a foreign language.
Monolingual dictionaries are divided into groups depending on their purpose.
The most used types of dictionaries
What types of dictionaries are there? Among the monolingual dictionaries, the following should be highlighted:
Famous dictionaries of the Russian language
Let's now discuss what kinds of Russian language dictionaries there are.
- The most famous is considered to be “ Dictionary living Great Russian language”, compiled by the famous scientist V.I. Dahl. This guide contains about 200 thousand words. Despite the fact that it is already more than a century old, it is one of the most complete and widely used in our time.
- The second no less important “Explanatory Dictionary”, compiled by another famous linguist S.I. Ozhegov.
- The “Spelling Dictionary” was published by two different linguists - R. I. Avanesov and I. L. Reznichenko. Both dictionaries are impressive and will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students.
- We also note the “Dictionary of Synonyms” by Z. E. Aleksandrova and the “Dictionary of Antonyms” edited by L. A. Vvedenskaya.
What other dictionaries are there? You can find out the history of many familiar words by turning to the work of N. M. Shansky “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language,” and “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” will help you become familiar with phraseological units and their meaning. Phrasebook Russian language" by A. I. Molotkov.
It is also worth noting the “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language,” edited by the famous Russian philologist, author of many monographs and a collection of rules of the Russian language D. E. Rosenthal and M. A. Telenkova.
Structure of a dictionary entry
In conclusion, I would like to add a few words about the structure of the dictionary entry.
Any dictionary entry begins with a heading word, which is often written in capital letters and highlighted in bold.
Let us note right away that the words used in dictionaries are always spelled correctly, so if you doubt the correct spelling of a particular word, it is not necessary to contact spelling dictionary. It is enough to open any one you have at hand.
Most dictionaries also indicate the correct accent. Almost all Russian dictionaries will contain this information. What other notes are there?
After the heading word there is information about which part of speech it belongs to. Then its meaning is described or there is a list of synonyms, antonyms - it all depends on the type of dictionary. The dictionary entry ends with examples of use - quotes from books and magazines. If a given word has peculiarities in its use, this information is also indicated at the end of the article.
conclusions
We have discussed what lexicography is, what dictionaries are and their meaning, listed the main types, and also provided a list of the most useful for any educated person.
Remember, if you have difficulty writing or pronouncing a word, you can’t find the most suitable one, you just need to open one of the books we listed.
S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
Ah, union. 1. Connects sentences or members of a sentence, expressing opposition, comparison. He went and I stayed. Write with a pen, not a pencil. Handsome, not smart. 2. Attaches sentences or sentence members with the meaning of adding something. when presented sequentially, with the meaning of explanation, objection, strengthening, transition to another thought. There is a house on the mountain, and a stream under the mountain. There would be a swamp, but there would be devils (last). What you. are you doing today? and tomorrow? It's not his fault. - Who is to blame if not him? 3. Usage at the beginning of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, as well as at the beginning of speech to enhance expressiveness and persuasiveness (often in combination with pronouns, adverbs, and other conjunctions). How much fun we will have! Still, I disagree. * And also (and), conjunction - expresses accession, intensifying or comparative addition. A skilled driver and also a mechanic. He acts in films and also on television. Otherwise - 1) union, otherwise, otherwise. Hurry up, otherwise you'll be late; 2) in reality, but in reality. If it were so, otherwise it would be the other way around; Otherwise! (otherwise, of course!) (simple) - in a response, expresses: 1) confident agreement, confirmation. Cold? - Otherwise! Frost in the yard; 2) ironic disagreement, denial: Will he go? - Otherwise! Wait! And not that, the union is the same as that (in 1 meaning). Or even a union - attaches a message about something. unwanted or unexpected. He will scream, or even beat you.
A2, particle (colloquial). 1. Indicates a question or response to someone's. words. Let's go for a walk, shall we? Why don't you answer? - A? What's happened? 2. Strengthens appeal. Vanya, oh Vanya! 3. [pronounced with varying degrees of duration]. Expresses clarification, satisfied understanding. Ah, so it was you! Why didn't you call? - The phone didn't work! - A-ah! Ahh, so that’s what’s the matter!
A3 [pronounced with varying degrees of duration], int. Expresses annoyance, bitterness, as well as surprise, gloating and other similar feelings. What have I done? - A-ah! Ah, gotcha!
Ah..., prefix. Forms nouns and adjectives with meaning. absence (in words with a foreign root), the same as “not”, for example. asymmetry, illogical, immoral, arrhythmic, asynchronous.
Lampshade, -a, m. Cap for a lamp, lamp. Green a. 11 adj. lampshaded, oh, oh.
ABAZINSKY, oh, oh. 1. see Abaza. 2. Relating to the Abazas, their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as the territory of their residence, its internal structure, history; such as the Abazins. A. language (Abkhaz-Adyghe group of Caucasian languages). In Abaza (adv.).
ABAZINS, -in, units. -Inets, -ntsa, m. People living in Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygea. II Abaza, -i. II adj., Abaza, -aya, -oe.
ABBOT, -a, m. 1. Abbot of a male Catholic monastery. 2. Catholic clergyman. II adj. abbey, -aya, -oe.
ABBATESS, -y, w. Abbess of a female Catholic monastery.
ABBEY, -a, Wed. Catholic monastery.
ABBREVIATION, -ы, zh. In word formation: a noun formed from truncated segments of words (for example, executive committee, Komsomol), from the same segments in combination with a whole word (for example, maternity hospital, spare parts), as well as from the initial sounds of words or the names of their initial letters (for example ., university, ATS, MKhAT, EVM, SKV), compound word. II adj. abbreviated, -aya, -oe.
ABERRATION, -i, g. (specialist.). Deviation from something, as well as distortion of something. A. light rays. A. optical systems(image distortion). A. ideas (translated). II adj. aberrational, -aya, -oe.
PARAGRAPH, -a, m. 1. Red line, indent at the beginning of the line. Start writing with a paragraph. 2. Text between two such indents. Read the first a.
ABYSSINIAN, oh, oh. 1. see Abyssinians. 2. Relating to the Abyssinians, their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as Abyssinia (the former name of Ethiopia), its territory, internal structure, history; such as the Abyssinians, in Abyssinia. In Abyssinian (adv.).
ABYSSINIANS, -ev, vd. -nets, -ntsa, m. The former name of the population of Ethiopia (Abyssinia), Ethiopians. II Abyssinian, -i. II adj. Abyssinian, -aya, -oe.
APPLICANT, -a, m. 1. Graduate high school(obsolete). 2. A person entering higher or special education educational institution. II applicant, -i. II adj. entrant, -aya, -oe.
SUBSCRIPTION, -a, m. A document granting the right to use something, something. service, as well as the right itself. A. to the theater. A. for a series of lectures. Interlibrary a. II adj. subscription, oh, oh.
SUBSCRIBER, -a, m. A person using a subscription, who has the right to use something. by subscription. A. libraries. A. telephone network (a person or institution that has a telephone). II subscriber, -i (colloquial). II adj. subscriber, -aya, -oh.
SUBSCRIBE, -ru, -ruesh; -anny; owls and nesov., that. Receive (-chat) a subscription, become (be) a subscriber of something. A. I’m lying in the theater.
BOARDING, -a, m. In the era of rowing and sailing fleets: attacking an enemy ship when approaching it directly for hand-to-hand combat. Take on a. (also translated). II adj. boarding, oh, oh.
ABORIGIN, -a, m. (book). Indigenous inhabitant of a country or locality. II aboriginal, -i (colloquial).
ABORIGINAL, oh, oh. Relating to the aborigines, to their life, to their original habitats; just like the aborigines.
ABORTION, -a, m. Premature termination of pregnancy, spontaneous or artificial, miscarriage.
ABORTIONAL, -aya, -oe (special). 1. Suspending or dramatically changing the development and course of the disease. A. method. Abortifacients. 2. Underdeveloped. Abortive organs of plants. II noun abortion, -i, f. (to 2 digits).
ABRASIVE, -a, m. (special). A hard, fine-grained or powdery substance (flint, emery, corundum, carborundum, pumice, garnet) used for grinding, polishing, and sharpening. II adj. abrasive, oh, oh. Abrasive materials. A. tool (grinding, polishing).
ABRACADABRA, -s, w. A meaningless, incomprehensible set of words [originally: a mysterious Persian word that served as a saving magic spell].
ABREK, -a, m. During the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia: a highlander who participated in the fight against the tsarist troops and administration.
APRICOT, -a, gen.pl. -ov, m. Southern fruit tree family. Rosaceae, producing juicy sweet fruits with large seeds, as well as its fruit. II adj. apricot, -aya, -oe s apricot, oaya, -oe.
APRICOT, oh, oh. 1. see apricot. 2. Yellow-red, the color of a ripe apricot.
ABRIS, -a,m. (book). Outline of an object, contour. II adj. outlined, -aya, -oe.
ABSENTEEISM [sente], -a, m. (book). Evasion of voters from participating in elections in government bodies. II adj. ab-centeist, -aya, -oe.
ABSOLUTE, -a, m. (book). 1. In philosophy: the eternal, unchanging fundamental principle of everything that exists (spirit, idea, deity). 2. Something self-sufficient, independent of others. conditions and relationships. Build something. in a.
ABSOLUTISM, a, m. A form of government in which supreme power belongs entirely to an autocratic monarch, an unlimited monarchy. adj. absolutist, -aya, -oe.
ABSOLUTE, -th, -oe; -ten, -tna. 1. full f. Unconditional, not dependent on anything, taken without comparison with anything. The absolute value of a real number (in mathematics: the number itself, taken without the + or - sign). A. zero (temperature -273.15° C). A. champion (athlete - winner in all-around, in certain other types of competitions). 2. Perfect, complete. A. peace. He is absolutely (adv.) right. Absolute majority (overwhelming majority). Absolute monarchy (autocracy). A. hearing (hearing that accurately determines the pitch of any tone). II noun absoluteness, -i, f. (to 2 digits).
ABSTRACT, -ru, -ruesh; -a-ny; owls and nesov., that (book). Produce an abstraction (in 1 value) of something.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
The meaning of words starting with the letter A
A 1, union.
1. Connects sentences or members of a sentence with the meaning of opposition, comparison. He went and I stayed. Write with a pen, not a pencil. Although handsome, not smart.
2. Attaches sentences or sentence members with the meaning of adding something. when presented sequentially, with the meaning of explanation, objection, strengthening, transition to another thought. To the mountains e a house, and a stream under the mountain. There would be a swamp, but there would be devils(last). What are you doing today? And tomorrow? It's not his fault. - Who is to blame if not him?
3. Usage at the beginning of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, as well as at the beginning of speech to enhance expressiveness and persuasiveness (often in combination with pronouns, adverbs, and other conjunctions). How much fun we will have! Still, I disagree.
◊ And also(s), union- expresses accession, intensifying or comparative addition. A skilled driver and also a mechanic. He acts in films and also on television. Otherwise - 1) union, otherwise, otherwise. Hurry up or you'll be late; 2) In reality, but in reality. If it were so, otherwise it would be the other way around. A t O! (otherwise to A to the same!)(simple) - in a response, expresses: 1) confident agreement, confirmation. Cold? - Otherwise! Frost in the yard; 2) ironic disagreement, denial: He will go? - Otherwise! Wait! Otherwise, union- the same as and then (in 1 value). And even, union- attaches a message about something. unwanted or unexpected. He will scream, or even beat you.
A 2, particle(colloquial).
1. Indicates a question or response to someone's. words. Let's go for a walk, shall we? Why don't you answer? - A? What's happened?
2. Strengthens appeal. Vanya, oh Vanya!
3. []. Expresses clarification, satisfied understanding. Ah, so it was you! Why didn't you call? - The phone didn't work! - A-ah! Ah, so that's what it's all about!
A 3 [ pronounced with varying degrees of duration], intl. Expresses annoyance, bitterness, as well as surprise, gloating and other similar feelings. Oh, so it was you! Ah, gotcha!
A…, console. Forms nouns and adjectives with meaning. absence (in words with a foreign root), the same as “not”, for example. asymmetry, illogical, immoral, arrhythmic, asynchronous.
AB
ABAZH U R, abaja at ra, m. Cap for a lamp, lamp. Green a.
|| adj. lampoon at ryny, lampoon at rnaya, lampshade at rnoe.
ABAZ AND NSKY, -aya, -oe.
1. cm. Abazins.
2. Relating to the Abazas, their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as the territory of their residence, its internal structure, history; such as the Abazins. A. tongue In Abaza(adv.).
ABAZ AND NY, - And n, units -And netz, - And ntsa, m. The people living in Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygea.
|| and. abas And nka, -And.
|| adj. abas And English, oh, oh.
ABB A T, -a, m.
1. Abbot of a male Catholic monastery.
2. Catholic clergyman.
|| adj. abb A tsky, oh, oh.
ABBAT AND SA, -s, and. Abbess of a female Catholic monastery.
ABB A TSTVO, -a, Wed Catholic monastery.
ABBREVIATION U RA, -s, and. In word formation: a noun formed from truncated segments of words (for example, executive committee, Komsomol), from the same segments in combination with a whole word (for example, maternity hospital, spare parts), as well as from the initial sounds of words or the names of their initial letters (for example ., university, ATS, Moscow Art Theater, computer, SKV), a compound word.
|| adj. abbreviation at ryny, oh, oh.
ABERR A Tsiya, -i, and.(specialist.). Deviation from something, as well as distortion of something. A. light rays. A. optical systems(image distortion). A. ideas(translated).
|| adj. aberrations O ny, oh, oh.
Asphalt plant A Ts, -a, m.
1. Red line, indent at the beginning of the line. Start writing with a paragraph.
2. Text between two such indents. Read the first a.
ABISS AND NSKY, -aya, -oe.
1. cm. Abyssinians.
2. Relating to the Abyssinians, their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as Abyssinia (the former name of Ethiopia), its territory, internal structure, history; such as the Abyssinians, in Abyssinia. In Abyssinian(adv.).
ABISS AND NTSY, -ev, units-nets, -ntsa, m. The former name of the population of Ethiopia (Abyssinia), Ethiopians.
|| and. abyss And nka, -And.
|| adj. abyss And English, oh, oh.
ABITURI E NT, -a, m.
1. High school graduate (obsolete).
2. A person entering a higher or special educational institution.
|| and. abituri e ntka, -And.
|| adj. abituri e NT, oh, oh.
SUBSCRIPTION E NT, subscription e nta, m. A document granting the right to use something or something. service, as well as the right itself. A. to the theater. A. for a series of lectures. Interlibrary a.
|| adj. subscription e ntny, oh, oh.
ABON E NT, -a, m. A person using a subscription who has the right to use something. by subscription. A. libraries. A. telephone network(person or institution that has a telephone).
|| and. subscriber e ntka, -i (colloquial).
|| adj. subscriber e NT, oh, oh.
ABON AND owls And nesov., that. Receive (-chat) a subscription, become (be) a subscriber of something. A. I’m lying in the theater.
Abord A F, -a, m. In the era of rowing and sailing fleets: attacking an enemy ship while approaching it directly for hand-to-hand combat. Take on a.(also translated).
|| adj. board A gentle, oh, oh.
ABORIG E On the, m.(book). Indigenous inhabitant of a country or locality.
|| and. aboriginal e nka, -i (colloquial).
ABORIG E NNYY, oh, oh. Relating to the aborigines, to their life, to their original habitats; just like the aborigines.
AB ABOUT RT, -a, m. Premature termination of pregnancy, spontaneous or artificial, miscarriage.
ABORTION AND VNYY, -th, -oe (special).
1. Suspending or dramatically changing the development and course of the disease. A. method. Abortifacients.
2. Underdeveloped. Abortive organs of plants.
|| noun abortion And thoroughness, -And, and.(to 2 digits).
ABRAZ AND V, -a, m.(specialist.). A hard, fine-grained or powdery substance (flint, emery, corundum, carborundum, pumice, garnet) used for grinding, polishing, and sharpening.
|| adj. abras And prominent, oh, oh. Abrasive materials. A. tool(grinding, polishing).
ABRACAD A BRA, -s, and. A meaningless, incomprehensible set of words [ original: a mysterious Persian word that served as a saving magic spell].
ADB E K, -a, m. During the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia: a highlander who participated in the fight against the tsarist troops and administration.
ABRIK ABOUT S, -a, genus. pl.-s, m. A southern fruit tree of the Rosaceae family, producing juicy, sweet fruits with large seeds, as well as its fruit.
|| adj. abrik O sleepy, -th, -oh and abrik O owl, oh, oh.
ABRIK ABOUT OWL, oh, oh.
1. cm. apricot.
2. Yellow-red, the color of a ripe apricot.
A BRIS, -a, m.(book). Outline of an object, contour.
|| adj. A brissy, oh, oh.
ABSINTHE AND ZM [ sente], -A, m.(book). Evasion of voters from participating in elections to government bodies.
|| adj. absinthe And stsky, oh, oh.
ABSOL YU T, -a, m.(book).
1. In philosophy: the eternal, unchanging fundamental principle of everything that exists (spirit, idea, deity).
2. Something self-sufficient, independent of any conditions and relationships. Raise something to the absolute.
ABSOLUTE AND ZM, -a, m. A form of government in which supreme power belongs entirely to an autocratic monarch, an unlimited monarchy.
|| adj. absolute And stsky, oh, oh.
ABSOL YU TNYY, -aya, -oe; -ten, -tna.
1. full f. Unconditional, not dependent on anything, taken without comparison with anything. Absolute value of a real number(in mathematics: this is the number itself, taken without the + or – sign). A. zero(temperature at –273.15°C). A. champion(the athlete is the winner in the all-around and in some other types of competitions).
2. Perfect, complete. A. peace. He is absolutely(adv.) right Absolute majority(overwhelming majority). Absolute monarchy(autocracy). A. hearing(hearing that accurately determines the pitch of any tone).
|| noun absolute Yu density, -And, and.(to 2 digits).
ABSTRACT AND ROLL, -I ROI, -I ROI; -anny; owls And unsurprisingly, that(book). Produce an abstraction (in 1 value) of something.
ABSTRACT AND RUGGING, -RUGGING, -RUGGING; owls And unsurprisingly, from what(book). Mentally distract yourself (-eat), imagine (-ink) something. in an abstract form.
ABST A KTNYY, -aya, -oe; -ten, -tna. Based on abstraction (1 value), abstract. Abstract concept. Abstract thinking.
◊ Abstract nouns- in grammar: nouns naming abstract concepts, actions, states, signs, qualities, properties (for example, dependence, causality, running, vigor, whiteness, kindness).
|| noun abstr A intensity, -And, and.
ABSTRACT AND ZM, -a, m. IN fine arts 20th century: a direction whose followers depict the real world as a combination of abstract forms or color spots.
|| adj. abstraction And stsky, oh, oh.
ABSTRACT AND ST, -a, m. The artist is a follower of abstract art.
|| and. abstraction And drain, -And.
ABST A KTSIA, -i, and.(book).
1. Mental distraction, isolation from certain aspects, properties or connections of objects and phenomena to highlight their essential features.
2. An abstract concept, a theoretical generalization of experience. Scientific a.
ABS U RD, -a, m. Absurdity, nonsense. Take the idea to the point of absurdity.
◊ Theater (drama) of the absurd- a movement in drama that depicts the world as chaos and people’s actions as illogical and meaningless.
ABS U RDNY, -aya, -oe; -den, -dna. Ridiculous, senseless. Absurd opinion.
|| noun abs at zeal, -And, and.
ABSC E SS, -a, m.(specialist.). An abscess, abscess, accumulation of pus in organs or tissues as a result of inflammatory process.
|| adj. absc e pissing, oh, oh.
ABH A ZSKY, oh, oh.
1. cm. Abkhazians
2. Relating to the Abkhazians (Abkhazians), to their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as to Abkhazia, its territory, internal structure, history; such as the Abkhazians (Abkhazians). A. tongue(Abkhaz-Adyghe group of Caucasian languages). In Abkhazian(adv.).
ABH A ZSKO-ADYG E YSKY, -aya, -oe: Abkhazian-Adyghe languages- the western group of Caucasian languages, including the languages: Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Kabardino-Circassian and some others.
ABH A PS, -s, units abh A behind, m. and ABH A ZTSY, -ev, units abh A zets, -ztsa, m. The people who make up the main indigenous people Abkhazia.
|| and. abh A zka, -And.
|| adj. abh A zsky, oh, oh.
ABA [ no blow.], union(simple). If only, if only. He does it somehow, to finish quickly.
◊ Anyhow- somehow, somehow. It works anyway.
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