Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. Maslow's pyramid of needs

Abraham Maslow is an American humanist psychologist who studied the problems of personality motivation, that is, the forces that impel it to action. The result of these studies was the well-known Maslow's Pyramid of Needs. This model is based on the assumption that they are hierarchized, that is, unequal, and the satisfaction of conditionally higher ones is possible only after those on the lower level are satisfied. The pyramid of needs compiled by Maslow consists of 7 steps, it is based on the so-called basic or vital ones. These are the first steps, without their "passing", without meeting the vital physiological needs, a person, according to Maslow, does not even think about the needs of a higher order.

The researcher combines needs into 5 groups:

Physiological. They include hunger, thirst, satisfaction of sexual desire, etc.
Existential. The desire for constancy of life, comfort, a sense of security.
Social. Need for social contacts, communication, exchange of experience, attention and care for both oneself and others, a sense of involvement and unity.
The need to assert oneself, receive praise and gratitude for the work done, development, respect of others.
Spiritual. Self-knowledge, self-realization, search for the meaning of life, self-actualization.

A more detailed pyramid of needs according to Maslow is as follows:

A basic level of. Satisfaction is a must for life. This includes the needs for food, sex, sleep, and so on.
Feeling of confidence. A person with satisfied basic needs becomes calmer, the search instinct becomes dull and there is a need for protection, a shelter, which within the framework of society is expressed in the need to find a close and understanding person, to gain care and understanding. It is from this level that Maslow's pyramid of needs indicates the predominance of social needs.
The need for belonging and love. The desire to feel part of the whole, to be needed and accepted. The need for understanding, tenderness, warm and trusting relationships.
The need for respect and recognition. Relatively speaking, a well-fed person, who is accepted and loved, strives for more - for the respect of strangers, for recognizing himself as a developed and capable person.
cognitive needs. Following the acquisition of fame or recognition of the desired level, there is a thirst for "internal growth" - obtaining new knowledge, development. The horizon is expanding, and such a person wants to know the world around him, to expand the boundaries of his knowledge. That is, concentration on one's life is replaced by a desire to explore, to learn about the experience of other people in particular and the laws of nature and the world in general.
The view from the satisfaction of purely egoistic needs begins to gradually shift towards the harmonization of life around oneself. Emphasis on beauty, harmony as in inner world man, as well as in the external. Rather ordinary needs are replaced by an attraction to art.
Highest level. The need for self-actualization. By self-actualization, Maslow understood the natural desire of a person with satisfied needs of the lower levels to "full disclosure of himself." Simply put, such a person - mature - becomes the desire to find himself in the world, to become useful to society. Serve others and share your knowledge, skills, qualities with them. This level is the apotheosis of the development of a personality that has gone beyond the selfish satisfaction of needs.

It should be noted that Maslow's pyramid of needs is only a model of the structure of personality motives. Which absolutely does not mean the reduction of the previous level upon reaching the next one. A person striving for the general well-being still wants to have close relationships, just feels hungry and thirsty.

Maslow's pyramid of needs contains information that a person tends to strive to develop and self-actualize. However, this is only possible if current needs are met.

Maslow's pyramid of needs

Pyramid of Needs- the common name for the hierarchical model of human needs, which is a simplified presentation of the ideas of the American psychologist A. Maslow. The pyramid of needs reflects one of the most popular and well-known theories of motivation - the theory of the hierarchy of needs. This theory is also known as need theory or hierarchy theory. His ideas are most detailed in the 1954 book Motivation and Personality (Motivation and Personality).

The analysis of human needs and their arrangement in the form of a hierarchical ladder is a very famous work of Abraham Maslow, better known as Maslow's Needs Pyramid. Although the author himself never drew any pyramids. However, the hierarchy of needs, depicted as a pyramid, has become a very popular model of personality motivation in the US, Europe and Russia. It is mostly used by managers and marketers.

Hierarchy of needs theory

Maslow distributed the needs in ascending order, explaining such a construction by the fact that a person cannot experience needs. high level while in need of more primitive things. At the base is physiology (satisfying hunger, thirst, sexual needs, etc.). A step higher is the need for security, above it is the need for affection and love, as well as for belonging to any social group. The next step is the need for respect and approval, over which Maslow placed cognitive needs (thirst for knowledge, desire to perceive as much information as possible). This is followed by the need for aesthetics (the desire to harmonize life, fill it with beauty, art). And finally last step pyramids, the highest, is the desire to reveal the inner potential (it is self-actualization). It is important to note that each of the needs does not have to be completely satisfied - partial saturation is enough to move to the next step.

“I am absolutely convinced that a person lives by bread alone only in conditions where there is no bread,” Maslow explained. “But what happens to human aspirations when there is plenty of bread and the stomach is always full? Higher needs appear, and it is they, and not physiological hunger, that govern our body. As some needs are satisfied, others arise, higher and higher. So gradually, step by step, a person comes to the need for self-development - the highest of them. Maslow was well aware that the satisfaction of primitive physiological needs is the basis of the foundations. In his view, an ideal happy society is, first of all, a society of well-fed people who have no reason for fear or anxiety. If a person, for example, constantly lacks food, he is unlikely to be in dire need of love. However, a person overwhelmed with love experiences still needs food, and regularly (even if ladies' novels say otherwise). By satiety, Maslow meant not only the absence of food shortages, but also a sufficient amount of water, oxygen, sleep and sex. The forms in which needs are manifested can be different, there is no single standard. We each have our own motivations and abilities. Therefore, for example, the need for respect and recognition from different people may manifest itself differently: one needs to become an outstanding politician and win the approval of the majority of his fellow citizens, while for another it is quite enough that his own children recognize his authority. The same widest range within the same need can be observed at any step of the pyramid, even at the first (physiological needs).

Hierarchy of human needs diagram by Abraham Maslow.
Steps (bottom to top):
1. Physiological
2. Security
3. Love/Belonging to something
4. Respect
5. Cognition
6. Aesthetic
7. Self-actualization
Moreover, the last three levels: “cognition”, “aesthetic” and “self-actualization” are generally called “Need for self-expression” (Need for personal growth)

Abraham Maslow recognized that people have many different needs, but also believed that these needs can be divided into five main categories:

Physiological: hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc.
Safety needs: comfort, constancy of living conditions.
Social: social connections, communication, affection, concern for others and attention to oneself, Team work.
Prestigious: self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, promotion.
Spiritual: knowledge, self-actualization, self-expression, self-identification.

There is also a more detailed classification. There are seven main levels (priorities) in the system:

(lower) Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, sex drive, etc.
Need for security: feeling confident, getting rid of fear and failure.
The need for belonging and love.
The need for respect: achievement of success, approval, recognition.
Cognitive needs: to know, to be able, to explore.
Aesthetic needs: harmony, order, beauty.
(higher) The need for self-actualization: the realization of one's goals, abilities, the development of one's own personality.

As the lower needs are satisfied, the needs of a higher level become more and more urgent, but this does not mean at all that the place of the previous need is occupied by a new one only when the former is fully satisfied. Also, the needs are not in an inseparable sequence and do not have fixed positions, as shown in the diagram. This pattern takes place as the most stable, but for different people the mutual arrangement of needs may vary.

Criticism of the need hierarchy theory

The need hierarchy theory, despite its popularity, is not supported and has low validity (Hall and Nougaim, 1968; lawler and Suttle, 1972).

When Hall and Nougaim were doing their research, Maslow wrote them a letter in which he noted that it was important to consider the satisfaction of needs depending on age group test subjects. The “lucky ones”, according to Maslow, satisfy the needs for safety and physiology in childhood, the needs for belonging and love - in adolescence, etc. The need for self-actualization is satisfied by the age of 50 in the “lucky ones”. That is why you need to take into account the age structure.

Literature

Maslow A.H Motivation and Personality. - New York: Harpaer & Row, 1954.
Holliford S., Widdeth S. Motivation: A Practical Guide for Managers / Translated from English - OOO "Password". - M .: GIPPO, 2008. - ISBN 978-5-98293-087-3
McClelland D. Human motivation / Translated from English - LLC "Peter Press"; scientific ed. prof. E.P. Ilyin. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2007. - ISBN 978-5-469-00449-3

Notes

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To live, be healthy and happy, people need food, air, sleep, etc. These needs are self-satisfied throughout life. They largely depend on human behavior. So, every patient needs food, but not everyone reacts to a tray of food in the same way: one, smiling, will say “thank you” and start eating with pleasure, the other, looking at the dishes, will make it clear with facial expressions and words that “this” he is will not, the third will prefer to sleep first, and then eat. Thus, all patients have a different need for food. It turns out that the disease also interferes with the satisfaction of needs, leads to discomfort.

In 1943, the American psychologist A. Maslow developed the theory of the hierarchy of needs that determine human behavior. According to his theory, some needs for a person are more important than others. This provision made it possible to classify them according to a hierarchical system: from physiological ( lowest level) to needs for self-expression (the highest level). A. Maslow depicted the levels of human needs in the form of a pyramid.

This figure has a wide base (foundation). In the pyramid, the physiological needs of a person form the foundation of his life. The ability to satisfy their needs in people is different and depends on several factors: age, environment knowledge, skills, desires and abilities of the person himself. First of all, they satisfy the needs of the lower order, i.e. physiological.

To live, a person needs to satisfy the physiological needs for air, food, water. In addition, each of us needs movement, sleep, physiological needs, as well as communication with people, satisfaction of our sexual needs.

There are several classifications of needs. According to the classification of A. Maslow, each person has 14 vital needs:

4) highlight

5) move

6) be healthy (maintain condition)

7) maintain body temperature

8) sleep and rest

9) dress up and have fun

10) be clean

11) avoid danger

12) communicate

13) have life values

14) work, play and learn.

It should be remembered that physiological needs are the same for all people, but are satisfied in varying degrees.

The need for oxygen (normal breathing) is the basic physiological need of a person. Breath and life are inseparable concepts. Man learned a long time ago: While I breathe I hope . Many words in Russian have a "breathing" meaning: rest, inspiration, spirit, etc. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the nurse. The cerebral cortex is very sensitive to lack of oxygen. With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and superficial, shortness of breath appears. For example, a prolonged decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the tissues leads to cyanosis: the skin and visible mucous membranes become bluish. A person, satisfying the need for oxygen, maintains the gas composition of the blood necessary for life.

Need for food. Nutrition is essential for maintaining health and wellness. Parents, satisfying the baby's need for rational nutrition, show not only parental care, but also provide the child with the opportunity for normal growth and development. Balanced diet adult helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases.

Adequate nutrition in case of illness contributes to recovery. So, high content protein in food promotes healing of wounds, including bedsores.

An unmet human need for nutrition often leads to a deterioration in well-being and health.

Fluid requirement. A healthy person should drink 2.5-3 liters of fluid daily. This amount of liquid makes up for physiological losses in the form of urine, sweat, feces and fumes during breathing. To maintain water balance, a person must consume more fluids than excrete, otherwise signs of dehydration appear. The ability of the patient to avoid many complications depends on the knowledge and skills of the nurse to anticipate dehydration.

The need for physiological functions. The undigested part of the food is excreted from the body in the form of feces. The act of defecation and urination is individual for everyone, and their satisfaction cannot be postponed for for a long time. Most people consider these processes personal, intimate and prefer not to discuss them. Due to this nurse When assisting a patient who has problems with the administration of physiological needs, should be especially delicate and, respecting the individual's right to privacy, provide him with the opportunity for privacy.

The need for sleep and rest. A. Maslow also relates to physiological needs. The alternation of periods of sleep - wakefulness is the main background for the daily activities of a person.

Sleep deprivation is the second leading cause of fatigue after housework. In cases where a person finds time for doing business at the expense of sleep, he increases the debt of sleep deprivation, since the duration of sleep modern man necessary for a normal existence, not less than seven hours.

Lack of sleep is detrimental to a person's health. The level of glucose in the blood plasma decreases, the nutrition of the brain changes, short-term memory slows down, the speed and accuracy of calculations slow down, and the ability to learn decreases. We know that we spend a third of our lives sleeping. A sick person needs sleep even more, because it helps to improve well-being.

Need for movement. Restriction of mobility or immobility creates many problems for a person. Immobility is a condition in which a person cannot move or has difficulty in the movements necessary for normal functioning. This condition can be long-term or short-term, transient or permanent. It may be due to the forced use of orthopedic systems (tire, traction, corset or any special means for holding the body), pain (in the joints, back); chronic disease(arthritis, residual effects violations cerebral circulation), mental disorders (depression).

In today's publication, I decided to combine the well-known Maslow pyramid and personal finance. I will project the hierarchy of human needs according to Maslow onto the financial sector, tell you what financial moments and characteristics correspond to each of its steps, how to build your own financial pyramid needs and why. I think that it should be interesting, and most importantly, useful.

So, if someone else does not know what Maslow's pyramid is in general, then I will briefly remind you. This is a stepwise representation of human needs in a hierarchy: from the lowest to the highest, which was developed and proved by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. Schematically, Maslow's pyramid is depicted as follows:

According to Maslow's theory, the hierarchy of human needs is as follows:

The first level (lower) is physiological needs.
The second level is security needs.
The third level is the need for communication, involvement in society, social groups.
The fourth level is the need for respect and social recognition.
The fifth level (highest) is the need for self-realization.

Maslow proved that in the overwhelming majority of cases, a person satisfies his needs in this order, adhering to this hierarchy. That is, for example, until his physical needs are satisfied, he does not think about security, until he is safe, he does not think about participation in society, etc. Although, in individual cases, as with any rule, there may be exceptions, but in general this is the case.

How to project all this into personal finance? Very simple! Any of the steps of the Maslow pyramid to one degree or another depends on, and often this dependence is generally almost one hundred percent. Let's take a closer look.

To satisfy their physiological needs, a person needs money. For money, he buys food, water, clothes, housing (own or rented). I draw your attention to the fact that this is a lower need, without satisfying which, it is impossible to think about satisfying the next needs in the hierarchy. Therefore, initially, first in, a person should direct his financial resources precisely here - to sufficient and adequate satisfaction of physiological needs. Otherwise, he simply will not be able to fully satisfy higher needs.

Next in Maslow's pyramid are security needs. How does personal finance fit into this? Everything is also simple: in order to feel safe, a person in modern world must have some financial reserve. Because if he does not exist, then in case of any force majeure, he will not be able to find the necessary money and will find himself in a financial hole, which means that even the satisfaction of lower physiological needs will be in jeopardy. Therefore, following Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in the second place, a person must take care of creating financial and in order to feel relatively safe.

The next level of Maslow's pyramid is involvement in society, friendship, love, family. Do you need personal finance? Yes, we need it too! The circle of communication of a person very closely depends on his financial condition. And the higher it is, the better it is, the more the path to the satisfaction of the subsequent, higher steps of the pyramid opens. Is it possible to build relationships, a family without money? Even if so, in some cases, it is likely to be a short-lived relationship. Because money still plays a very important role in the family. I once wrote an article describing this relationship. Thus, when financial condition of a person allows him to satisfy his physiological needs and needs for security, he begins to “invest” finances in building relationships with society, relationships, creating a family.

When these needs are satisfied, a person has a need for respect and recognition from society. In other words - in your activities of any kind - work, business, hobby, etc. Do you need personal finance? Undoubtedly! Any field of activity requires some kind of financial participation, without money, nowhere. But a person should think about it only when his lower needs according to Maslow's pyramid are satisfied.

And finally, the highest level of the pyramid is the need for self-realization. This is the acquisition of new, aesthetic needs, the creation of a favorable environment for oneself, new and new successes, achievements, strengthening moral qualities. All this can be summed up in two words: personal growth. Is there a connection between personal growth and personal finance? Yes, it also has. All this requires financial costs to varying degrees. And a person begins to spend money in this direction when all the previous steps of Maslow's pyramid are already completely satisfied.

Why did I make this comparison at all: Maslow's pyramid and personal finance? So that now you look around, and possibly at yourself, and see that many people live, let's say, wrong in financial terms(this example is just one of the few that do).

What is this "wrong"? That they mistakenly prioritize their list of needs and often “jump the steps” of Maslow's pyramid. That is, they strive to satisfy the highest needs (and, in a very dubious form), at a time when they are not even satisfied with the lowest ones.

To make it clear, I will give a few examples.

Example 1 . A person earns very little, he does not have enough money to eat well and buy high-quality clothes, he does not have his own housing (lower physiological needs), and at the same time he buys an iPhone of the latest model, most likely also on credit (strives to satisfy the need for respect and public recognition - there is an iPhone, which means it is cool).

Example 2 . Young people do not have a stable and good income, do not have housing and even the ability to rent it (physiological needs), do not have any financial assets (security needs), and at the same time start a family (social needs).

Example 3 . A person who does not have a “penny for his soul”, family, friends, work, income, social recognition (4 lower levels of the Maslow pyramid), dreams of becoming, say, a pop star, a great artist or poet (the highest level is self-realization).

I think it will be clearer with examples. Of course, I will repeat that there are exceptions to any rule. And perhaps someone who has similarly violated or violates the hierarchy of needs of Maslow's pyramid will do well. But these are isolated exceptions, which should not be counted too much.

Therefore, in conclusion, I urge everyone to adequately assess their needs and capabilities, follow the hierarchy proven by scientists, and develop in the way that nature intended. This is what Maslow's pyramid represents. Therefore, learn to correctly see and understand your needs, and direct personal finances to meet these needs thoughtfully and in order of priority, and not spontaneously and chaotically. Then you will have complete order both in self-development and in finance.

In turn, the site will always help the development of your financial literacy. Stay with us and stay tuned for updates. See you in other posts!

« Maslow's pyramid"- the informal name of the theory of motivation, developed in the 1950s of the twentieth century by the prominent American psychologist Abraham Harold Maslow.

At the core Maslow's theory of motivation (pyramids) lies the thesis that human behavior is determined by a number of basic needs that can be built in a certain hierarchy. From Maslow's point of view, these needs are universal, that is, they unite all people, regardless of skin color, nationality, lifestyle, habits, demeanor, and other external manifestations.
Abraham Maslow recognized that people have many different needs, but also believed that these needs can be divided into five main categories

Physiological: hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc. Existential: security of existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions. Social: social connections, communication, affection, concern for others and attention to oneself, joint activities. Prestigious: self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, promotion. Spiritual: knowledge, self-actualization, self-expression, self-identification.

1. Physiological Needs The most urgent, most powerful of all needs. A person living in extreme need, deprived of all the joys of life, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, will be driven, first of all, by the needs of the physiological level. If a person has nothing to eat and if he lacks love and respect, he will first of all seek to satisfy his physical, not emotional hunger. According to Maslow, if physiological urges dominate in the body, then all other needs may not even be felt by a person. The desire to write poetry, to buy a car, an interest in native history, a passion for yellow shoes against the background of physiological needs, all these interests and desires either fade or disappear altogether, because a person who feels mortal hunger will not be interested in anything but food.

2. The need for security After satisfaction of physiological needs, their place in the motivational life of the individual is occupied by needs that are in the very general view can be combined into the category of security (the need for stability, protection, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, in order, law, restrictions). According to Maslow's theory of motivation, these desires can also dominate the body and usurp the right to organize human behavior. As Maslow notes, the need for security of a healthy and successful member of our culture is usually satisfied. In a normal society, healthy people the need for security is manifested only in soft forms, for example, in the form of a desire to get a job in a company that provides its employees with social guarantees, etc. In the most general form, the need for security and stability also manifests itself in conservative behavior (most people tend to give preference to familiar and familiar things). In turn, as Maslow points out, the unexpected threat of chaos in most people causes a regression of motivation from its higher levels to the level of security. The natural and predictable reaction of society to such situations are calls to restore order, and at any cost, even at the cost of dictatorship and violence.

3. The need for belonging and love After the needs of the physiological level and the needs of the security level are satisfied, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, the need for love, affection, belonging is actualized. A person, as never before, acutely begins to feel the lack of friends, the absence of a loved one, a wife or children, and longs for warm, friendly relations. He needs social group, which would provide him with such a relationship. It is this goal that becomes the most significant and most important for a person. The rapid development in the modern world of diverse groups personal growth, as well as interest clubs, according to Maslow, is to some extent dictated by an unquenched thirst for communication, the need for intimacy, belonging, the desire to overcome the feeling of loneliness. The inability to satisfy the need for love and belonging, according to Maslow, as a rule, leads to maladjustment, and sometimes to more serious pathology.

4. The need for recognition Every person, according to Maslow, (with rare exceptions associated with pathology) constantly needs recognition, in a stable and, as a rule, high assessment of his own merits. Each of us needs both the respect of the people around us and the opportunity to respect ourselves. Maslow divided the needs of this level into two classes. The first class includes desires and aspirations associated with the concept of "achievement". A person needs a sense of his own power, adequacy, competence, he needs a sense of confidence, independence and freedom. In the second class of needs, the author included the need for reputation or prestige, i.e., to gain status, attention, recognition, fame. Satisfaction of all these needs, according to Maslow's theory of motivation, creates in the individual a sense of self-confidence, self-worth and strength. An unsatisfied need, on the contrary, causes a feeling of humiliation, weakness, helplessness, which, in turn, serve as the basis for despondency, trigger compensatory and neurotic mechanisms.

5. The need for self-actualization (self-realization) Even if all of the above needs are satisfied, according to Maslow, a person will soon feel dissatisfied again because he is not doing what he is predisposed to. If a person wants to live in peace with himself, he must be what he can be. Maslow called this need the need for self-actualization. In Maslow's understanding, self-actualization is a person's desire for self-embodiment, for the actualization of the potentialities inherent in him. This desire can be called the desire for idiosyncrasy, for identity. This is the highest human need, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. As a rule, a person begins to feel the need for self-actualization only after he has satisfied the needs of all lower levels.

There is also a more detailed classification. There are seven main levels (priorities) in the system: (lowest) Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc. Need for security: a sense of confidence, getting rid of fear and failure. The need for belonging and love. The need for respect: achievement of success, approval, recognition. Cognitive needs: to know, to be able, to explore. Aesthetic needs: harmony, order, beauty. (higher) The need for self-actualization: the realization of one's goals, abilities, the development of one's own personality.

In his later work, published in the 1960s and 70s, Maslow refers the need for self-actualization not to basic needs, but to more high category needs, which he described as "needs for (personal) growth" (also called "value" or "existential needs" or "meta-needs"). This list also includes the need for understanding and cognition (cognitive need) and the need for beauty (aesthetic need), which were previously mentioned outside the main hierarchy, as well as the need for play.

Maslow notes that the hierarchy of needs is not at all as stable as it might seem at first glance. The basic needs of most people, in general, follow the order described, but there are exceptions. For some people, for example, the need for self-affirmation manifests itself as more urgent than the need for love. This is the most common case of reversion.

And was there a pyramid The image of the pyramid, widely used throughout the world to illustrate Maslow's theory of motivation, is in fact far from indisputable. !!! Maslow himself does not mention the pyramid in his works (neither in verbal nor in pictorial form) !!! On the contrary, in Maslow's writings there is a different visual image of the spiral (Maslow writes about the transition of the individual to the needs of a higher level: "the motivational spiral begins a new round"). The image of the spiral, of course, better reflects the basic postulates of Maslow's theory of motivation: dynamism, development, smooth "flow" from one level to another (as opposed to the static and strict hierarchy of the pyramid).

Internet resources: company-vils1991.narod formatta.ru/pages/id/319 http://mirfinance.biz/finansovaya-gramotnost/psixologiya-denezhnyx-trat/ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ www, psychoanalyst.ru/depression/hierarchy.ht m www. psychologos.ru/articles/view/piramida_po trebnostey_maslou