GMC is a medical term. Numbers and Latin letters in the diagnosis. Division into groups in traditional medicine

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Books

Life-threatening conditions in the practice of a first contact doctor, A. L. Kostyuchenko. The reference book provides fairly complete information about life-threatening conditions based on the specifics of the first contact doctor's activities. At the present level, the directions,…

Only in recent years has a satisfactory definition of the concept of medicine been given: “Medicine is a system of scientific knowledge and practical measures united by the goal of recognizing, treating and preventing diseases, maintaining and strengthening the health and working capacity of people, and prolonging life 1 . In this phrase, for accuracy, it seems to us that after the word "measures" the word "societies" should be added, since in essence medicine is one of the forms of society's activity in the fight against diseases.

It can be repeated that medical experience, medical science and practice (or art) have a social origin; they cover not only biological knowledge, but also social problems. In human existence, it is easy to see that biological laws give way to social ones.

The discussion of this question is not empty scholasticism. It can be argued that medicine as a whole is not only a science, but also a practice (moreover, the oldest), which existed long before the development of sciences, medicine as a theory is not only a biological, but also a social science; the goals of medicine are practical. B.D. is right. Petrov (1954), arguing that medical practice and medical science, which emerged as a result of critical critical generalization, are inextricably linked.

G.V. Plekhanov emphasized that the influence of society on a person, his character and habits is infinitely stronger than the direct influence of nature. The fact that medicine and the incidence of people are of a social nature, it would seem, is beyond doubt. So, N.N. Sirotinin (1957) points to the close connection of human diseases with social conditions; A.I. Strukov (1971) writes that human disease is a very complex socio-biological phenomenon; and A.I. Germanov (1974) considers it a "socio-biological category".

In a word, the social aspect of human diseases is beyond doubt, although each pathological process taken separately is a biological phenomenon. Here is another statement by S.S. Khalatova (1933): “Animals react to nature as purely biological beings. The influence of nature on man is mediated by social laws. Nevertheless, attempts to biologize human disease still find defenders: for example, T.E. Vekua (1968) sees the difference between medicine and veterinary medicine in the "qualitative difference between the human body and the animal body."

The references given to the opinions of many scientists are appropriate, because the relationship between patient and doctor can sometimes create the illusion that healing is, as it were, a completely private matter; such an involuntary delusion could have been encountered with us before the Great October Socialist Revolution and exists now in bourgeois states, while the knowledge and skill of a doctor are entirely of social origin, and a person’s illness is usually due to the way of life and the influence of various factors of a particular social environment; the physical environment is also largely socially conditioned.

It is impossible not to recall the significance of the socialist worldview for medical practice and understanding of illness and understanding of human illness. ON THE. Semashko (1928) wrote that the view of disease as a social phenomenon is important not only as a correct theoretical setting, but also as a fruitful working doctrine. The theory and practice of prevention have their scientific roots from this view. This teaching makes a doctor not a craftsman from a hammer and a tube, but a social worker: since the disease is a social phenomenon, then it is necessary to fight it not only with medical, but also with social and preventive measures. The social nature of the disease obliges the doctor to be a public figure.

Socio-hygienic research proves the social conditionality of the state of people's health. Suffice it to recall the famous work of F. Engels "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (1845) 2 . With the help of biomedical analysis, the mechanism of action of environmental factors (climate, nutrition, etc.) on biological processes in the body is established. However, we must not forget about the connection and unity of the social and biological conditions of human life. Housing, food, working environment are social factors in origin, but biological in terms of the mechanism of influence on the anatomical and physiological characteristics of a person, i.e. we are talking about mediation by the body of social conditions. The higher the socio-economic level of modern society, the more effective is the organization of the environment for the conditions of human life (even in space). Therefore, both biologism and abstract sociologism are metaphysical and unscientific in solving the problems of medicine. In these facts, one can notice a decisive importance in understanding the theory of medicine and health care, a general worldview, taking into account socio-economic foundations, and a class approach.

Description of diseases in ancient times and modern terminology. Practical experience of doctors accumulated over several millennia. It can be recalled that the activities of ancient doctors were already carried out on the basis of the great experience of their predecessors. In the 60 books of Hippocrates, which, apparently, reflected the works of his students, a significant number of names of internal diseases, which were supposed to be fairly familiar to the reader. Hippocrates did not describe their symptomatology; he only had case histories of specific patients and many practical and theoretical remarks. In particular, the following, conditionally speaking, nosological units are noted: peripneumonia (pneumonia), pleurisy, purulent pleurisy (empyema), asthma, exhaustion (phthisis), sore throats, aphthae, runny nose, scrofulosis, abscesses of various types (apostemes), erysipelas, cephalgia, frenitis, lethargy (fever with drowsiness), apoplexy, epilepsy, tetanus, convulsions, mania, melancholia, sciatica, cardialgia (heart or cardia?), jaundice, dysentery, cholera, intestinal obstruction, suppuration of the abdomen, hemorrhoids, arthritis, gout , stones, stranguria, puffiness (ascites, edema), leukophlegmasia (anasarca), ulcers, crayfish, "large spleen", pallor, fatty disease, fevers - continuous, daily, tertsiana, quartana, burning fever, typhus, ephemeral fever.

Before the activities of Hippocrates and his school, doctors distinguished at least 50 manifestations of internal pathology. A rather lengthy enumeration of various disease states and correspondingly different designations is given in order to present more concretely the great successes of observation, albeit primitive, by doctors of ancient civilizations - more than 2500 years ago. It is useful to realize this and thus be attentive to the hard work of our predecessors.

The position of medicine in society. People's concern for the treatment of injuries and diseases has always existed and achieved some success in varying degrees in connection with the development of society and culture. In the most ancient civilizations - for 2-3 thousand years BC. - there were already some laws governing medical practice, such as the code of Hammurabi, etc.

Quite detailed information about ancient medicine was found in the papyri of Ancient Egypt. The Eberts and Edwin Smith Papyri were summaries of medical knowledge. A narrow specialization was characteristic of the medicine of Ancient Egypt, there were separate healers for the treatment of lesions of the eyes, teeth, head, stomach, as well as the treatment of invisible diseases (!) (maybe they belong to internal pathology?). This extreme specialization is considered one of the reasons that delayed the progress of medicine in Egypt.

In ancient India, along with many empirical achievements of medicine, surgery reached a particularly high level (removal of cataracts, removal of stones from the bladder, facial plastic surgery, etc.); the position of healers, apparently, has always been honorable. In ancient Babylon (according to the code of Hammurabi) there was a high specialization, and there were also public schools of healers. In ancient China, there was an extensive experience of healing; the Chinese were the first pharmacologists in the world, they paid great attention to the prevention of diseases, believing that a real doctor is not the one who treats the sick, but the one who prevents the disease; their healers distinguished about 200 types of pulses, 26 of them to determine the prognosis.

Repeated devastating epidemics, such as the plague, at times paralyzed the population with fear of "divine punishment." “In ancient times, medicine, apparently, was so high and its benefits were so obvious that medical art was part of a religious cult, was the property of a deity” (Botkin S.P., ed. 1912). At the beginning of European civilization, since the ancient period of Ancient Greece, along with the exclusion of religious views on diseases, medicine received the highest appreciation. Evidence of this was the statement of the playwright Aeschylus (525-456) in the tragedy "Prometheus", in which the main feat of Prometheus was to teach people to provide medical assistance.

In parallel with temple medicine, there were medical schools of sufficiently high qualification (Kosskaya, Knidas schools), whose help was especially obvious in the treatment of injured or wounded people.

The position of medicine and medical care, in particular in the era of Roman rule, was very low. Rome was inundated with many self-proclaimed healers, often swindlers, and prominent scholars of the time, such as Pliny the Elder, called doctors the poisoners of the Roman people. We should pay tribute to the state organization of Rome in attempts to improve hygienic conditions (the famous water pipes of Rome, the cesspool of Maximus, etc.).

The Middle Ages in Europe essentially produced nothing for the theory and practice of medicine. It should also be noted that the preaching of asceticism, contempt for the body, concern mainly for the spirit could not contribute to the development of medical techniques, with the exception of the opening of separate houses of charity for the sick and the publication of rare books on medicinal plants, for example, the book of the 11th century by M. Floridus " On the properties of herbs» 3 .

The development of medical knowledge, like any education, corresponded to the generally accepted scholastic method. Medical students were required to study logic for the first 3 years, then books by canonized authors; medical practice was not in the curriculum. Such a situation, for example, was even officially established in the 13th century and beyond.

At the beginning of the Renaissance, there were few changes in studies compared to the Middle Ages, classes were almost exclusively bookish; scholasticism, endless abstract verbal intricacies overwhelmed the heads of the students.

It should be noted, however, that along with a very heightened interest in ancient manuscripts, intensified scientific research began in general and the study of the structure of the human body in particular. The first researcher in the field of anatomy was Leonardo da Vinci (his research remained hidden for several centuries). The name of Francois Rabelais, the great satirist and physician, can be noted. He publicly performed an autopsy and preached the need to study the anatomy of the dead 150 years before the birth of the "father of pathological anatomy" G. Morgagni.

Little is known about the state organization of education and healthcare in this era, the transition from the dark Middle Ages to the new medicine was slow.

The state of medical care in the 17th-18th centuries was rather miserable, the poverty of knowledge was masked by abstruse reasoning, wigs and solemn robes. This position of healing is quite truthfully depicted in the comedies of Molière. The existing hospitals provided meager care to the sick.

Only during the Great French Revolution of 1789 does the state regulation of medical education and help; so, for example, from 1795, by decree, a mandatory teaching students at the bedside.

With the emergence and development of capitalist society, medical education and the position of the practitioner took certain forms. Education in the medical arts is paid, and in some states it is even very expensive. The patient personally pays the doctor, i.e. buys his skill and knowledge to restore his health. It should be noted that most physicians are guided by humane convictions, but in the conditions of bourgeois ideology and everyday life, they must sell their work to patients (the so-called fee). This practice sometimes acquires the disgusting traits of "chistogan" among doctors as a result of the desire for more and more profit.

The position of the healer in primitive communities, among the tribe, was honorable.

In semi-wild conditions, not so long ago, unsuccessful treatment led to the death of the doctor. For example, in the reign of Tsar Ivan IV, two foreign doctors were executed in connection with the death of the princes they treated, they were slaughtered "like sheep."

Later, during the period of serfdom, the remnants of feudalism, the attitude towards the doctor was often dismissive. As early as the end of the 19th century, V. Snegirev wrote: “Who does not remember how doctors stood at the lintel, not daring to sit down ...” G.A. Zakharyin has the honor of fighting against the humiliation of doctors.

The position of "purchase and sale" in medical practice was in pre-revolutionary Russia. The deviation of the doctor's activity from the rules of humanity (sometimes from elementary honesty) is noted in the writings of D.I. Pisareva, A.P. Chekhov and others. However, doctors and the general public know the life and ideal behavior of most doctors (for example, F.P. Gaaz and others), as well as the actions of medical scientists who subjected themselves to life-threatening experiments for the development of science, the names of numerous Russian doctors are familiar who conscientiously worked in the countryside. However, the practice of bourgeois relations prevailed everywhere, especially in the cities.

The Great October Socialist Revolution created new, most humane rules for medical practice. All relations between the doctor and the patient, distorted by bourgeois ideology and practice, have changed dramatically. Creation of a public health system providing free medical care, established new doctor-patient relationship.

Caring for the health of the population in our country is one of the most important tasks of the state, and the doctor has become the executor of this serious task. In the USSR, doctors are not people of the so-called free profession, and public figures working in a particular social area. The relationship between doctor and patient has also changed accordingly.

In conclusion, mentioning the high value of the medical profession, it should be reminded to novice doctors or students that this activity is difficult both in terms of the chances of success and the environment in which the doctor will have to live. Hippocrates (ed. 1936) eloquently wrote about some of the difficulties of our work: “There are some of the arts that are difficult for those who possess them, but beneficial for those who use them, and for ordinary people - a blessing that brings help, but for those who practice them - sadness. Of these arts there is also that which the Hellenes call medicine. For the doctor sees the terrible, touches that which is disgusting, and from the misfortunes of others he reaps sorrow for himself; the sick, thanks to art, are freed from the greatest evils, illnesses, sufferings, from sorrow, from death, because medicine is a healer against all this. But the weaknesses of this art are difficult to recognize, and the strengths are easy, and these weaknesses are known only to doctors ... "

Almost everything expressed by Hippocrates is worthy of attention, careful thought, although this speech, apparently, is more addressed to fellow citizens than to doctors. Nevertheless, the future doctor must weigh his possibilities - the natural movement of helping the suffering, the inevitable environment of difficult spectacles and experiences.

The difficulties of the medical profession were vividly described by A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Veresaev, M.A. Bulgakov; it is useful for every doctor to think over their experiences - they complement the dry presentation of textbooks. Familiarity with artistic descriptions of medical topics is absolutely necessary to improve the culture of the doctor; E.I. Lichtenstein (1978) has given a good summary of what writers have said about this side of our lives.

Fortunately, in the Soviet Union, a doctor is not a "lone handicraftsman", dependent on the police or Russian tyrants, but is a worker, quite respected, a member of the state health care system.

1 TSB, 3rd ed. - T. 15.- 1974.- C. 562.

2 Engels F. The situation of the working class in England// Marx K., Engels F. Soch.- 2nd ed.- T. 2.- C. 231–517.

3 Odo from Mena / Ed. V.N. Ternovsky.- M.: Medicine, 1976.

Source of information: Aleksandrovsky Yu.A. Borderline psychiatry. M.: RLS-2006. — 1280 p.
The Handbook is published by the RLS ® Group of Companies

Medicine is a science that studies a person in a healthy and diseased state with the aim of strengthening his health, protecting him from diseases and curing him. Thus, the tasks of medical science include not only the treatment of the sick, but also the strengthening of the health of the healthy.

It is quite obvious that these tasks cannot be solved without knowing how the human body is arranged (ie, anatomy) and how it functions (ie, physiology). Therefore, medical science is based primarily on these two sciences - anatomy and physiology.

Sometimes physiology and medicine erroneously equate meyau1y. These sciences have different tasks and different ways to solve them. The difference between physiology and medicine lies primarily in the fact that the physiologist studies the general patterns of the function of an abstract healthy person, while the doctor studies these functions in the specific person he is examining. In addition, a doctor, unlike a physiologist, must know not only how a healthy organism functions, but also what morphological changes and dysfunctions occur in various diseases and pathological conditions. In other words, he must know deviations from the norm, that is, pathology. Otherwise, he will not be able to resolve the issue of the athlete’s state of health and make a diagnosis of “healthy”. But it is this question that is the main one in physical culture and sports, since it is on its solution that the admission to physical exercises and their dosage depend primarily. In addition, the doctor must be able to treat diseases, injuries and injuries that occur in athletes, which is not part of the functions of a physiologist.

Medicine consists of two large sections: theoretical and clinical.

In addition to anatomy and physiology, the theoretical section includes microbiology, pharmacology and a number of other disciplines.

In the clinical section, i.e. in the so-called clinical medicine, both a healthy and a sick person are studied - the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as the reactions of a healthy person to various external influences, factors affecting health, ways to strengthen it and maintenance.

The study of various diseases has shown that, despite external differences, they have common causes, common symptoms and common patterns of development. It turned out that, although outwardly the diseases differ significantly from each other, they obey general laws. Without knowledge of these laws, it is impossible to study either a healthy, let alone a sick person, since, without having mastered the general patterns of the emergence and development of pathological processes, it is impossible to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases.

The science that studies these general patterns is called general pathology. Therefore, before studying clinical medicine, and sports medicine belongs to this section of medicine, it is necessary to learn the basics of general pathology.

It would seem that medicine, designed to heal and treat a person, should be international and the tasks of health care should be the same both in a socialist and in a capitalist state. However, it is not.

Health care in a socialist state and health care in a capitalist state differ significantly.

The tasks of Soviet medicine are determined by the Program of the CPSU, which has a special section "Caring for health and increasing life expectancy." Thus, in our country, care for the health of Soviet people is, as noted above, a state task. V. I. Lenin spoke about this. He considered the health of the worker in our country not only as his personal benefit, personal happiness, but also as public wealth, which the state is called upon to protect and the plundering of which is criminal.

V. I. Lenin considered public health in a complex with the conditions of the material and cultural life of the country and considered it necessary to resolutely strive to improve health, prevent diseases, improve physical condition, increase the working capacity and increase the life expectancy of Soviet people.

All these fundamental instructions of V. I. Lenin underlie Soviet medicine, one of the components of which is sports medicine.

Free medical care of the population with polyclinic and hospital care, careful monitoring of the state of health in order to prevent the occurrence of various diseases, starting from the first day of the birth of a Soviet citizen, and even before his birth - in antenatal clinics for pregnant women, is a huge socialist achievement .

Our country has a wide network of state medical institutions (hospitals, polyclinics, consultations, etc.), all preventive measures are provided by the state. In the Soviet Union (according to 1971 data) there are 618,000 doctors, which is more than 25% of the number of doctors in the world.

The situation is completely different in capitalist countries, where qualified medical care is paid for by the patients themselves, and it is quite expensive, and therefore not accessible to everyone. There, caring for a person's health is a purely personal matter, and the state does not provide medical care to the population to the extent that it is necessary.

All of the above applies to sports medicine, which does not exist in isolation from medical science as a whole.

This article talks about what medicine is and how it appeared. What are the directions and areas in it, as well as how traditional medicine differs from non-traditional.

emergence

From the very beginning, man needed a cure for ailments and diseases. The word "medicine" was not used in history for a long time. People believed that a person who has health problems was simply attacked by evil spirits. No attempts were made to cure it, because the ancient states did not have the resources to solve such problems.

Over time, theories changed one after another. In the end, humanity came to the conclusion that disease is something organic that requires intervention. Of course, at that time there was no question of the use of any medications due to the fact that society had not reached such a level of development as, say, in the 16th or 17th centuries.

Many philosophers and scientists of the early eras wrote works about the body, the soul and about that, and came to the conclusion that treatment is necessary. People began to appear who called themselves healers and medicine men who practiced medical methods. In different places on the planet, it was possible to grow more than 10,000 types of herbs, which was what the doctors of that time were doing.

It is worth noting that their methods were so effective that they are still used today, but more on that later. Sometimes people believed that an ordinary person could not heal another, so they attributed magical powers to healers. The era changed one after another, and medicine was formed into a separate science, which is being studied to this day.

Definition

Medicine is a science used by trained professionals to help others deal with certain disorders in the human body. For the treatment to be as effective as possible, the doctor must be a professional in his field.

Medical fields

If we talk about the modern world, now this science has dozens of directions. You can stop and look at a few of them.

Oncology

Every 10th person on the planet is at risk of getting cancer. This disease implies the presence in the body of cells that contribute to the development of oncological tumors. They are neoplasms in a particular organ and have the ability to progress. The reasons for their appearance are very different - from a genetic predisposition to the environmental conditions in which a person lives.

To normalize the functioning of the body, patients are prescribed chemotherapy, which can reduce the risk of death. According to the World Health Organization, only 10% of the population is cured of cancer. Oncological diseases are different, and the methods of their treatment, respectively, are selected individually for each.

Surgery

Operations are 97% effective when medical treatment does not give any improvement. Surgeons remove certain growths, accumulations of purulent elements, and so on. They are used by more than 60% of the population.

Gynecology and urology

Numerous diseases associated with the genitourinary system served as an impetus for the development of this field of medicine. Specialist doctors are engaged in preventive measures, diagnosing diseases of the male and female genital organs, monitoring the course of pregnancy, and preventing dangerous diseases.

Endocrinology

Here, the work of the hormonal system is studied, as a result of violations of which diseases of certain organs can occur. An endocrinologist specializes in diagnosing the functions of the endocrine glands. Since the endocrine system is the main regulatory system of a person, this area is considered one of the most important in medicine.

Dermatology

For a person, one of the most important aspects of life is its appearance, which directly depends on the health of the skin. Dermatologists around the world say that preventing a certain skin disease means preventing the occurrence of serious consequences for the whole organism.

Differences in approaches in medicine

Traditional medicine is the therapeutic methods used by physicians to prevent human disease through previously proven means. This can include medicines, special forms of diagnostics, professional equipment. Traditional medicine is a generally recognized direction. Doctors who adhere to it are skeptical about other methods of treatment.

These are various forms of health care that are not based on official health care. They can include both herbal medicine, acupuncture, homeopathy, and conspiracies.

Traditional and non-traditional methods of medicine have their supporters and opponents. Everyone must choose for himself which of them to resort to in case of illness.

Medicine has come a long way since its inception. Today, as before, she stands guard over health, helping people not to lose hope for healing and further recovery!

Almost every person knows what medicine is, because throughout our lives we are plagued by various diseases that require effective treatment. The roots of this science go back to ancient times, and over such a long period of its existence, it has undergone significant changes. New technologies have brought medicine to a completely different level. Now many diseases that were considered fatal for many centuries can be successfully treated. In the article we will consider what medicine is and what varieties of this concept exist.

Traditional and alternative medicine

What is the difference between these two directions? Traditional medicine is called medicine, which is based on scientific principles. This includes professional medical treatment. Healing, quackery, extrasensory perception, etc. are considered non-traditional therapy. Traditional medicine cannot be attributed to traditional methods of treatment, therefore it is closer to the second category.

Consider the main characteristics of each direction. Traditional medicine is based on certain principles:

Scientific justification. The use in medicine of any methods of treatment should be based on scientific achievements. Everything else is anti-scientific.
Pragmatism. The doctor chooses a safer type of therapy so as not to harm his patient.
Efficiency. All methods used in traditional medicine undergo laboratory tests, where their effectiveness is determined for any disease.
Reproducibility. The treatment process should be continuous and carried out under any circumstances, regardless of any factors. The effectiveness of therapy and the well-being of the patient depend on this.

What is alternative medicine? This term includes everything that does not apply to generally accepted methods of treatment: homeopathy, urine therapy, traditional medicine, Ayurveda, acupuncture, etc. All these areas have no scientific confirmation, since clinical studies of their effectiveness have not been conducted. However, according to statistics, about 10% of people trust such medicine. What is interesting: about 70% of those surveyed rely on traditional methods of treatment, and 20% could not decide on the answer.

What does traditional medicine do

The term "medicine" combines a huge system of knowledge, which includes medical science, medical practice, laboratory research, diagnostic methods and much more. The main goal of traditional methods of treatment is to strengthen and preserve the health of the patient, prevent the disease and cure the patient, and extend the life of a person as long as possible.

The history of this science has several millennia. At each stage of formation, its development was influenced by the progressiveness of society, its economic and social structure, the level of culture and success in the study of natural science and technology. Medicine is researching:

structure of the human body;
life processes of people in normal and pathological conditions;
positive and negative impact of natural factors and the social environment on human health;
various diseases (the symptoms, the processes of the appearance and development of the disease, diagnostic criteria and prognosis are studied);
the use of various methods for the detection, prevention and treatment of diseases using biological, chemical and physical means, as well as the technical achievements of medicine.

Division into groups in traditional medicine

All medical sciences can be divided into groups:

Theoretical medicine. This category includes disciplines for the study of human physiology and anatomy, biophysics and biochemistry, pathology, genetics and microbiology, and pharmacology.
Clinic (medicineclinical). This area deals with the diagnosis of diseases and methods of their treatment. It is also aimed at studying the changes that occur in tissues and organs under the influence of diseases. Another area is laboratory research.
Preventive medicine. This group includes such areas as hygiene, epidemiology and others.

Development and direction of clinical medicine

The clinic is a branch of science dealing with the diagnosis of ailments and the treatment of patients. After scientists suggested that the disease affects not only any one organ, but affects the general condition of the patient, the rapid development of this area of medicine began. This marked the beginning of the study of the symptoms of diseases and a detailed anamnesis.

In the middle of the 19th century, an era of technological progress began. Achievements in the field of natural science gave a powerful breakthrough in the development of clinical medicine. The possibilities of the diagnostic direction were expanded, the first laboratory studies of biomaterials were carried out. And the more discoveries occurred in the field of biochemistry, the more accurate and informative the results of the analyzes became. Also during this period, they began to actively use physical methods of diagnosis: listening and percussion, which doctors still use today.

The works of Professor Botkin brought many innovations in this field of medicine. At the therapeutic clinic, pathophysiological studies were carried out, which had not been done before. The healing properties of various plants were also studied: adonis, lily of the valley and others, after which they began to be used in medical practice.

The second half of the 19th century was marked by the introduction of new medical branches that studied:

diseases and treatment of small patients (pediatrics);
pregnancy and childbirth (obstetrics);
pathology of the nervous system (neuropathology).

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the disciplines of the surgical direction were distinguished. These included:

Oncology. Study of malignant and benign tumors.
Urology. This branch of medicine deals with diseases of the genital organs of men and the urinary system.
Traumatology. The study of traumatic consequences on the human body, their consequences and methods of treatment.
Orthopedics. The study of diseases that cause deformation and disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Neurosurgery. Treatment of pathologies of the nervous system, through surgical intervention.

Chinese medicine

This direction is one of the most ancient in the world history of medicine. The knowledge used to treat patients has been accumulated for thousands of years, but Europeans began to take an interest in it only 60-70 years ago. Many techniques of Chinese medicine are considered effective, so they are often introduced into their practice by Western doctors.

The diagnosis of the disease is very interesting:

Examination of the patient. The specialist takes into account not only the symptoms of the disease, but also the general condition of the patient's skin and nails. He examines the sclera of the eyes and tongue.
listening. Chinese doctors evaluate the sound and pace of speech, as well as the patient's breathing, which helps them to correctly identify the disease.
Interview. The doctor carefully listens to all the patient's complaints, determines his state of mind, since this factor is no less important when prescribing therapy.
Pulse. Chinese doctors are able to distinguish 30 variations of the heart rate, which are characteristic of certain disorders of the body.
Palpation. With this method, the doctor determines the functions of the joints and muscle tissues, checks for swelling and the condition of the skin.

Chinese medicine uses dozens of different methods of treatment, the main ones are:

massage;
acupuncture;
vacuum therapy;
phytotherapy;
qigong gymnastics;
diet;
moxibustion and others.

Medicine and sports

Sports medicine has been singled out as a specific field of science. Her main tasks:

implementation of medical control;
providing emergency medical care to athletes;
implementation of functional control;
rehabilitation of athletes and improvement of their professional performance;
study of sports traumatology, etc.

recovery medicine

This branch of medicine deals with the issue of restoring the internal reserves of a person to improve the level of health and his quality of life. As a rule, non-drug methods are used for this.

The main means of restorative medicine are:

physiotherapy;
reflexology;
massage;
manual and physiotherapy;
oxygen cocktails and many others.

This medical direction is indispensable for patients who have undergone surgery. The attending physician selects a set of rehabilitation procedures, which allows the patient to quickly restore their strength after the operation.

How did traditional methods of treatment appear?

It is not known for certain when folk medicine originated. This is a kind of industry created by whole generations of different ethnic groups. Recipes for medicines and methods of their application were passed down from one generation to the next. Most of the products contain medicinal herbs in their composition, the healing properties of which have been known since ancient times.

Since until the middle of the 19th century, most of the inhabitants of rural areas did not have access to traditional medicine, they were saved by ancient methods. Only in the second half of the 19th century, scientists became interested in the experience accumulated over the centuries, and began to study the means used by the people and their effectiveness in treatment. To the surprise of professional doctors, this alternative medicine consisted of more than just superstition.

Many prescription drugs could indeed have a positive effect on various diseases. The use of traditional medicine has significantly decreased with the development of modern science, but still, there is a category of citizens who trust the old grandfather methods more than doctors.