Nouns are very widely represented in the Russian language. They can act as main and secondary members of a sentence. By using noun cases, speakers and writers can relate these parts of speech to others in the context of a sentence. Another category of a noun is directly related to cases - its declension. From correct definition which, by the way, depends on the spelling correctness of what is written.
Case category
The case of nouns is like this grammatical category, which indicates the relationship of this part of speech to other words in the sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation and even word order.
In modern Russian there are only 6 case forms.
Case name | Noun case questions | |
Nominative | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | |
Dative | To whom? Why? | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | |
Instrumental | ||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? |
Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it lost its significance during the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remain in common parlance. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the address: father, man. On modern stage development of the Russian language, it is realized in the following colloquial addresses: Sing, Vasya, Tan, etc.
The meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative
In addition to grammatical meaning, the cases of nouns have a lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.
Nominative. This is the basic form of a noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case there is always a subject, as well as a word in them. p. can be an integral part of the predicate.
Example: The roses bloomed on time. Subject roses costs in nominative case.
Another example: This tree is birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch- nominal part of a compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. p.).
Meanings of the genitive case
Genitive. Can associate nouns with various parts speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will mean:
- a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
- affiliation: mom's shoes b;
- object of some action: boiling water;
- definition relations: beauty of the fields.
The genitive case is used for the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (who?) a bull. With a cardinal number: thousand (what?) rubles.
As for the verb and verb forms, then this case is applied in the following cases:
- denotes a specific object when associated with transitive verb: write out a receipt;
- used after verbs such as to fear, to achieve, to lose me and others: seek (what?) permission.
The genitive case is used when reporting an exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two.
Meanings of the dative and accusative cases
Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. Thus, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).
The accusative case indicates that before us direct object: I'm writing a poem.
Instrumental and prepositional cases
A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:
- weapon or method of action: punch (with what?)(way), hit (with what?) with a hammer(weapon);
- subject performing the action: written (by whom?) by mother; washed with (what?) a rag;
- is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (what?) a doctor.
The prepositional case is special, as is clear from its name. It always requires a preposition. May refer to:
- topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about Goethe's work; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
- temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
- used to indicate a date, but not a full date, but indicating the year: I was born (when?) in nineteen ninety.
Declension of nouns
To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a primary role. There are three types of declension in the Russian language, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender must be known first.
Nouns like homeland, earth, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and endings -а/-я. Small nouns also fall into these declensions masculine: Vitya, grandfather, dad. In addition to gender, they are united by the endings -a/-я.
The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a zero ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.
If there is a noun in front of you feminine, ending in soft sign(zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.
Nouns can have an adjectival declension, that is, they change by case like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, greeting.
To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.
For example, let’s determine the cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was riding on flat ground.
Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word has 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by area depends on the word was driving. We ask a question: drove (where?) around the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. Terrain- feminine, ending in b, therefore the third declension.
Declension of singular nouns
To determine which ending you need to write a noun with, it is necessary to know gender, number, case and declension. Declension can be hard or soft: a word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.
Let's give examples of declension of singular nouns and pay attention to endings in some forms.
First declension
Solid type | Soft type | ||
Nominative | Provocation |
||
Genitive | Provocations |
||
Dative | Provocations |
||
Accusative | Provocation |
||
Instrumental | Provocative |
||
Prepositional | About provocation |
Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun ending in -iya, on the contrary, in these cases the ending -i should be written.
Second declension
Masculine | Neuter |
||||
Solid type | Solid type | Soft type | |||
Nominative | |||||
Genitive | |||||
Dative | |||||
Accusative | |||||
Instrumental | |||||
Prepositional | |||||
Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If a noun ends in -й/-и, then it is necessary to write -и in this case.
Third declension
We pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in singular in this declension you need to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.
Declension of plural nouns
Let's look at the cases of nouns plural.
1st declension | 2nd declension | 3rd declension |
|||
Solid type | Soft type | Masculine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | Pots | ||||
Genitive | Pans | ||||
Dative | Pictures | Pots | |||
Accusative | Pots | ||||
Instrumental | Paintings | Pots | Barracks | ||
Prepositional | About the paintings | About pans | About the barracks | ||
Nouns in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have identical endings.
The endings -и/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.
To distinguish lexical meanings nouns put in the plural form have different endings: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).
Nouns like treaties, elections, engineers, officers, designers You only need to write with the ending -ы. A different inflection is a violation of the norm.
Indeclinable nouns
The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing by case, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.
Singular | Plural |
|||
Nominative | stirrups | |||
Genitive | stirrups | |||
Dative | stirrups | stirrups | ||
Accusative | stirrups | |||
Instrumental | stirrup | stirrups | ||
Prepositional | about the stirrup | about stirrups | ||
Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.
Immutable nouns
One more special group nouns are unchangeable. They are not put in number and case form. They always have the same form: without kimono(R.p.) - about kimono(P.p.); new kimono(units) - purchased kimonos(plural).
How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? We look at the number and case according to the word to which it refers. Examples:
1. Pedestrians were hurrying along the new highway.
2. New highways have been built.
In the first sentence we determine the number and case of the adjective new(units, d.p.). In the second - also by adjective new(plural, im.p.).
Invariable nouns are usually foreign words, as common nouns ( citro, cafe), and their own ( Baku, Hugo). Complex abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also unchangeable. For example: Computer, nuclear power plant.
Declension". They talk about types of declension individual parts speech (for example, in the Russian language there is a substantive - declension of nouns, an adjective - declension of adjectives and pronominal declension) and individual groups of words within one part of speech. Thus, traditionally in the Russian substantive declension I ( head - heads), II ( table - table) and III ( notebook - notebooks) types of declension, as well as special cases: indeclinable words (which have all the same forms in both numbers: metro, kangaroo, beige etc.), a few words with -en- in oblique cases ( time - time), two words with -er- in oblique cases ( mother - mothers, daughter - daughters), special declension Christ - Christ etc. Other, more economical ways of classifying Russian inflectional paradigms have been proposed - for example, A. A. Zaliznyak combines the traditional I and II declension into the “I substantive type of declension” with endings that differ depending on the morphological gender.
The Latvian language has six types of declension, the Armenian language has seven types of declension, and the Ukrainian language has four types of declension. Most planned languages have one type of declension.
Declension of nouns in Russian
All nouns can be divided into seven groups, which will have the same endings (forms) when declension by case and number, that is, there are seven types of declension of nouns:
- I declension - nouns of the feminine, masculine and general gender, having the ending -a (-я) in the nominative singular case ( country, earth, army, head, uncle, young man, Petya, crybaby, sleepyhead, bully).
- II declension - masculine nouns with a zero ending or ending -о (-е) and nouns and neuter nouns with the ending -о (-е) in the nominative singular case ( house, horse, museum, little house, shed, window, sea, gorge, journeyman).
- Nouns inflected according to the adjective type (adjective declension) are nouns formed from adjectives and participles by moving from one part of speech to another ( passerby, duty, bathroom, ice cream).
- Indeclinables are nouns that do not have declension forms and do not change by case; most often foreign languages ( Taxi, flamingo, cafe, metro, kangaroo).
- Several nouns inflected according to the pronominal type - nouns formed from pronouns by moving from one part of speech to another or inflected like pronouns ( draw, cable).
Formation of declensions in Indo-European languages
In the Indo-European proto-language, case endings were in most cases the same for all names. These endings were attached to the stem using one of the connecting (or thematic) vowels a:, o, i, u or u:. IN in some cases there might not have been a connecting vowel.
Some time later, after the collapse of the proto-language, case endings began to be shortened in some Indo-European languages. A connecting vowel could also disappear in one case form but remain in another form of the same word. Since the base is something that does not depend on the case, the connecting vowel moved to the ending.
This process is called re-decomposition of the bases; it led to the fact that names that previously had different connecting vowels began to decline differently. Thus, in Indo-European languages, declensions were formed, of which there were initially six main types: five in accordance with the five connecting vowels, and one for words in which this vowel was absent (the so-called athematic declension).
For example, in Latin grammar there are traditionally five declensions, but the third exists in two variants: the third vowel and the third consonant. In fact, the third consonant is an athematic declension.
Athematic declension
Words belonging to the athematic declension have given exceptions in many languages. In the absence of a thematic vowel, the existing stem was often subject to phonetic changes. Below is a classification of ancient principles and examples of exceptions.
Basics with suffix.
- stems ending in -n (suffixes -n, -en, -men)
- -er stems (terms of consanguinity)
- stems in -es
- stems with -ent (a Proto-Slavic suffix meaning children and young animals): this type gave exceptions such as kitty - kittens. Although in this case the exception was not formed by truncation of the stem, nevertheless, an anomaly arose here too.
Root stems (without a suffix) gave numerous exceptions in the formation of the plural. For example, in English man(Human) - men(People), mouse(mouse) - mice(mice), etc. In Russian, child means children.
Notes
Literature
- A. A. Zaliznyak. Russian nominal inflection. - M.: 1967.
- Russian grammar. - M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1980.
- Bulygina T.V., Krylov S.A. Declension // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: 1990.
Links
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Many of us remember from school what is called declination. But not everyone will be able to reproduce all the aspects associated with it. But knowledge of the rules associated with the declension of names nouns, will help us avoid making spelling mistakes in the future.
Actually any independent part of speech (except for adverbs and gerunds) can change according to its own rules. Verbs, changing in persons and numbers, conjugate, and nominal parts of speech are declined. What does this mean anyway? Declension of words is the ability of nouns, adjectives, numerals and participles to change according to:
- Childbirth (male, middle, female, not counting nouns).
- Numbers (singular and plural).
- Cases.
The set of Russian rules, Grammar-80, recognized by many, explains differently what is called declension. He proposes to define it as a change in the class of words by case. Which of the definitions is closer and what is called declension, everyone is free to choose for themselves.
Based on the definition of declension in the Russian language, we need to remember what case is. It is called a grammatical form that connects any noun with words of other parts of speech. Case indicates how the parts of speech specifically agree with each other.
For a long time, the case system was subject to changes. IN Old Russian the language counted not 6, as in our time, but seven cases. The next one was called vocative. Today it has already been abolished, and now there are 6 of them left.
- Nominative. A special case, since only it is called direct (who? what?), others are indirect. In the form named after pad. subjects appear in sentences. Another feature of it: it is the original form for nominal parts of speech.
- Genitive. This form answers the questions Who? What? In order not to confuse it with other cases, you can substitute the auxiliary word no: cat to them. p, (no) cat born. p.
- Dative. This case is named so because it answers the questions To whom? Why? Declension of words will be easier if you substitute the word give: cat date. p.
- Accusative. Quite a controversial form. Has a question similar to the nominative case for inanimate objects- What? True, in relation to living creatures the question is asked: Who? The word blame, substituted for what he is checking. noun will help you understand the rules of declension: (blame) cat wine. p.
- Instrumental. Special case. Answers questions by whom? How? The test word for him is to create: cat TV. pad.
- Prepositional. Form answering questions About whom? About what? For easy memorization, we substitute the word think: about the cat, sentence. p.
We remembered the case system that the Russian language is studying. Declension also depends on the category of number. There are only two of them in our language - singular and plural. Almost all nouns have both forms. But, as with any rule, there are exceptions. Some words are used exclusively in one single form. An example of those that only have a singular number: the sun (well, that's reasonable, it exists in one copy), milk, foliage, highway (it is foreign language).
But Russian the language is so diverse that it has in its arsenal words that are used only in the plural. Example: scissors, pants, glasses, watches, people.
The declension system in the Russian language, as is clear, consists of 3 groups. Each of them has its own characteristics. The 1st declension has the following special features:
- Words naming certain male persons with the endings a or -ya. uncle, man, dad, Vanya.
- Nouns that also have the endings a or ya. denoting people and objects of the feminine gender: spring, hand, aunt, Anna.
- The same endings (-а/-я) with nouns of the general gender (in other words, they immediately denote both male and female persons): crybaby, grump, sleepyhead, slob.
- Nouns that have zero endings in their original form and are masculine: table, stump, ceiling, spouse.
- Words spouse. kind, but ending in o or e. little house.
- Them. noun with neuter endings o or e: sky, spot, sea, gun.
This group of nouns is the most special. It includes only words of the feminine gender and only with a zero ending: mouse, oven, life, reality.
You need to keep in mind a fundamental rule regarding the third declension: when a word ends in one of the hissing sounds, a soft symbol is certainly written in it (daughter, night, oven). They should not be confused with nouns of the second declension in sibilant (ray, cloak, mite). They are masculine and therefore do not require a soft sign at the end.
Summarizing the above, we were able to put together the declension of nouns. The table shows everything more clearly. Study it closely.
Now we know what is called declension and what words refer to each of them. But not the entire lexical composition of our language obeys these rules. There are nouns that incorporate endings of both the first and second declension. They are called heterogeneous.
What are the features of such nouns? Firstly, almost all of them end in me: time, name, burden, stirrup and others. And the word path also belongs to this group.
Secondly, the rules for declension of differently indeclinable nouns are such that when changing these words by case, all forms will have the suffix en (except I.p. and V.p.): time, stirrup, seed.
Thirdly, inflecting these words, we can notice that in genitive, dative and prepositional cases they took the ending from the 3rd cl. and in the instrumental the ending -em appeared, as in the 2nd declension.
Our speech is rapid replenished new words of foreign origin. They do not have declension forms in the Russian language and therefore are called indeclinable.
- Foreign words that came to us from other languages starting with o, -e, -i, - u. coat, fillet, Sochi, kangaroo. In all cases they will have the same form, so there is simply no point in declining them. (Walk in a coat, approach a kangaroo, go to Sochi.)
- Surnames ending in ko, -ago, -yh. Yurchenko, Zhivago, Belykh. (To be a visitor to Kozarenko, to come to the Reds.)
- Words formed by abbreviation: USSR, ATS.
Related to this topic is the correct spelling of the letters i and e at the end of nouns. By observing the rules of declension, we were able to identify that the ending e is written in the words:
- First declension (the exception is gender): to the river (dat.p.), about mother (pr.p.), on the topic (dat.p.).
- Second declension: about the ray (pr.p.), about the sea (pr.p.)
- Third declension: in the steppe (pr.p.), towards the night (dat.p.)
- First class used in birth. case: by the river.
- In words ending in i, i, i. V planetariums, on a promotion, about an event.
- For differently inflected nouns they also write and. on the way, about time.
After reading these simple rules, you will know what is called declination. It should not be confused with inflection of other parts of speech, such as conjugation of verbs.
It is imperative to study it, since our practical literacy depends on theoretical knowledge. From our article we can draw the following conclusions:
- Nouns change not only by cases, but also by numbers.
- But it is worth remembering that not all words of this part of speech have these categories. Some of them cannot be indeclined at all (indeclinable) and do not have one of the number forms (only plural or singular).
- Each of the declinations has its own characteristics, so it is worth studying them carefully. We gave an example of the declension of nouns (table).
- Personal endings that are not accented obey the code certain rules. Depending on the declension and case, the letter will be written either e or i. This topic is one of the most difficult in the course of studying nouns.
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Oh, this declension... When studying a noun, it is this topic that makes you really rack your brain in order to remember all the unstressed endings in all kinds of cases and numbers. How to determine the declension of nouns? The table and examples will make the task easier! Let's try to figure it out and become a little more competent!
What is declination?
Declension of a noun (a table of examples is given in the text) is a change in the case of a word and its number. Let's look at the examples in the table.
The table of declension of nouns by case shows that all nouns are divided into groups depending on what endings they acquire in the form of one case or another. Accordingly, all words related to the same phrase will have the same set of endings. Knowing how to determine the declension, you can avoid mistakes in writing the endings of nouns in a weak position, in other words, not under stress.
How many declensions can a noun have?
The table of declension of nouns by case, given in the previous section, showed that any words of the same declension in the form of the same case will have the same endings. It presents the three most common types of declension of our language. But, as you know, he is very rich, and simple rules does not exist in it. In addition to the three presented, there are other types of declinations.
So, what types of declinations are there? The most common are the first, second and third declension.
A separate group consists of words that end in -ies: intent, crime, agreement, etc.
The next group are words ending with -and I: mania, Natalia, waist, session, commission, etc.
There is a small group of words ending in -me, which are also inflected in a certain way: time, tribe, etc. Such words are called differently inflected nouns (a separate paragraph of the article will be devoted to them). Words such as path and child are also considered indeclinable.
And finally, there are also words that cannot change either by case or number, and “look” the same in all forms. These are indeclinable, or unchangeable, nouns: kangaroo, kiwi and others.
Why do you need to be able to determine declination?
The table will tell us how to determine the declension of a noun a little later. But very often the question arises: why do this? Why remember all these cases, endings, many “special” words that need to be remembered? But here's why. Let's take the word "path" as an example: I'm walking along the path, or I'm walking along the path? What should I do? Which letter should I choose? And here's another word: "winter". It is also feminine with the ending -a-. We put in the same case: (to whom? to what?) - WINTER. But we already know that all words of the same declension acquire the same ending when changed. So you need to write like this: I'm walking along(to whom? to what) pathE. The issue is resolved!
How to determine the declension of a noun? The table and examples in the following paragraphs will help you not to make mistakes in this rather simple question!
Nouns of 1st declension
These are feminine and masculine words that have endings in the initial form -A or -I(remember that initial form for a noun it is nominative and singular).
There are a lot of feminine words with such endings in the Russian language: mom, Masha, pajamas, apartment, work, daughter and many, many others. There are fewer masculine words, but they exist and are very common: dad, grandfather, Vasya, Petya and other male names.
The table of nouns of the 1st declension will compare words with stressed and unstressed ending to show that all words of a given declension will have similar case endings.
Nouns 2nd declension
These are masculine words that have (it is not expressed by a letter in the nominative case, but “appears” in other forms) and neuter gender with the endings -o, -e: raft, horse, lake, sea, field, etc. The table of nouns of the 2nd declension will show which endings the words acquire when changing by case.
As we see, in accusative case have different endings. And only prepositional case forms with an unstressed ending can cause difficulties, so you should remember that in this form you need to write - e.
Nouns of the 3rd declension
These are feminine words with a zero ending. They all end in a soft sign: mouse, brooch, region, passion, and so on. Let's see what endings these words take in different forms.
It is very easy to remember: in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, such words acquire the ending - And.
Nouns starting with -и, -я
The word “aspiration” is neuter, but it cannot be attributed to the 2nd declension; the word "mantle" is feminine, but does not change like words of the 1st declension. The table of declension of nouns by case will show the difference in endings.
As can be seen from the table, the words in -ies differ from words of the 2nd declension only in the prepositional case, and words in -and I from words of the 1st declension - in the dative and prepositional.
Remember that words ending in -ya, in all forms behave like words of the 1st declension. Therefore, for example, the forms of the same name Natalia and Natalia will be inclined differently: (give) Natalia, Natalia, (talk) about Natalia, about Natalia.
Table of declension endings for nouns
Let's summarize what has been said with a table case endings words belonging to different declensions.
| Case | -1 cl- | -2 cl- | -3 cl- | -ies | -and I |
| I.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o, -e house, dish | |||
| R.p. | paws, bullets | home, dishes | |||
| D.p. | paw, bullet | home, dish | |||
| V.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o/-e house, dish | |||
| etc. | -oh/-ey paw, bullet | -om/-em home, dish | greatness | ||
| P.p. | about the paw, about the bullet | about the house, about the dish | about greatness |
Let's hope that no one will have any difficulty choosing the desired ending and determining the declension of nouns in the Russian language. The table explained everything in great detail.
It should be noted that -ies And -and I cannot be isolated as a separate morpheme, ending. IN in this case, these are simply the letters that the word ends with. such words are the topic of another article.
Declension of plural nouns (the table here is, in general, unnecessary) very rarely causes difficulties, since the letters are mostly clearly audible. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases in the plural, all three declensions will have the same endings. We suggest you decline any words in the plural yourself and make sure of this.
Indeclinable nouns
There are few indeclinable words among the nouns of the Russian language. Why are they divergent? Because they cannot be attributed to any one declension; in different cases they “behave” differently. These are words ending with -me(there are about ten of them), the words “path” and “child”. Let's look at the features of the declension of nouns in the Russian language (table) - those words that are considered differently indeclinable.
| I.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| R.p. | strem-en-i | put-i | dit-yat-i |
| D.p. | strem-en-i | put-i | dit-yat-i |
| V.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| etc. | rush-en-em | put-em | dit-yat-ey |
| P.p. | o strem-en-i | about the way | oh dit-yat-i |
As you can see, the word “child” is inclined in a very special way. The word "path" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases "behaves" like a word of the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental - like a word of the 2nd declension. Well, words ending with -me, in indirect cases they acquire the suffix -en-.
You need to remember these words so as not to make a mistake in choosing the right ending.
Unbending words
These are mostly borrowed words - coming from other languages. They can denote the names of animals, plants, dishes, as well as the names or surnames of people, the names of objects. Having entered our language, such words retained the peculiarity of not changing their form when entering a sentence. No matter what case or number such a word should be placed in, it will sound the same.
- Pour me some coffee - I admire morning coffee - we're talking about coffee.
- This is my cockatoo - I don’t have a cockatoo - give food to the cockatoo - remember the cockatoo.
- Dumas's novel - dedicated to Dumas - writes about Dumas.
It is incorrect and ignorant to inflect such words in a sentence. Everyone knows the joke phrase “I’m sitting in the first row of a movie theater with a popiroska in my tooth.” Let's not be like the hero of this joke! Declinable words must be used correctly, but indeclinable words do not need to be changed at all.
Let's sum it up
Determining the declension of nouns (table above) is not a complicated process at all, which will help you avoid mistakes when writing. Let's try to summarize all of the above.
There are three main declensions in the Russian language, but there are also special words ending in -and I And - Yep, and a few different words. Words are divided into three main groups depending on gender and ending in the nominative case.
All words of the same declension have similar endings. They can be learned so as not to make mistakes. Or you can do it differently: instead of a word with an unstressed ending, substitute any word of the same declension, but in which the stress falls on the ending. The letter at the end of these words will be the same!
Words on -and I And -ies are not included in the three main groups, because they change according to cases and numbers in a special way, and they need to be remembered.
You should also remember a small group of differently inflected words. Their set of endings does not coincide with any of the above declensions, which is why they require special attention.
And finally, inflexible words: they do not change, no matter in what context they are used. Decline words such as in a sentence cinema, coat, coffee, purse, kangaroo,- a sign of low literacy and general culture.
We hope that the article was useful and helped to understand such a difficult topic as noun declension. The table and examples were clear, and therefore choosing the correct ending will now not be difficult.
Be literate!
1. Case of nouns
Nouns change by case. Case- a form of a noun that expresses its syntactic relationship with other words in a sentence. Case is an inflectional category, realized with the help of endings. In Russian six cases:
- nominative(the nominative case is always used without a preposition; in a sentence it is the subject or predicate);
- indirect cases : genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional (prepositional case is always used with prepositions, other indirect cases can be used with or without prepositions).
2. Declension of nouns
Declension- this is a change in nouns by case. There are three declensions nouns. The distribution by declensions depends on the gender of the nouns and their ending in the nominative singular.
3. Special endings for nouns ending in -й, -и, -я
Nouns of the 1st declension in -and I(army, lecture) and 2nd declension on -th And -ies(genius, sanatorium, meeting) in the prepositional case have the ending -And(about a genius, in a sanatorium, at a meeting, in the army). Nouns on -and I V dative case also end in -And(cf.: give to Marya, but give to Mary).
4. Indeclinable nouns
Ten nouns per -me (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown ) and the noun path are indeclinable. In the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of the 3rd declension -i. In other cases they have endings of the 2nd declension.
When nouns are declined to -me a formative suffix is added to the root -en (-yon): names - names, banners - banners. Words seed And stirrup in the genitive plural they have the suffix -yan(and not - en): seeds, stirrups. Words burden, udder, flame, crown have no plural.
5. Indeclinable nouns
Indeclinable nouns have the same form for all cases, i.e. do not bow: bought a piano (v.p.), I play the piano (p.p.). The undecidables include:
- many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels: radio, metro, scoreboard, taxi, stew, kangaroo, menu, Dumas, Oslo, Baku;
- foreign language surnames ending in a consonant and denoting female persons: Roman Voynich (r.p.); if such a surname denotes a male person, it is inclined according to the 2nd declension: Remarque’s novel;
- Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o and -ih(s): Franko, Chernykh, Dolgikh, Zhivago’, such surnames are not declined regardless of the gender of the person bearing this surname;
- many compound words: Moscow State University, State Traffic Inspectorate, Hydroelectric Power Station.
Nouns on -anin, -Yanin in plural h. lose the suffix -in: townsman - townspeople .
Nouns are especially declined: mother, daughter, path, child.
Declension of nouns in the singular. Table
6. Declension of nouns in the plural
1. Most nouns in nominative plural have endings:
1st class and. r. abbreviations s, army And, m.r. men s, young man And
2nd class m.r. Baby And, father s s.r. floor I, glass A
3rd class and. r. step And, daughter And
2. Some nouns masculine nominative plural are used with the endings -A, -Ya. For example: shore A, century A, city A, stamp I, anchor I.
3. Nouns differ in meaning:
4. In the nominative plural, two forms of endings are possible.
