What vowel sounds are stressed? Pronunciation of unstressed vowel sounds

The formation of vowel sounds, their difference from consonants, weak and strong positions of vowel sounds, stressed and unstressed vowel sounds and their designation by letters, syllable formation, vowel spellings.

In Russian there are 10 vowels 10: AND I, O-YO, U-YU, Y-I, E-E and everything
6 vowel sounds : [A], [O], [U], [Y], [E], [I ] .

When pronouncing vowels, exhaled air flows freely through the larynx and oral cavity between the vocal cords and does not encounter any obstacles. Vowel sounds consist of voice in the complete absence of noise.

Consonant sounds differ from vowels in that when consonants are formed, air encounters an obstacle in the oral cavity, creating noise. Consonants consist of voice and noise (voiced) or only noise (voiceless).

If a word consists of several syllables, one of them sounds stronger, more clearly, than the rest. Such is called stressed, and pronouncing a syllable with greater force and duration is accent.
The vowel sound of a stressed syllable is percussion sound, vowels of unstressed syllables - unstressed vowels.

Stressed position - strong position for vowels. Here the vowels are pronounced clearly. There are 6 main vowel sounds that are emphasized under stress: [A], [O], [U], [Y], [E], [I].

Stressed vowel sounds and the letters by which they are designated.

Sound	Letters	Example
[A]	A	excitement[excitement]
	I	crumpled [m'al]
[O]	O	nose [nose]
	e	carried [n’os]
[y]	at	tour [tour]
	Yu	bale [t’uk], parachute [parachute]
[And]	And	type [t’ip]
[s]	s	soap [soap]
	and after w, w, c	lived [lived] awl [shilo] circus [circus]
[e]	uh	mayor [mayor]
	e	forest [l’es]

Position of vowels in unstressed position - weak position.
In unstressed syllables, vowels are pronounced differently than stressed syllables, weakened, more briefly. The sound is modified and may not correspond to the letter that is used to write the word, so unstressed vowels are .
Without stress, fewer vowel sounds are distinguished than under stress - only 4 vowels unstressed sound: [A], [U], [Y], [I] .

The quality of an unstressed vowel depends on the hardness or softness of the preceding consonant. The same unstressed vowel sound can be indicated in different letters on the letter.

In an unstressed position, the sounds [o], [e] and those indicated by the letter cannot be pronounced I sound [a] after soft consonants. The letter o denotes the sound [a] in an unstressed syllable; the letters e, e and i - in unstressed syllables the sound between [i] and [e].

Unstressed vowel sounds[a], [y]. [and], [s] and the letters by which they are designated

sound	letters	Condition	Example
[A]	A	at the beginning of a phonetic word, after firm agreement	artist[artist]; cow [carOva]; shocked [shak'iravan]
	I	after steamy soft ones, after [th’]	excitement[excitement]
	O	after hard ones, at the beginning of a phonetic word	toma [tama]; shocked [shak'iravan]; window [akno]
[y]	at	at the beginning of a word after hard and soft ([h’], [sch’])	lesson [lesson]; arc [arc]; make noise [noise’et’]; miracles[ch'ud'esa]
	Yu	after steamy soft ones, unpaired solids, after [th’]	loves [l’ub’it], jury [zhur’i] ([zhur’i]), huddle [y’ut’itsa]
[s]	s	after firm agreement (except w, w), after c	wash [washed’], gypsy [gypsy]
	e	after firm agreement	T e stirate [t s st'iravat'], and e fly [f s lt’et’], sixth [shystoy’]
	A	after hard hissing and c	Losh A dey [lash s d'ey']
	And		and And here [w s Here], lump [lump], circus performer [circus performer’]
	O	after hard hissing and c	chocolate[shikalat], Tsokotuha[tsikatuha]
[And]	And	at the beginning of the background word, after soft consonants	game [game], pie[p’irOk]
	uh	at the beginning of the background words	floor [itas]
	A	after soft consonants	watch [h'isy]
	e		lie down [l’izhat’]
	I		rows [r’ida]

• A, O, U, Y, E - letters that represent one sound; the consonants before these letters (except for the always soft [ch’], [sch’]) are read firmly: lama [lama], kora [kara], bud [ b uton], life [life]; But, [ h' A sch' a], watch [ h'iWith s].
• I, Yo, Yu, I, E - letters that indicate the softness of the previous consonant (except for the always hard ones [zh], [sh], [ts]): mile [ m'il'a], turn [ t'orn], loving [l ‘ dec 'A], lazy [l ‘ eneif]; BUT, cone [shishka], yellow [zholtye], circus [ ts yrk].
• Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotized. Can represent one or two sounds:
  • If these letters appear after consonants, then they indicate the softness of the previous consonant (except for [zh], [sh], [ts]) and give one vowel sound : m cell[m 'A h], turn [t 'O rn], tulle [t ‘y l’], foam [p ‘ uh on the].
  • These letters are a consonant sound [th’] and the corresponding vowel sound ( I - [y'a], yo - [y'o], yu - [y'u], e - [y'e]), if they are worth
    • at the beginning of the word: poison [y’at], hedgehog [ y'o sh], cabin boy [y’ung], huntsman [ye ‘ger’];
    • after vowels: militant [bai'ev'ik], clown [pay'ats];
    • after separators Kommersant And b signs: volume [aby’om], monkey [ab’iz’y’ana], congress [with y'e st].
  • [th’] - consonant, always voiced, always soft sound.
  • In transcription (in the designation of sounds) letters I, Yo, Yu, E are not used. The sounds [e], [e], [yu], [ya] do not exist.
• Letter AND after b denotes two sounds: whose [h’ y'i], foxes [fox’ y'i]

Spellings - vowels:

• unstressed vowels in the root:
  • verified by stress;
  • alternating;
  • unverifiable (dictionary);
  • vowels And And s at the beginning of the root after to consonants.
• Vowels in prefixes:
  • in consoles pre - And at — ;
  • in other consoles.
• Vowels (not after sibilants) in suffixes of different parts of speech:
  • nouns;
  • adjectives;
  • conjugated forms of the verb;
  • participles.
• Vowels at the end of words:
  • in nouns and numerals;
  • in adjectives, numerals and participles;
  • in verbs.
• • in the roots;
  • in suffixes and endings:
    • under stress;
    • no accent.
• Vowels after sibilants, ы and и after ц in different parts words:
  • in the roots;
  • in suffixes and endings:
    • under stress;
    • no accent.

References:

1. Babaytseva V.V. Russian language. Theory. 5th - 9th grade: textbook for in-depth study. studied Russian language. / V.V. Babaytseva. — 6th ed., revised. — M. Bustard, 2008
2. Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Russian language Olympiads. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. – 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
3. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - MSU, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x
4. Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and applicants to universities / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011

Repetition

To remember the topics we have already covered in the Russian language, let’s solve a crossword puzzle. To do this, we will write words vertically in empty cells, guessing them by meaning.

Rice. 1.Crossword

1. I hear sounds, but will I hear letters?...
2. Emphasizing a syllable in a word by using stronger voice or raising the tone.
3. Sounds that form a syllable.
4. Icons for recording sounds.
5. We write and read letters, and we pronounce and hear...?
6. The smallest pronunciation unit.
7. A collection of words arranged in alphabetical order, with explanations, references, interpretations, and translations into other languages.

Let's check ourselves.

Rice. 2. Completed crossword puzzle with code word

In the selected horizontal cells we have the word RULE.

Let us repeat: speech consists of sounds. The sounds are vowels and consonants. They help each other. Vowel sounds combine consonants into syllables. And words are built from syllables, like bricks. In every word one brick is the most important. This is a stressed syllable. If the emphasis is placed incorrectly, the word will be difficult to understand.

Stressed and unstressed vowels

Let’s complete the task: look at the photos and name what is shown on them.

Rice. 3()

Flowers, pine, balls. Let's put stress in the words and show the vowels that are in an unstressed position by emphasizing them. Flowers, from sleep, ball. Let's read these words not syllable by syllable, but quickly. It is noticeable that unstressed vowels were pronounced less clearly.

Vowels under stress - stressed vowels - are in strong position. Vowels without stress, they are called unstressed - in weak position . Letters that represent sounds in weak positions are called spellings. Spelling - (from the Greek orthos - correct and gramma - writing) - writing words according to some spelling rules.

Spelling - (from the Greek word: “orthos” - correct, and “grapho” - “write”) - rules of written speech (i.e. writing words). In Russian they say "spelling".

Pronunciation of unstressed vowels

Let's look at the words:

mushrooms, flowers- I hear And what should I write? I or E?

water, grass- I hear A, what should I write? A or O?

balls, rows- I hear an unclear sound. And what should I write? I? E? AND?

Conclusion - in the unstressed position we do not hear a clear sound and can make a mistake when writing.

In the modern Russian language there is a law - in unstressed syllables the sound O is not pronounced. The sound A works instead. And it will return to its place only when it becomes percussive. This is how sounds work in turn. Compare : sea - seas, table - tables, elephant - elephants. Other vowel sounds behave the same way: in unstressed syllables, each of them is replaced by some other one.

Unstressed syllables do not have the vowel sound E. Say the word floors. It is not pronounced as it is written. It is not difficult to notice that the sound U in words is not dangerous; it is pronounced well and clearly even in an unstressed position.

For competent writing, it is very important to learn to identify unstressed vowels by ear without errors in order to anticipate the place in the word where a mistake can be made. Sometimes they say - find a dangerous place in a word. Let's write down the proposals.

The squirrel was on a twig. We hear unstressed sounds clearly and understand all words.

Children play with a ball. It is not clear what the children are playing with: a ball or a sword.

Checking an unstressed vowel

To understand written speech, it is important to learn how to write words without errors. There is a law in the Russian language: check a weak position with a strong one.

Let's read the sentences and find a clue in them.

The cat - to? Daddy. Cat - Oh, that means kittens are also Oh.

The tiger has t? dirty. Tiger - And, that means the cubs are also I.

Here's an elephant. Does he have sl? Nyata. Elephant - Oh, that means baby elephants are also Oh.

Remember the rule: To check the spelling of a weak position, you need to change the word. How to do it?

Step 1: Say the word being tested.

Does it have vowels in unstressed syllables?

If there are, what are they?

Step 2: Choose a test word, change the word so that the sound being tested is stressed.

Step 3: Write the vowel letter in accordance with the sound that is heard under the accent.

Step 4: Check what you have written, read the word syllable by syllable.

Now we will go to the zoo. All animals are listed here so visitors know what they are looking at. Here are different birds. Let's sign their names.

This owl. Impact sound A. How to write without error - owl or sava ? How will we proceed? Let's select a test word, change the word owl on With O You, Now under the accent O, that means we’ll write owl. Then we proceed in the same way.

Rice. 11. Crane ()

Crossbills? Blackbirds? Cranes? Rooks?

What to do with words sparrow, nightingale, crow, magpie?

Using a spelling dictionary

Worth taking advantage spelling dictionary , with which you can check spelling.

Rice. 17. Spelling dictionary ()

You just need to know the secrets of the dictionary and remember the alphabet well. Very often, short spelling dictionaries can be found at the end of Russian language textbooks. If you don’t have a dictionary at hand, ask an adult or a teacher for the spelling. Remember, the main thing is not to write with an error. It is better to leave space for the letter, marking it with a dot, and enter the letter when there is no doubt at all.

Let's draw a conclusion. The position of an unstressed vowel sound in a word is a danger that requires proof. Unstressed vowels cannot be trusted. Today in class we learned how to check them different ways: by strong position, i.e., by selecting a test word, and by the dictionary, if there is no test word. Remember this:

Unstressed vowel sound
Causes a lot of pain.
So that there is no doubt,
We put emphasis on the sound. Or check it using a spelling dictionary.).

Tutrus.com ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 26, ex. 2; Page 28, ex. 3.
2. Finish the word. Which letter will you insert? Fur hat - what kind of hat? (m.khovaya- E). Here is the garden, what kind of strawberries grow there? ( garden- A). Here is the forest, what kind of strawberries are there? ( forest- E).
3. Read words with unstressed vowels. Select test words, name the vowel: s.va, star, sh.ry, b.ly, ts.kidney. (Sl.va - word- Oh, the stars - the stars- E, sh.ry - ball- A, b.ly - pain- Oh, c.kidney - chain- E.)
4. * Using the knowledge acquired in the lesson, compose 5 sentences with missing unstressed vowels in words, explain the spelling.

In other unstressed layers ha x after soft hissing in place A, according to norms m am of Russian orthoepy, pronounced unstressed z woo to, reminiscent of [and], but significantly OS Labeled (indicated by [ь]): watchmaker - [whose] owler, enchanter neither tsa - [whose] rovnitsa, chanovoy - [whose] new, parts s y - [ch]stick, Chartoriysk - [ch]rtoriisk, Chakalarovo - [ch] ka Larovo, Charodinsky district - [ch]ro Di district.

In rare foreign countries strange words on the spot A after [h] save nya there is [a]: teariker - [tea]riker, chaturanga - [cha]turanga, h ah khan - [chay]khana, Changyrtash - [cha]ngyrtash, Cham P eriko-[cha]periko, Chattopadhyaya - [cha]ttopadhyaya.

Orthoepy. Unstressed - e, i, e, and

In place of sounds e And I after soft which consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced without shock [ie]: spring - [in "ie]sleep, carry - [n"ee ]sti, cedar forest - [k"ie] woodwood forest, Beshtau- [b"i uh ]shtau, Venice - [vie] netia, Regina - [r "ie] gina, rowan - [r"ee ]bina, frog - [l"ie]gushka, dance - p[l"ie] With at, Vyazovka - [v"ie]zovka, Myaskovsky - [m"ie]s co Vsky. Pronunciation on the spot e And I distinct vowel [i] - [v"i]sna, [r"i]bina, [b"i]shtau, [m"i]skovsky - is not a letter atur nom.

In less common words ah maybe pronunciation. nonreduction rowa data vowels: alegretto - a[l"e]gretto, bestseller - [b"e]stseller, l yeah then - [l"e]gato, Renklod - [r"e]nklod, Cape Town - [k"e]iptown, Medea - [m"e]dea, Nero - [n"e]ron, Vespucci - [v" e]spucci; gyaur - [g"a]ur, kariz - [k"a]riz, Nya asshole in - [n"a]zhlov, Shyashupe - [sh"a]shupe, Lyashko - [l"a]shko.

At the beginning the words are in place e And I In the first in the pre-stressed syllable, an unstressed [ie] is pronounced in combination with the preceding [th]: riding - [yie]zda, Elabuga - [yie]labuga, jarl s k-[yie]rlyk, Japan - [yie]poniya, and also in the middle of a word after a vowel: trains - po[ yee ]zda, to hurt - to [yee] to call. The pronunciation [ya]rlyk, [ya]poniya is incorrect.

In the rest we are pre-shocked x syllables, as well as in stressed syllables in place e And I By sl e soft consonants are pronounced unstressed [ъ]: led IR an - [v"b]lykan, generator - [g"b]nerator, ice od ny - [l'y] profitable, laborist - [l'y] borist sk y, endure - vy[n'b]sti, field - po[l'b], Peter op Avlovsk - [p"b]tropavlovsk, Gelendzhik - [g"b]lendzhik, Venezuela - [v"ьн] Suela, Mesopotamia - [m"b]sopotamia, B er stovsky - [v'b]rstovsky, Mendeleev - [m'b]ndeleev, Nest er ov - nes[t"b]rov, Vrubel - vru[b"l"]; piglet [p]tachok, frog - [l"b]gushachiy, Vyazovaya - [v"b]zovaya, Pyatigorsk - [p]t Ig Orsk.

In non-Russian zai ms written words in place of letters e And I after soft consonants va no pronunciations are saved re duced vowels: becquerel - [b" e] Kkerel, Berkeleyanism - [b"e]rkleianism, bersa l er - [b"e]rsalier, Weismanism - [v"ey]man And zm, genocide - [g"e]nocide, cenotaph - [k"e]notaf, Besançon - [b"e]z a nso n, Benvenuto - [b"e]nvenuto, Lekuv re r - [l "e]ku vr er; giardiasis - [l"a]mbliosis, kamancha - [k"a]mancha, ryasophora - [r"a]With orophoric, shamisen - [s "a] misen, Ganj ah ay - [g"a]njachay, Lyalmikar - [l"a]lmikar, Shyash uv is - [sh"a]shuvis, Lyatoshinsky - [l"a]tosh ins cue, Byalynitsky-Birulya - [b "a] Lynitsky-Birulya.

In place of a vowel I, and A after [h] and [w":] in unstressed endings iyah pronounced [b]: seas, fields - mo[r"b], po[l"b], brothers, branches - bra[t"yy" ], su[chy]; burden, flame - bre[m"b], pla[m"b]; songs, drops - pes[n"mi], drops[l"mi]; sitting, playing - si[d "ъ], game[yъ]; new, red - new [yъ], cr asna[y]; dacha, thicket - yes[ch], cha[sh":b].

After [zh], [w], [ts] in place e in the first prev in a stressed syllable, a sound is pronounced, the middle one between [s] and [e] - [ые]: woolly - [shye]rusty, whisper - [shye]ptat, Sheksna - [shy uh ]ksna, Shelon - [shye]lon, Shevchenko - [shye]vchenko; yolk - [zhye]yolk, yellow Yesi sty - [zhye]leezy, chew - [zhye]vat, Zhelcha-[zhye]lcha, Zhernovsky district - [zhye]rnovsky district, Zhelyab ov - [zhye]lyabov, Zheromsky - [zhye]romsky; price - [tsye]na, cement - [tsye]menty, appreciate - [ tsye ]thread, Tselinny - [tselinny].

In some borrowed words it is possible t be pronunciable. without vowel reduction: masterpiece - [she]devr, sherhebel - [she]erhebel, Cherbourg - [she]rbur, Shetl en children's islands - [she]tland islands, Chenier - [she]nye; ginseng - [zhe]ginseng, geode - [zhe]oda, AND emaite - [zhe]maite, Gervais - [zhe]rvais, Gerard - [zhe]rar; time trouble - [tsey]tnot, centuria - [tse]nturia, Cieschanow - [tse]sh en uv, Ceres - [ce]rera.
In some foreign words in zmo please pronounce [uh] on the spot e after a vowel And in the first pre-stressed syllable: myelitis - mi[e]lit, piety - pi[e]tet, Pierre and I - pi[e]ria, Tiete - ti[e]te.

In the remaining unstressed syllables sl e [w], [zh], in place of the letter e pronounced - [b]: silkworm - [sh']lkopryad, woolen - [sh']wool, shelu shi to be - [sh']obey, to ours - to [sh']mu, Shevardino - [sh']vardino, Shepetovka - [sh']petovka, She ba lin - [sh']balin, Shelgunov - [sh']lgunov, iron ore - [zh'] leznyak, tin - [zh'] styanoy, gesticulate -[and ъ]sticulate, also - so[zh], Zheleznovodsk - [zhа]leznovodsk, Zhelnino - [zhа]lnino, Zhemch yy ova - [zh']mchugova, cellophane - [ts']llophane, entirely - [ts'] face, cement - [ts']ment, tree - tree [ts], Whole in fence - [ts]linograd, Celebes Sea - [ts]lebes sea.

In some foreign words in order to accurately convey the sound appearance of the word, the pronunciation of the vowel can be preserved: “Chevrolet” - [she]vrole, sh ate interdek - [she]lterdek, shenapan - [she]napan, Shentala - [she]ntala, Sheridan - [she]ridan, " Shek pendekh" - [she]kpendekh; germinal - [zhe]germinal, Zhetykol - [zhe]tykdol, Zhenisya - [zhe]nisya, Gerardin - [zhe]r ar den, Gericault - [zhe]riko, tsevadin - [tse]vadin, celibate - [tse]libate, cerapadus - [tse]rapadus, Tse denb al - [tse] denbal.

At the beginning of foreign words, as well as in position ii after the vowel in place of the letter uh pronounced [e]: screen - [e]kran, ether - [e]fir, eucalyptus - [e]vcalyptus, Eif e l - [e]yfel, Eurydice - [e]vrydice, Echmiadzin - [e]chmiadzin, dielectric - di[e]lekt ri k, coefficient - coefficient, muezzin - mu[e]dzin, Buenaventura - bu[e]naventura, Joinville - ju[e]nville, Lohengrin - lo[e]n green.

Incorrect pronunciation in place of a letter uh sound [and] - it is gives a reduced stylistic coloring of speech. Moreover, such a sound [e] can sue az to understand the meaning of the speaker’s statement: the pronunciation [i]kran instead of [e]kran evokes an association with the word no aniyam and crane, [and] world instead of [e] world - s and world, [and] mission instead of [e] mission - s and mission.

Pronunciation [and], [u], [s] in unstressed rn y syllables occur somewhat weakened compared to stressed syllables, but they do not change qualitatively: fox - [l "i] sits A, chipmunk - [bur]nduk, Kyzyl-[ky]zyl.

On the spot And, if in the flow of speech it merges I with the preceding word on a hard consonant, according to the rules of orthoepy, is pronounced [s]: light and shadow - light-[ y]- shadow, cat and cook - cat-[s]-cook, in Italy - [in-s]talia, from Spain - [from-s]spain.

If the speaker needs to give a clear presentation talking about the sound of the unfamiliar foreign word, resort to a backlash pause between it and the previous word, more often a sentence O homo. Then in the second word starting with a vowel And, will be pronounced [i]: so about The story was published in "Ibaraki Shimbun" (not [in-s] baraki shibun), we arrived at Ikwe (not: [k-y]kwe), our journey no began with Isakly (not: [s-s] sakly).

IN difficult words, the first part of which x ends with a hard consonant, and the second begins with a vowel [i], in place And according to the norms of orthoepy oi pronounced unstressed [s]: Gosizdat - gos[y]zdat, city executive committee - city [s]polkbm, pedin st itut - pedagogical institute, Sovinformburo - sov[y]informburo. But the distinct vowel [i] is pronounced in the word Kom in turn - com[i]ntern.

After [sh], [zh], [ts] in place of a vowel And in no beat in the arny position it is pronounced [s]: rosehip - [shy]povnik, gaiters - gama[shy], Gramsci - gram[shy]; giraffe - [wы]р af, beaches - beaches [zhy], Zhiguli-[zhy]guli, Gilardi - [zhy]lyardi; mat - [tsy]novka, cyclonic esk ii - [tsy]clonic, Civil - [tsy]ville, Cincinnati - [tsyntsy]nnati.

To learn to speak beautifully and competently, study what learning the orthoepy of the Russian language, as well as consolidating the studied material in practice.After you have figured out the vowel sounds, look at how they are pronounced

There are six in total - these are “a”, “o”, “u”, “i”, “e”, “s”. They are pronounced only with the participation of the voice, without the participation of noise. Can form syllables. There are shock and unstressed ones. Vowel sounds - stressed and unstressed - have their own characteristics and specific roles in the speech process. In addition, many norms for designating vowels in writing with letters depend on the presence or absence of stress.

The vowels “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “e” are not separate sounds. They represent the designation of two sounds. For example: ya - ya, yu - yu, etc. They are also endowed with additional functions - they indicate softness in writing.

Stressed vowel sounds

Shock is the voice that is released during pronunciation. That is, the one on which the emphasis falls. This sound is always pronounced more clearly. Compared to the unstressed one, it is in a stronger position and plays a meaningful role. As a rule, writing letters that convey stressed vowels does not cause difficulties.

For example, in the words small (stress on the first syllable), peaceful (stress on the first syllable), distant (stress on the second syllable), the spelling of stressed syllables will not cause doubts in anyone. The principle “as it is heard is how it is written” applies here, and sounds are heard clearly.

Stressed vowel sounds are designed to perform the function of meaning differentiation. For comparison: mole, mal, soap, mule - words that we distinguish by ear due to the fact that different vowels are written in them.

Unstressed vowel sounds - what are they?

Unstressed vowels are vowels that are not emphasized by the voice. They are pronounced with much less force and not nearly as energetic as drums. They are in a weak position, and writing the letters that convey them often causes difficulties. The principle of “as we hear, so we write” in in this case will not work, since what is heard may not be what actually is.

An unstressed vowel sound is often in an altered state (state of reduction). And the degree of transformation may depend on the distance of the stressed vowel. The further you go, the stronger the reduction. For example, in the word “kolobok” the stress is on the last sound “o” - in the third syllable. The closest “o” (in the second syllable) is heard even more or less clearly, and the distant one (from the first syllable) is practically lost during pronunciation. Its duration in this case is minimal.

Relatively stable in this regard are the unstressed vowel sounds “i”, “s”, “u”. The degree of their transformation is almost not affected by the distance from the shock (mumiyo, Pinocchio, world). The only exception can be “and” at the beginning of a word after a hard consonant, which ends the previous word of the phrase. In such cases, “and” turns into “s”. This situation is clearly visible, for example, in the phrase “smoke over the hut.”

Unstressed vowel sounds in roots. Spelling

As noted above, conveying unstressed vowel sounds in writing often poses difficulties. It can be especially problematic to understand which letter should indicate the unstressed vowel sound at the root of a particular word.

The spelling of such roots is allocated to a special section of grammar and is studied in detail in philology. The choice of the correct letter depends on various factors: the characteristics of its proximity to other letters, the presence or absence of a stressed syllable nearby, their origin, etc.

Unchecked vowels in roots

The most difficult case from the point of view of spelling is unstressed vowel sounds in unverified words. When it is impossible to choose an option with an impact root.

The correct options in such situations can only be remembered or always carry a dictionary with you in which you can look up the spelling.

Words that fall under this section include, for example: meridian, vinaigrette, concrete, corvalol, cheesecake and others. Many of them are of foreign origin.

Checked vowels in word roots

The letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds in roots can, in most cases, be determined by choosing where the stress falls on the root.

For example, by changing the word “grass” to “grass”, it is easy to understand which letter should be written in the unstressed root. More options: mountain - mountain, water - water, rain - rain, and so on and so forth. There are a great many examples in the Russian language.

Spelling roots in words of different origins

Unstressed vowel sounds in the main morphemes of words can have different literal expression depending on the origin of that particular word.

So, for example, native Russian words are often distinguished by the full-vowel spelling of the combinations -oro-, -olo-: young, fence, shell. And their Old Church Slavonic variants have a shortened version of the letter combination and the transformation of “o” into “a”: baby, fence, cloud.

Alternation of unstressed “a” and “o” in roots

Letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds can alternate in the roots. One of the alternation options is “a” and “o”. Different roots have their own spelling rules:

• For example, regardless of which letter is written under stress, in the unstressed position we almost always have the roots of “mountains”, “clone”, “creation”, “zar” and “melt”: lit up, bow down, create, illuminated, melt. But there are exceptions: burnt marks, burnt marks, utensils, zarevat, swimmer, swimmer, quicksand, etc.
• The morphemes “rast”, “rasch” and “ros” depend on the consonant closing the root. The letter "a" is preceded by "st" or "u", while the "s" is usually preceded by "o". The following do not fit into this rule: Rostislav, Rostov, usurer, sprout, outgrowth and variants derived from them (Rostov, usury, etc.), as well as the word industry.
• In the morphemes “skoch” and “skak” there is usually an “o” before the letter “ch”, and an “a” before the “k”. For example: jumper, jump rope, upstart, jump up. The only exceptions are the words gallop, gallop, gallop and jump.
• Unstressed vowel sounds in words with the roots “lag” and “lozh” are conveyed in writing by letters, according to next rule: “a” is used before “g”, and “o” is used before “g”. For example: add, believe, decompose, addition, position, put aside. The exception is the canopy.
• The presence or absence of the suffix “a” is determined by such roots as “kas” and “kos”. If the suffix is ​​present immediately after the root, then it will be “kas”, and if not, then it will be “kos”. For example: touching, touching, touching, touching.
• The spelling of roots with unstressed vowels sometimes depends on their meaning. So, in the case of “mok” (“moch”) and “mak”, the first option “works” if we are talking about soaking in liquid (blotter, wet), and the second - in the case when we mean immersion in liquid (dunk , dip).
• The morphemes “equal” and “equal” also “equal” to the meaning of the word. If sameness is meant, then it is written “a” (equal, equation), and if straightness and smoothness are written, then “o” (to align, level). Exceptions: peer, plain, level, equally.

How “i” and “e” alternate

The letters of the unstressed vowel sounds “i” and “e” can also alternate in the roots of words.

Morphemes “bir” and “ber”, “zhig” and “zheg”, “steel” and “steel”, “blist” and “brist”, “mir” and “mer”, “tir” and “ter”, “ dir" and "der", "pir" and "per", "chit" and "chet" are directly dependent on the presence of the suffix "a". If it is in the vicinity of the root, it is written “and”, and if it is absent - “e”. Examples: begging - will take; cauterization - burned out; spreads - lay; brilliant - brilliant; freeze - freeze; rub off - rub off; tear off - tear off; unlock - unlock; read - deduction. Exceptions: couple, combination, combine.

Note:

• The roots “world” and “mer” can alternate only if they mean the process of dying. If we are talking about peace (the antonym of war), then the root will always be “and” (peace, make peace). And if the morpheme means measure, then it is always written “e” (measure, measure).
• The roots “pir” and “per” alternate only if they mean the processes of opening, closing and bulging (lock, unlock, stick out). And if we are talking about the word “feast”, meaning “feast of the belly”, then the root will always be “and” (to feast).

Alternation of the letter "a" ("ya") with the letter combination "im" ("in") in the roots

The letter “a” (“I”) alternates in the roots with the letter combination “im” (“in”) in the roots of words according to the following rule: if the root has the suffix “a”, then “im” or “in” is used. And if there is none, then “a” or “ya” is written. For example: accept - accepted, start - started.

Vowel sounds - stressed and unstressed - are found in every language in the world. And if, as a rule, no problems arise with drums, then unstressed ones create a lot of difficulties. There are usually a huge number of spellings associated with them. And the spelling of roots is only a small part of a large iceberg.

There are 6 main languages ​​in Russian vowel sounds:
A O E U Y

They are designated on the letter by 10 letters:
A I O Y E E U Y Y I

The use of vowels as part of a word has some features in the Russian language:
The vowel [s] at the beginning of words, as a rule, does not appear; initial [s] is possible in rare borrowed proper nouns.
The sound [s] is used only after hard consonants.
The sound [and] is used only after soft consonants.

The spelling of the letter and after zh, sh, ts (these sounds are always hard) is not determined by pronunciation: the letter combinations zhi, shi, qi are pronounced as [zhy], [shi], [tsy].

The vowel [s] is pronounced in place of the letter and also at the beginning of the word after a preposition for a hard consonant (the preposition does not have its own stress and is adjacent to the subsequent word).

The vowel [e] is used in most cases after soft consonants.

But there are digressions here. The sound [e] is combined with hard consonants:
after [g], [w], [ts];
In some foreign words;
in some compound words.

A characteristic feature of Russian pronunciation is the different sound of vowels under and without stress.

A vowel in a stressed position is in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced most clearly and with the greatest force. A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and less clearly.

In an unstressed position (in a weak position), all vowel sounds are pronounced with less force, but some of them retain their qualitative characteristics, while others do not:

The vowel sounds [i], [ы], [у] (letters i, ы, у, yu) do not change the sound quality in an unstressed position;

The exception is the sound [and]: at the beginning of a word, if in the flow of speech the word merges with the previous word ending in a hard consonant, the sound [s] is in place;

Classification of vowel sounds

Vowels are tone sounds. A musical tone voice is involved in their formation. Noise is not taken into account. The difference in vowels is determined by the different structure of the speech organs.

There are 6 vowels in the SRY [a] [o] [e] [u] [s] [i].

By place of education

The difference between vowels that cause the tongue to move horizontally is taken into account:

Front vowels - during articulation the tongue is strongly moved forward [i] [e]

Middle vowels - the tongue is slightly moved back [ы] [а]

Back vowels [у] [о]

According to the degree of elevation of the tongue vertically relative to the palate

High vowels [i] [ы] [y]

Middle vowels [e] [o]

Low vowels [a]

The upper vowels will be closed or narrow compared to the middle vowels, while the lower vowels will be open or wide. Middle vowels are closed compared to the lower ones, and open compared to the upper ones.

By participation or non-participation of lips

The presence or absence of lavialization - stretching or rounding of the lips.
lavialized [y] [o]
unlavalised (all others)

The division into 3 rows and the rise does not reflect the full richness of the SRY. In unstressed syllables ch. pronounced with to varying degrees reduction – change, shortening of vowel sounds in an unstressed position. Unstressed vowels are pronounced less clearly. Some vowels are not distinguished.

A feature of the phonetic (sound) system of the Russian language is the heterogeneous pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels. They differ in duration: stressed vowels are almost always longer than unstressed ones. Vowels in unstressed position are subject to quantitative reduction(i.e. they are pronounced shorter). Vowels also differ in “quality”, in the nature of their sound: stressed vowels are pronounced clearly and distinctly; in an unstressed position, some vowels undergo qualitative reduction and sound less full and clear. The qualitative reduction of unstressed vowels depends on the place that the unstressed vowel occupies in the word in relation to the stressed syllable (closer or further).

Also for your attention exercises