In complex sentences with disjunctive relations, conjunctions are used or, either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...either, or...or.
Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions convey meanings of alternation of events or mutual exclusion.
Unionsor, or transmit meaning of mutual exclusion.
For example: Let him move to the village, to the outbuilding, or I will move from here, but I cannot stay in the same house with him... (Ch.); I was lying around for two days, but I remembered about the horse - either the wolves ate it or it froze (Seraph.).
Unionthen...that , repeating, indicates a sequential change of events.
For example: Either the cart will pass with a creak, or the voice of some woman will be heard going to the market (Ch.).
In sentences with unionnot that... not that are transmitted divisive relationships with a hint of uncertainty and conjecture.
For example: ... Either he was jealous of Natalya, or he regretted her (T.).
In sentences with unioneither... or also consists a shade of conjecture, some uncertainty.
For example: Either the water is still cold, or Kadoshka [the hunting dog] is still young and stupid, but he stopped at the water and cannot go further (Prishv.).
Unionswhether... whether, whether... or are used in compound sentences, dividing, expressing a list of mutually exclusive events and phenomena.
For example: Did fate bring us together again in the Caucasus, or did she come here on purpose... (L.); Whether your thoughts are hovering anxiously and incoherently, or your heart is crying in your chest, diamond stars will soon pour out, wait! (Fet); Who responded to me in the thicket of the forest? Was it an old oak tree whispering to a pine tree, or a rowan tree creaking in the distance, or a goldfinch singing an ocarina, or a robin, a little friend, suddenly answering me at sunset? (Sick.).
Sentences with gradational conjunctions
In complex sentences they can convey special relationship gradations, i.e. strengthening, increasing, or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second component of the sentence compared to the first. Such meanings are characteristic of conjunctions not only...but also, not so much...as, not really...but, although and...but etc., conjunctions are always double, the first part of them is placed before the first part of the complex sentence, the second - before the second. The dismemberment of the conjunction, the location of its components in different parts of the sentence, closely connects these parts into a single whole.
For example:
Not only did the students run out to greet the van, but even the old nanny couldn’t sit still at school; It wasn't that he didn't want to listen to me, but he just didn't care about it all.
Sentences with gradational conjunctions convey relationships close to connecting, cf.: And the students ran out to meet the van, and even the old nanny could not sit in school.
Compound sentences with connecting relations
The second part of a compound sentence can be additional message or additional note, caused by the content of the first part. In this case, there are affiliation relations.
The joining value is passed using allied combinationsyes and, but also , coordinating conjunctionsand, yes, and, but, same combined with adverbsalso, moreover, moreover, because and others and particleshere, even .
For example: Until they inspect, approve and approve the price, months will pass, and it is still unknown whether they will approve (Tevek.); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, and besides, caution never hurts... (L.); He studied well, and there was even a rumor that he would knock down the teacher Dardanelov himself in both arithmetic and world history (Dost.).
Connection value can be conveyed only by coordinating conjunctions -a, but, and.
For example: You will already have habits, and habits always win over opinions and beliefs (M.G.); ...The children noisily sculpted a woman from melted snow, and a good woman came out (S.-C.).
UnionAnd often used in a connecting meaning with a demonstrative pronoun, which seems to contain the entire content of the first part of the sentence.
For example: The earth will be a beautiful garden, and this is the meaning of life... (M. G.).
For the attached part of a complex sentence with unionsand, a, but typical repetition of a single-root word (or its synonym), which was indicated in the first part of the complex sentence, with a demonstrative pronoun (lexical pickup).
For example: He treated me gently and attentively, but there was something in this attention that frightened me a little... (M. G.); Then they put out a bare rope, they get something dressed in a lead pipe, and in that pipe there are no less than seven hundred intertwined wires (Sol.).
Every day school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things may be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a complex sentence can lead an adult into a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.
Classmates
Compound sentence
Compound sentence(SSP) – one in which the parts are connected coordinating connection , which is expressed coordinating conjunctions. In this case, all elements are equal and independent.
Division by meaning of conjunctions of a complex sentence
- Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so and;
- Dividing: or, or..or, either, then..that, either..either, not that..not that;
- Adversatives: a, but, yes (=but: handsome, but stupid), but, however.
When children at school are just introduced to the types of sentences, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above are distinguished. However, in high school Students identify three more groups:
- Graduation: not only, not so much..as much, not so much..ah, not so much..but also;
- Explanatory: namely, that is;
- Connective: moreover, moreover, yes and, too, also.
Thus, a complex sentence is distinguished with connecting conjunctions, disjunctive and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational conjunctions, explanatory and connecting.
Compound sentences: examples and diagrams
After the weekend he felt better and made a complete recovery.
Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction And shows the sequence of actions.
Every day he had to do homework or help his mother with housework.
Scheme: () or (). Dividing Andwhether mutually exclusive events.
Now you shoot something, and I’ll make a fire.
Scheme: (), and (). Union A– adversative, which means there is opposition in the sentence.
Not only her relatives admired her intelligence, but also complete strangers.
Scheme: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure divides events by significance and importance.
His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.
Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory conjunction that is.
We have to do this, and we have very little time.
Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesprovides additional facts and information.
Punctuation in complex sentences
In BSC, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.
The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeated coordinating conjunctions:
Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be fulfilled.
Scheme: (), and ().
Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.
Scheme: or (), or ().
Semicolon used when BSC elements are very common and commas are already used:
The boy was happy about the new kite, ran after it and was the most happy man; and the elements were already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.
Scheme: (); A ().
A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:
I have this opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.
Scheme: (), a (); And ().
Dash is put when parts of a complex sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:
The hall froze for a second – and immediately there was wild applause.
Scheme: () – and ().
When punctuation marks are not used
The parts of the BSC are:
- Interrogative: When will you be in town again and dare I ask for a meeting?
- Incentive: Do everything well and may you cope with everything.
- Exclamation: You are so great and I like everything so much!
- Named: Cold and wind. Stuffiness and heat.
- Impersonal offers: It's cold and windy. Stuffy and sultry.
Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences into complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And non-union. Union proposals are divided into compound And complex.
Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are connected with each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by nature of the conjunction and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relations). | AND; Yes(meaning And); neither..., nor; yes and; Same; Also; not only... but also... |
They opened the door and air from the yard steamed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions(adverse relationship). | A; But; Yes(meaning But); however(meaning But); but; but then; and then; not that; or else; particle(in the meaning of the union A); particle only(in the meaning of the union But). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with dividing alliances(separation relations). | Or; or; not that..., not that; then..., then; either... or... |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Pay attention!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight grammar basics to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).
Wed: A man walked from a smoky ice hole and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the trip, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).
In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves and is expensive people to each other(Peskov).
The exception is unions, too, also, particles-unions, only. They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I cried, my mother also cried(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double conjunction not only..., but also expresses gradational relations and is classified as a connecting conjunction in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only the second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly classified as adversative conjunctions. To avoid mistakes, try replacing this double conjunction with the conjunction and.
Wed: Language should not only be understandable or simple, but also language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language must be understandable or simple, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences are very diverse in meaning. Quite often they are close in value to complex sentences.
Wed: If you leave, it will become dark(Shefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, during analysis, it is not this specific meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of coordinating conjunction (conjunctive, adversative, disjunctive).
Notes In some textbooks and manuals, complex sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); Bird flights developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives birds opportunity to avoid unfavorable conditions winter(Peskov). Other researchers classify them as complex sentences or classify them as an independent type complex sentences. Some researchers classify sentences with particles only as non-union sentences.
Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences into complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And non-union. Union proposals are divided into compound And complex.
Compound Sentences (SSPs) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are linked to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by nature of the conjunction and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relations). | AND; Yes(meaning And); neither..., nor; yes and; Same; Also; not only... but also... |
They opened the door and air from the yard steamed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions(adverse relationship). | A; But; Yes(meaning But); however(meaning But); but; but then; and then; not that; or else; particle(in the meaning of the union A); particle only(in the meaning of the union But). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with dividing alliances(separation relations). | Or; or; not that..., not that; then..., then; either... or... |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Pay attention!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when analyzing, be sure to highlight the grammatical basics in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).
Wed: A man walked from a smoky ice hole and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the trip, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).
In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves and is expensive people to each other(Peskov).
The exception is unions, too, also, particles-unions, only. They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I cried, my mother also cried(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double conjunction not only..., but also expresses gradational relations and is classified as a connecting conjunction in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only the second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly classified as adversative conjunctions. To avoid mistakes, try replacing this double conjunction with the conjunction and.
Wed: Language should not only be understandable or simple, but also language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language must be understandable or simple, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences are very diverse in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.
Wed: If you leave, it will become dark(Shefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, during analysis, it is not this specific meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of coordinating conjunction (conjunctive, adversative, disjunctive).
Notes In some textbooks and manuals, complex sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); Bird flights developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives birds opportunity to avoid unfavorable winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers classify them as complex sentences or separate them into an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers classify sentences with particles only as non-union sentences.
Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes, same, but, however, etc.) express comparative and adversative relationships, that is, they indicate the opposition of events, their difference or inconsistency. All such sentences, regardless of whether their parts are homogeneous or heterogeneous, can only be binomial.
According to structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all complex sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.
- In comparative sentences (with conjunctions a, zhe) phenomena that are different in some respect are compared, and these phenomena, despite all their dissimilarity, do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist. Hence the presence in the predicative parts of comparative sentences of typified lexical elements - comparable words of one thematic group.
In all these examples, the comparison is carried out in one temporal and one modal plane. This is typical of the proposals in this group. However, in some cases, events belonging to different time and modal plans can also be compared. For example: Just recently, space flights were a dream, but today they are a reality (From newspapers); You sit here, and I’ll go to the watchman (Gaidar). Finally, species forms can also participate in the expression of comparative relationships. For example: The chaise was driving straight, but for some reason the mill began to move to the left (Chekhov).
The conjunction, connected in its origin with the intensifying particle, retains its excretory-intensifying meaning; the origin of this union also determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-selective. For example: His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him (Kuprin); From our battery, Solyony will go on a barge, while we will go with a combat unit (Chekhov).
- In adversative sentences (with conjunctions but, yes, however, but, and, etc.) they express various types adversative relations: adversative-restrictive, adversative-concessive, adversative-compensatory, etc. All these types of relations are based on the inconsistency of events that are discussed in the predicative parts. The most common and stylistically neutral is the conjunction but. The union is of a colloquial nature, but the union is, however, bookish.
In such sentences, the plans of the unreal modality (1st part) and the real (2nd part) can be correlated, which is respectively expressed by the forms of the subjunctive mood or the so-called “invalid” mood (with the particle was), etc. For example: She would go too to the forest, but there is no one to leave the children with (Abramov); Languishing in boredom, Grigory was about to go into the house, but three mounted Cossacks from someone else’s hundred (Sholokhov) appeared along the street.
If real modality is expressed in the first and second parts, then a complex sentence often has the meaning of a restrictive clarification (a positive fact is specified with the help of a more specific negative, or vice versa). For example: Darwin was not an embryologist, but he fully understood the importance of embryological research for solving evolutionary processes (Severtsov). Wed. with the union, however: I felt somehow terribly sad at that moment; however, something similar to laughter stirred in my soul (Dostoevsky).
Compound sentences with only a particle conjunction are similar in structure and meaning to the sentences considered. For example: I could show you Moscow, only today I’m busy (meaning restriction-obstacle); The whole house is asleep, only one window is lit (meaning limitation-clarification).
In adversative concessive sentences (with conjunctions but, however, yes), the adversative meaning is complicated by the concessive meaning (one phenomenon should have caused another, but did not). For example: I had my own room in the house, but I lived in the yard in a shack... (Chekhov). Wed. complex sentence with a concessive clause: Although I had my own room in the house, I lived in the yard in a shack. The concessional meaning is formed mainly by the lexical composition of the parts, so its connotation is inherent in many types of both complex and complex sentences. Wed: I had my own room in the house, but I lived in the yard in a shack; I did not live in a house where I had my own room, but in a shack in the yard.
The distinctly adversative-concessive meaning is expressed with the help of the particles nevertheless, nevertheless, anyway, meanwhile, with all that, etc. In this case, the concessive-concessive meaning is equally manifested in sentences with the conjunction but, and in sentences with the conjunction A. Compare, for example: I always quarrel with them, but still I love them very much (Dostoevsky); Mother cried every minute, her health became worse day by day, she was apparently wasting away, and yet we worked with her from morning to night (Dostoevsky). Wed. also with adverbs still (still), already (already): The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are already noisy in the spring (Tyutchev).
In adversative-compensatory sentences (with conjunctions but, but, yes), any phenomenon is considered with different sides, and one side of it is most often assessed as negative, and the second - as positive. For example: The Cossacks dismounted in front of the river. The ford was shallow, but the current was very fast (Arsenyev); The guns in the arsenals rust, but the shakos sparkle (Simonov). Wed. a sentence with a complex union formation, but: He will have a lot of work, but in winter he will rest (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
More complex meanings are characterized by complex sentences with comparative-gradational conjunctions not only not... but...; not that... but (a)... etc. For example: By morning, not only did it not get warmer, but even frost fell; By morning, it wasn’t just that it got warmer, but the wind just died down. One of the compared events is presented in such sentences as refuting any judgment, assumption or as clarifying it. Wed. a sentence with a connecting-gradational conjunction not only but also...: By morning, not only did it get warmer, but the wind also died down.
Note. The groups and subgroups of complex sentences with connecting and adversative conjunctions identified above do not exhaust the entire wealth of grammatical meanings expressed in sentences of various structures. IN special studies Among the sentences with coordinating conjunctions, sentences of connective incongruity also stand out (We often quarrel, and yet I love him), connective-restrictive (All the cadets fell into line, and only Ivanov, it seemed, did not hear the command), comparative-restrictive (All the cadets got into formation, but Ivanov hesitated), inconsistencies (It’s about spring, but the frost is getting stronger), offensively widespread (It’s easy to make fun of great people, but this doesn’t make you any taller), etc.
Most of these proposals, in comparison with those discussed above, represent more special cases, often transitional, in which the differences between individual groups of proposals are erased.
Methodological note. The school textbook only gives general concept about the grammatical meanings of complex sentences with connecting and adversative conjunctions. The first lists phenomena that occur simultaneously or follow each other; secondly, one phenomenon is contrasted with another. It is impossible to give a complex structural-semantic classification of these sentences in school. However, individual observations on the correspondence between form and content can be made when working on the exercises in the textbook.
