Ways to solve the problem of protecting people's health. Global problems of health and longevity of mankind. on economic and social geography of the world

Global problems of humanity. essence and solutions

Global are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require united efforts and joint actions of all states and peoples to be solved.

In the scientific literature you can find various lists of global problems, where their number varies from 8-10 to 40-45. This is explained by the fact that, along with global problems, there are many more private problems.

There are also various classifications global problems. Usually among them are:

1) problems of the most “universal” nature;

2) problems of a natural and economic nature;

3) problems of a social nature;

4) problems of a mixed nature.

The main global problems include the following.

I. Environmental problem. Depletion of the environment as a result of irrational use of natural resources, pollution by solid, liquid and gaseous waste, and poisoning by radioactive waste have led to significant degradation of the global environmental problem. In some countries, the tension of the environmental problem has reached an ecological crisis. The concept of an ecological crisis area and an area with a catastrophic environmental situation has emerged. A global environmental threat has emerged in the form of uncontrolled climate change on Earth and destruction of the ozone layer in the stratosphere.

Currently everything larger number countries are beginning to join forces to solve environmental problems. The world community proceeds from the fact that the main way to solve the environmental problem is to organize the production and non-production activities of people in such a way that would ensure normal eco-development, conservation and transformation of the environment in the interests of humanity and every person.

II. Demographic problem. The population explosion around the world has already begun to wane. In order to solve the demographic problem, the UN adopted the “World Population Plan of Action”, in the implementation of which both geographers and demographers participate. At the same time, progressive forces proceed from the fact that family planning programs can help improve population reproduction. For this, demographic policy alone is not enough. It must be accompanied by improvements in economic and social conditions people's lives.

III. The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing nuclear war. An agreement on the reduction and limitation of offensive weapons between countries is currently being developed. Civilization faces the task of creating a comprehensive security system, phased elimination of nuclear arsenals, reducing arms trade, and demilitarizing the economy.

IV. Food problem. Currently, according to the UN, almost 2/3 of humanity lives in countries where there is a constant shortage of food. To solve this problem, humanity must make fuller use of the resources of crop production, livestock farming and fisheries. However, it can go in two ways. The first is the extensive path, which consists of further expansion of arable, pasture and fishing grounds. The second is an intensive way, which consists of increasing the biological productivity of existing land. Biotechnology, the use of new high-yielding varieties, further development mechanization, chemicalization and land reclamation.

V. Energy and raw materials problem- First of all, the problem of providing humanity with fuel and raw materials. Fuel and energy resources are constantly being depleted, and in a few hundred years they may disappear altogether. Enormous opportunities for solving this problem are opened up by the achievements of scientific and technical progress, and at all stages of the technological chain.

VI. The problem of human health. IN Lately When assessing the quality of life of people, the state of their health comes first. Despite the fact that great strides have been made in the fight against many diseases in the 20th century, a large number of diseases still continue to threaten people's lives.

VII. The problem of using the World Ocean, which plays an important role in communication between countries and peoples. Recently, the aggravation of the raw materials and energy problems has led to the emergence of offshore mining and chemical industry, marine energy. The worsening food problem has increased interest in the biological resources of the Ocean. The deepening of the international division of labor and the development of trade are accompanied by an increase in maritime transport.

As a result of all production and scientific activity within the World Ocean and the ocean-land contact zone, a special component of the world economy arose - the marine economy. It includes the mining and manufacturing industries, fisheries, energy, transport, trade, recreation and tourism. Such activities gave rise to another problem - the extremely uneven development of the resources of the World Ocean, pollution of the marine environment, and its use as an arena for military activity. The main way to solve the problem of using the World Ocean is rational oceanic environmental management, a balanced, integrated approach to its wealth, based on the combined efforts of the entire world community.

VIII. The problem of space exploration. Space is the common heritage of humanity. Space programs have recently become more complex and require the concentration of technical, economic, and intellectual efforts of many countries and peoples. Global space exploration is based on the use of the latest achievements of science and technology, production and management.

Each of the global problems has its own specific content. But they are all closely interconnected. Recently, the center of gravity of global problems has been moving to the countries of the developing world. The food problem in these countries has become the most catastrophic. The plight of most developing countries has become a major human and global problem. The main way to solve it is to carry out fundamental socio-economic transformations in all spheres of life and activity of these countries, to develop scientific and technological progress, and international cooperation.

2) Global studies is a field of knowledge that studies global problems of humanity.

Global problems:

They concern all of humanity, affecting the interests of all countries, peoples, and layers of society;

Lead to significant economic and social losses and may threaten the existence of humanity;

They can only be resolved through cooperation on a planetary scale.

The main reason for the emergence (or rather, close study) of global problems is the globalization of economic and political relations! è awareness that the world is interdependent and that there are common problems whose solutions are vital.

Dr. causes: fast growth humanity.

Great pace of technological progress

Scientific and technological revolution is the transformation of productive forces (the introduction of new technologies) and production relations (including the relationship between man and nature).

Necessity large quantity natural resources and the realization that many of them will sooner or later run out.

“Cold War” people really felt the threat of the destruction of humanity.

The main global problems: the problem of peace and disarmament, demographic, environmental, food, energy, raw materials, the problem of the development of the world's oceans, space exploration, the problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries, nationalism, deficit of democracy, terrorism, drug addiction, etc.

Classification of global problems according to Yu. Gladkov:

1. Most universal problems watered and social economics. nature (prevention nuclear war, ensuring sustainable development of the world community)

2. Problems of a natural and economic nature (food, environmental)

3. Problems of a social nature (demographic, democratic deficit)

4. Problems of a mixed nature leading to loss of life (regional conflicts, technological accidents, natural disasters)

5. Problems of a purely scientific nature (space exploration)

6. Small problems of a synthetic nature (bureaucratization, etc.)

The problem and its essence	Causes of occurrence (or exacerbation)	Solutions	Achieved results and creatures. difficulties
1. Prevention of war; the problem of peace and disarmament - the world is under threat of destruction by nuclear war or something like that	1. Two world wars of the 20th century 2. Technical progress. Creation and proliferation of new types of weapons (in particular nuclear weapons)	1. Establishment of stricter control over nuclear and chemical weapons 2. Reduction of conventional weapons and arms trade 3. General reduction in military spending	1) Signing of international treaties: on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (1968 - 180th state), on the ban nuclear tests, convention banning the development, production, chemicals. weapons (1997), etc. 2) The arms trade decreased by 2 rubles. (from 1987 to 1994) 3) Reduction of military spending by 1/3 (for the 1990s) 4) Strengthened control over the non-proliferation of nuclear and other weapons by the international community (Example: activities of the IAEA, etc. international organizations) but to non-proliferation treaties different types not all countries have joined weapons, or some countries are withdrawing from such treaties (Example: the United States unilaterally withdrew from the ABM Treaty in 2002); The activities of some countries give reason to believe that they are developing nuclear weapons (North Korea, Iran). Armed conflicts do not stop (Lebanon - Israel, the war in Iraq, etc.) - In a word, everything is still far from perfect...
2. Environmental problem - Expressed in environmental degradation and increasing environmental crisis - Manifests itself in various natural disasters, climate change, deterioration in the quality of water, land, resources	1. Irrational environmental management(deforestation, resource waste, drainage of swamps, etc.) 2. Pollution of the environment with human waste. activities (metallization, radioactive contamination...etc.) 3. Economy. development without taking into account opportunities natural environment(dirty industries, giant factories, And all these negative factors accumulated and finally - environmental awareness. Problems!	Carrying out environmental policy at the state, regional and global levels: 1. Optimization of the use of natural resources in the process of social production (Ex: introduction of resource-saving technologies) 2. Nature conservation (Ex: creation of specially protected natural areas; regulation harmful emissions) 3. Ensuring the environmental safety of the population. Success depends on the level of socio-economic development of individual countries (it is clear that developing countries cannot afford to produce environmentally friendly garbage bags) + international cooperation!	1) The existence of the problem was realized, measures began to be taken 2) Holding international conferences and forums (UN World Conference on the Environment) 3) Signing the international. conventions, agreements, etc. (World Conservation Charter (1980), Declaration on Environment and Development (during the conference in Rio de J. in 1992), Helsinki Protocol (set the goal of reducing CO2 emissions), Kyoto Protocol (1997 - limited greenhouse gas emissions gases), Earth Charter (2002), etc. 4) Creation and activities of international governmental and non-governmental organizations, programs (Greenpeace, UNEP) 5) Strict environmental legislation in a number of countries + introduction of environmental technologies, etc. VIS spend 1-1.5% of GDP on “ecology” VIS spend 0.3% of GDP on “ecology” in poor countries (owing 0.7%) but this problem receives little attention and money. Relocation of dirty production facilities is practiced, but general condition The earth is not improving because of this. Many developing countries are still on an extensive development path and cannot afford to spend money on greening.
3. Demographic problem - The world's population is growing too fast (population explosion since the 1960s) food shortages, poverty, epidemics, unemployment, migration, etc.	Most developing countries have entered the second phase of reproduction (ç wider use of the achievements of world medicine, minor advances in the economy) Mortality decreased, and the birth rate remained very high for 2-3 generations	Implementation of demographic policy: - Economic measures (Ex: benefits, allowances) - Administrative and legal (Ex: regulation of the age of marriage, permission of abortions) · Educational Because for conducting demogr. politics requires a lot of money, then international cooperation is needed	In some countries (China, Thailand, Argentina), where demogr. The policy managed to reduce the population growth rate to 1% per year. In some - a demographer. the explosion subsided (Brazil, Iran, Morocco, Chile). Mostly this problem Only the “advanced” from developing countries decide. In the poorest (Afghanistan, Uganda, Togo, Benin) the situation has not yet changed for the better. World conferences and forums are held on population issues. Organizations (UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund)
4. Food problem Human nutritional intake per day = 2400-2500 kcal (world average per person is 2700 kcal) 25% of people do not get enough. protein, 40% - adequate. vitamins This mainly concerns developing countries (the number of undernourished people can reach 40-45%)	1) Population growth outpaces the increase in grain production and other food products (population explosion, erosion, desertification, lack of fresh water, climate factor) 2) Low social economy. level of development of many developing countries (there is no money to produce or buy food)	A. Extensively: Expansion of arable and pasture lands (1.5 billion of land is in reserve) B. Intensively: Using the achievements of the green revolution (see the question about the green revolution).	1) International cooperation in this area (1974 World Food Conference; World Food Council established) 2) Food aid (Ex: 40% of all food imports into Africa) (according to UN report 2006)
5. Energy and raw materials - the problem of reliable provision of humanity with fuel, energy, raw materials	This problem has always existed, it became especially aggravated (manifested on a global scale) in the 70s (energy crisis) The main reasons: too much growth in the consumption of mineral fuels and other resources (in the 20th century more was produced than in the entire history of mankind) va) => depletion of many deposits, deterioration of conditions for resource extraction and development of deposits Additional. reasons for energy problems: the need to abandon some types of “too dirty” fuel, global competition for fuel	A. Traditional Increasing resource extraction · New deposits · Increasing "extractability" B. Policy of energy and resource conservation (many measures, including a focus on the use of renewable and non-traditional fuels, the use of secondary raw materials) C. Radical new ways solutions - use of scientific and technological advances (Ex: nuclear energy, use of hydrogen engines, etc.)	Many new fields have been found (Ex: number of proven oil reserves - 10 rubles since 1950 + the world's resources are being actively developed) + new technologies are being introduced into production Energy saving policies are being actively pursued (mainly in VIS) Ex: Energy intensity of GDP VIS by 1/3 (compared to 1970). Activities of the IAEA and other int. organizations (including coordination of international programs for the development of new types of fuel) BUT: The economies of most countries remain energy-intensive Most countries are trying to solve this problem “by force” Natural resources are still used inefficiently (Ex: World average beneficial use primary resources does not exceed 1\3)

GYMNASIUM No. 1563

EASTERN DISTRICT DEPARTMENT

(VAO)

ABSTRACT

on economic and social geography of the world

on the topic: “Global problems of human health”

Completed by: student of grade 10 “B”

Kandratyeva Anastasia

Teacher: Voronina Svetlana Vyacheslavovna

Moscow

2004

1. Preface. Concept of global

problems - page 1

2. What is Medical Geography - page 3

3. Development of medical geography - p.5

4. Medical geography in the twentieth century - p.7

5. Plague - p.11

6. Smallpox - p.14

7. Smallpox against AIDS - p.15

8. AIDS - p.15

9. Cholera - p.18

10. Schizophrenia - page 19

11. Diseases that have appeared

in our century - p.22

12. Conclusion - page 51

13. References - p.53

Global problems of human health.

1.Preface. The concept of global problems.

Global problems are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require united efforts and joint actions of all states and peoples to be solved.

There are various classifications of global problems. But usually among them are:

1. Problems of the most “universal” nature,

2. Problems of a natural and economic nature,

3. Problems of a social nature,

4. Problems of a mixed nature.

There are also “older” and “newer” global problems. Their priority may also change over time. So, at the end of the 20th century. Environmental and demographic problems came to the fore, while the problem of preventing a third world war became less pressing.

Global problems are divided into:

1. ecological problem;

2. demographic problem;

3. the problem of peace and disarmament, prevention of nuclear war;

4. food problem - how to provide food to the growing population of the Earth?

5. energy and raw materials problems: causes and solutions;

6. human health problems: a global problem;

7. the problem of using the World Ocean.

As we see, there are many global problems, but I would like to dwell on the Global Problem of Human Health. I'm in a medical class and that's why I chose this topic. As will be discussed below, infectious diseases that claimed thousands of lives in ancient times unfortunately continue to occur today, although medicine has stepped forward since then thanks to scientific progress and the great discoveries of medical scientists, biologists, and ecologists. I hope that as a future doctor, and perhaps an infectious disease specialist, I will be able to take part in the development of new methods for treating diseases.

Recently, in world practice, when assessing the quality of life of people, the state of their health comes first. And this is not accidental: after all, it is precisely this that serves as the basis for the full life and activity of every person, and society as a whole.

In the second half of the 20th century. Great strides have been made in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, and other diseases.

Many diseases continue to threaten people's lives, often becoming truly global. Among them are cardiovascular diseases, from which 15 million people die annually in the world, malignant tumors, sexually transmitted diseases, drug addiction, malaria. AIDS poses an even greater threat to all humanity.

When considering this problem, we must keep in mind that when assessing a person’s health, we cannot limit ourselves only to his physiological health. This concept also includes moral (spiritual) and mental health, with which the situation is also unfavorable, including in Russia. That is why human health continues to be one of the priority global problems.

People's health largely depends on natural factors, on the level of development of society, scientific and technological achievements, living and working conditions, the state of the environment, the development of the healthcare system, etc. All these factors are closely interrelated and together either promote health or cause certain diseases.

The development of medical geography as a science spans millennia; it depended on the development of many other sciences, primarily on geography and medicine, as well as on physics, chemistry, biology, etc. Each new discovery and achievement in these areas of knowledge contributed to the development of medical geography. Scientists from many countries around the world have contributed to determining the goals and objectives of medical geography and its content. However, many issues of this science remain controversial and require further study.

2. What is Medical Geography?

You know that geography is a complex science that represents a system of natural and social knowledge that reveals the relationships between the components of natural phenomena, between man and his environment. You are also familiar with the word “medicine” (from the Latin medicina) - a system of knowledge and practical activities aimed at preserving and strengthening human health, prolonging his life, recognizing, preventing and treating diseases.

Why are two concepts – “geography” and “medicine” – placed side by side?

Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov wrote: “An organism without an external environment that supports its existence is impossible, therefore the scientific definition of an organism must also include the environment that influences it.” The human body is a complex system. On the one hand, as a biological being, a person is influenced by various natural physical, chemical and biological factors of his environment. On the other hand, the specifics of his relationship with the environment are determined by social factors, since man is also a social being.

The human habitat, or environment, is usually understood as a system of interconnected natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena among which human life and activity takes place. In other words, this concept includes natural, social, as well as man-made environmental factors, the combination and interrelation of which create the necessary prerequisites for his life and activities.

It has long been noted that certain human diseases are found in certain parts of the globe and arise after contact with certain types plants and animals living in specific natural conditions. The knowledge accumulated in this area has made it possible to identify an independent branch of medicine - geographic pathology (pathology (from the Greek pathos - suffering, illness) - the science of diseases, painful conditions of the body. Geographic pathology - private pathology - studies the spread of certain diseases in different areas globe)).

What is medical geography?

This definition was formulated by A.A. Shoshin in the early 60s. The complex of natural conditions refers to certain natural systems: landscapes, physical-geographical areas, natural zones, which represent the interconnection of natural components - relief, climate, soils, waters, vegetation, animals.

Socio-economic factors include the characteristics of people’s lives and activities, industry, agriculture, transport and communications, and the non-productive sphere.

The first ideas about the influence of natural and socio-economic factors on human health began to form in ancient times, as evidenced by archaeological data, elements of medical activity reflected in the language, folk epic, as well as in works of art mentioning a variety of painful conditions and medical care for them, the surviving ancient writings (treatises). With the development of human society - the complication of the economy, the emergence of new tools, their improvement - new diseases arose and the need to provide appropriate medical care.

Thus, with the development of hunting, injuries in collisions with wild animals have become more frequent; primitive care for injuries was improved - treatment of wounds, fractures, dislocations. The need for trauma care has also increased due to the wars between clans and tribes during the formation of human society.

The observation of primitive people allowed them to discover the special effect of certain plants on the body (analgesic, stimulant, laxative, diaphoretic, sleeping pills, etc.), which made it possible to use them to alleviate painful conditions.

Among the remedies since ancient times, the sun, water, in particular mineral water, as well as physical exercise, rubbing (massage), etc.

The medical activities of primitive man reflected man's helplessness before the forces of nature and his lack of understanding of the world around him. In his view, nature is inhabited by diverse spirits and supernatural beings. All natural phenomena and objects - wind, thunder, lightning, frost, rivers, forests, mountains, etc. had spirits corresponding to them. Therefore, ancient medicine was called demonology. (demonology is the doctrine of evil spirits, historically dating back to the primitive belief in spirits).

MATERIAL

for the seminar lesson
"Global problems of human health »

Grade 11.

Developed by: Kokonina Zinaida Ivanovna, geography teacher of MOAU “Lyceum No. 2” in Orenburg
The purpose of the lesson : to introduce students to global problems of human health, to the concept of “Medical geography, geography of infectious diseases”
Equipment: political map world, slides, reports, student presentations.

Global problems are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require united efforts and joint actions of all states and peoples to be solved. (Slide No. 1)

1. Problems of the most “universal” nature,

2. Problems of a natural and economic nature,

3. Problems of a social nature,

4. Mixed problems .

1.environmental problem;

demographic problem;

the problem of peace and disarmament, prevention of nuclear war;

food problem - how to provide food for the growing population of the Earth?

energy and raw materials problems: causes and solutions;

human health problems: a global problem;

problem of using the World Ocean.

As we see, there are many global problems, but I would like to dwell on the Global Problem of Human Health.

Infectious diseases that claimed thousands of lives in ancient times unfortunately continue to occur today, although medicine has stepped forward since then thanks to scientific progress and the great discoveries of medical scientists, biologists, and ecologists. Recently, in world practice, when assessing the quality of life of people, the state of their health comes first. And this is not accidental: after all, it is precisely this that serves as the basis for the full life and activity of every person, and society as a whole.

In the second half of the 20th century. Great strides have been made in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, and other diseases.

Many diseases continue to threaten people's lives, often becoming truly global. Among them are cardiovascular diseases, from which 15 million people die every year in the world, malignant tumors, sexually transmitted diseases, drug addiction, and malaria. AIDS poses an even greater threat to all humanity. When considering this problem, we must keep in mind that when assessing a person’s health, we cannot limit ourselves only to his physiological health. This concept also includes moral (spiritual) and mental health, with which the situation is also unfavorable, including in Russia. That is why human health continues to be one of the priority global problems. People's health largely depends on natural factors, on the level of development of society, scientific and technological achievements, living and working conditions, the state of the environment, the development of the healthcare system, etc. All these factors are closely interrelated and together either promote health or cause certain diseases.

Medical geography studies natural conditions in order to identify the natural influences of a complex of these conditions on human health. In this case, socio-economic factors must be taken into account. The development of medical geography as a science spans millennia; it depended on the development of many other sciences, primarily on geography and medicine, as well as on physics, chemistry, biology, etc. Each new discovery and achievement in these areas of knowledge contributed to the development of medical geography. Scientists from many countries around the world have contributed to determining the goals and objectives of medical geography and its content. However, many issues of this science remain controversial and require further study.

It has long been noted that certain human diseases occur in certain parts of the globe and arise after contact with certain types of plants and animals living in specific natural conditions. The knowledge accumulated in this area has made it possible to identify an independent branch of medicine - geographic pathology (pathology (from the Greek pathos - suffering, illness) - the science of diseases, painful conditions of the body. Geographic pathology - private pathology - studies the spread of certain diseases in different areas globe)).

What is medical geography?

Medical geography is a branch of science that studies the natural conditions of an area in order to understand the patterns of influence of a set of conditions on people’s health, and also takes into account the influence of socio-economic factors. This definition was formulated by A.A. Shoshin in the early 60s. The complex of natural conditions refers to certain natural systems: landscapes, physical-geographical areas, natural zones, which represent the interconnection of natural components - relief, climate, soils, waters, vegetation, animals.

Socio-economic factors include the characteristics of people’s lives and activities, industry, agriculture, transport and communications, and the non-productive sphere. The first ideas about the influence of natural and socio-economic factors on human health began to form in ancient times, as evidenced by archaeological data, elements of medical activity reflected in the language, folk epic, as well as in works of art mentioning a variety of painful conditions and medical care for them, the surviving ancient writings (treatises). With the development of human society - the complication of the economy, the emergence of new tools, their improvement - new diseases arose and the need to provide appropriate medical care. Thus, with the development of hunting, injuries in collisions with wild animals have become more frequent; primitive care for injuries was improved - treatment of wounds, fractures, dislocations. The need for trauma care has also increased due to the wars between clans and tribes during the formation of human society. The observation of primitive people allowed them to discover the special effect of certain plants on the body (analgesic, stimulant, laxative, diaphoretic, sleeping pills, etc.), which made it possible to use them to alleviate painful conditions. Since ancient times, the sun, water, in particular mineral water, as well as physical exercise, rubbing (massage), etc. have been used among medicinal remedies.

III -Student reports on the geography of infectious diseases
Plague - acute natural focal infectious disease caused by the plague bacillus. Refers to special dangerous infections. There are a number of natural foci around the globe where plague is constantly found in a small percentage of the rodents living there. Epidemics of plague among people were often caused by the migration of rats infected in natural foci. From rodents to humans, microbes are transmitted through fleas, which, in the event of mass death of animals, change their host. In addition, a possible route of infection is when hunters process the skins of killed infected animals. Fundamentally different is infection from person to person, carried out by airborne droplets. The causative agent of plague is resistant to low temperatures, is well preserved in sputum, but at a temperature of +55 degrees it dies within 10-15 minutes, and when boiled - almost instantly. Enters the body through the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and conjunctiva. When a person is bitten by fleas infected with plague bacteria, a swelling of the skin may form at the site of the bite. The process then spreads across lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes, which leads to their sharp enlargement, fusion and formation of a conglomerate (bubonic form). The bubonic form of plague is characterized by the appearance of sharply painful conglomerates, most often in the inguinal lymph nodes on one side. Incubation period 2-6 days. At the same time, an increase in other groups of lymph nodes appears - secondary buboes. The severity of the patients' condition gradually increases by the 4-5th day, the temperature may be elevated, sometimes a high fever immediately appears, but at first the condition of the patients often remains generally satisfactory. This explains the fact that a person sick with bubonic plague can fly from one part of the world to another, considering himself healthy. However, at any time, the bubonic form of plague can turn into a secondary septic or secondary pneumonic form. Septic and pneumonic forms of plague occur like any severe sepsis. The most important role in diagnosis in modern conditions epidemiological history plays a role. The arrival from zones endemic for plague (Vietnam, Burma, Bolivia, Turkmenistan, Karakalpak Republic), or from anti-plague stations of a patient with the signs of the bubonic form described above or with signs of the most severe - with hemorrhages and bloody sputum - pneumonia with severe lymphadenopathy, is the first thing for a doctor contact is a sufficiently serious argument for taking all measures to localize the suspected plague and accurately diagnose it. It should be especially emphasized that in the conditions of modern drug prevention, the likelihood of illness among personnel who have been in contact with a coughing plague patient for some time is very small. Currently, cases of primary pneumonic plague not observed among medical personnel. An accurate diagnosis must be made using bacteriological studies. The material for them is the punctate of festering lymph node, sputum, blood of the patient, discharge from fistulas and ulcers.

If plague is suspected, the patient should be immediately hospitalized in an infectious diseases hospital. If possible, medical personnel wear an anti-plague suit; if not, then gauze masks, scarves, and shoe covers. All personnel immediately receive preventive treatment antibiotics, which continues throughout the days he spends in the isolation ward. Plague is treated with antibiotics. Under modern therapy, mortality in the bubonic form does not exceed 5-10%, but in other forms the recovery rate is quite high if treatment is started early.

Smallpox.

Ancient Indian and Chinese manuscripts bring to us descriptions of terrible epidemics of black smallpox. The sick person developed a fever and developed headache, general weakness, after 3-4 days the whole body was covered with fluid-filled blisters (pockmarks). The disease lasted about two weeks, and up to 40% of patients died. Children were the most seriously ill. Those who were ill developed scars at the site of the pockmarks. Sometimes pockmarks appeared in front of the eyes, which led to blindness. Smallpox came to Europe later than to the East - in the Middle Ages. When it first entered new countries, this disease raged with particular force. In Iceland in 1707 Smallpox killed more than two-thirds of the population. In 1796 Jenner, with his method of smallpox inoculation (vaccination), marked the beginning of the fight against this disease. Smallpox natural-acute viral disease related to quarantine infections. Characterized by fever, general intoxication and pustular rash. The causative agent belongs to the smallpox group of viruses and is well preserved when dried. The virus enters the body through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. The incubation period lasts 5-15 days. The disease begins acutely. With chills, body temperature rises. Patients are concerned about weakness, headache, pain in the lower back, sacrum, and less commonly, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The skin of the face, neck and chest is hyperemic, the vessels of the sclera are injected. A “harbinger” rash that quickly disappears may appear. On the 4th day of illness, the body temperature decreases, the patient’s well-being improves somewhat, and at the same time, an exanthema characteristic of smallpox appears. The elements of the rash are spots that turn into papules, then into vesicles and by the 7-8th day of illness into pustules. From the 14th day of illness, the pustules turn into crusts, after which they fall off, leaving scars. In vaccinated people, smallpox is mild, sometimes reminiscent of chickenpox. Chickenpox is an acute viral disease with airborne transmission, occurring mainly in childhood and characterized by a febrile state, papulovesicular rash, and a benign course. The causative agent of chickenpox belongs to the herpes group of viruses and is unstable in the external environment. Penetrates into the body through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. After the incubation period, a characteristic rash appears on the body. The incubation period lasts an average of 14 days. In 1967. The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a campaign to eradicate smallpox worldwide. For 1967 More than 2 million people have suffered from smallpox worldwide. Human. In 1971 The last case of smallpox in America was reported in 1976. - in Asia, in 1977 - in Africa. Three years later, in 1980, WHO announced that smallpox had been completely eradicated throughout the world. Now not a single inhabitant of the planet suffers from this disease, and the smallpox pathogen continues to live in only three laboratories (in the USA, Russia, South Africa). Russian scientists from Novosibirsk scientific center"Vector" has developed a new, modified version of the smallpox vaccine. This new vaccine option can protect people against both smallpox and hepatitis B at the same time.

AIDS.

What is a virus?

A virus is a tiny microorganism that can only be seen under a very powerful microscope. Viruses live inside living cells that make up all the tissues of the human body. There are billions of such cells in our body. They are grouped and perform different functions. The outer side of the cell is called the membrane. It is like the skin of a cell that protects it; inside the cell there is liquid and a nucleus. The core plays a very important role. This is a kind of mini-computer that programs and controls the life activity of a cell. When a virus enters the human body, it finds a cell that allows it in and changes the program of the cellular “computer” in it. Now, instead of functioning normally and fulfilling its duties, the cell begins to produce viruses. Such viruses can cause various diseases: flu, measles, chicken pox. In this case, the person falls ill for some time, but recovers quickly thanks to immune system, which immediately fights the virus and defeats it. The human immunodeficiency virus differs from other viruses and poses a great danger precisely because it attacks the cells that are supposed to fight the virus.

How is HIV transmitted?

Fortunately, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from person to person only under certain conditions and much less frequently than other diseases such as influenza and chicken pox. HIV lives in blood cells and can pass from one person to another in that case , if blood contaminated (infected) with HIV enters the blood healthy person. To avoid becoming infected through someone else's blood, it is enough to take basic precautions where you have to deal with blood. For example, make sure that there are no cuts or abrasions on the body. Then, even if the patient’s blood accidentally gets on the skin, it will not be able to penetrate the body. So how is this unfortunate virus transmitted? Here are some examples from real life. Jenny's father, Tony, was diagnosed with the HIV virus. During the operation in the hospital he had to receive a blood transfusion. As it turned out, the blood injected into him already contained the virus. Having discovered that the virus could be transmitted in this way, doctors developed a number of measures to prevent the possibility of its presence in donated blood. Now transmission of the virus through blood transfusion is almost impossible. Needles for injections should only be disposable. If they are used repeatedly, the blood of an HIV-infected person can enter the blood of a healthy person. The virus can be transmitted to a child from a sick mother. Developing in her womb, he is connected to her by the umbilical cord. Blood flows through blood vessels in both directions. If HIV is present in the mother's body, it can be transmitted to the child. In addition, there is a danger of infection of infants through mother's milk. HIV can also be transmitted through sexual contact.

Cholera

Cholera. (tropical disease). It's spicy intestinal infection, caused by Vibrio cholerae, characterized by damage to the enzyme systems of the intestinal epithelium. The causative agent is Vibriocholerae. Sources illnesses - sick people and vibrio carriers. Some cholera vibrios, entering the human body with water and food, die in acidic environment gastrointestinal tract. The other part falls into the gap small intestine, where the reaction is alkaline and high content protein breakdown products contribute to their intensive reproduction. This process is accompanied by the release of a large amount of toxic substances that penetrate the epithelial cell. Acute extracellular isotonic degradation develops, and tissue metabolism is disrupted. Dehydration of the body develops. In one hour, patients can lose more than 1 liter of fluid. Blood thickening occurs, blood flow slows down, disruption peripheral circulation, tissue hypoxia; the accumulation of under-oxidized metabolic products leads to the development of hypokalemia, disruption of cardiac activity, brain function and other organs, and blood clotting processes. Susceptibility to cholera is high. People with low acidity are most susceptible to the disease. gastric juice suffering from gastritis, some forms of anemia and helminthic diseases. Among the tropical diseases there are helminthic diseases unique to this region: schistosomiasis, Wuchereriosis, some types of malaria and (ovale). Nowadays, there are also mental illnesses. For example, schizophrenia.

Is schizophrenia a disease?

Yes, it is, since a disease is a certain deviation from a statistically determined norm. Just like a decrease in hemoglobin content in the blood, that is, its change, is called anemia and is a disease. Our mental functions have certain parameters that can be measured in various ways (from psychological, neuropsychological, biochemical and others, up to electrometric). In addition, this, of course, is a disease, since it is suffering, sometimes painful, and people are looking for help. We rightfully call schizophrenia a disease, but only from a clinical, medical point of view. In the social sense, it would be incorrect to call a person suffering from this disease sick, that is, inferior. Although this disease is chronic, the forms of schizophrenia are extremely diverse and often a person who is currently in remission, that is, outside of an attack (psychosis), can be quite capable, and even more professionally productive, than his average opponents. To make all of the above more substantiated, it is necessary to talk about the essence of this disease. To begin with, a few words about the term “schizophrenia” itself. The word arose from the Greek “schizo” (“schizo”) - I split and “phren” - mind. Splitting does not mean splitting (for example, of personality), as this is often not entirely correctly understood, but disorganization, lack of harmony, inconsistency, and illogicality from the point of view of ordinary people.

Atypical pneumonia.

At the beginning of 2003 The whole world watched with intense attention the rapid spread of a new disease unknown to anyone. Danger new infection was without a doubt, because many sick people died, despite all the efforts of doctors. And among the attending physicians there were cases of the disease with a fatal outcome. In the press, this disease began to be called “SARS.” Atypical pneumonia is the same as severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS), or SAR. The disease spread quickly throughout the world, and no medicine helped. This forced many journalists and medical specialists to talk about the emergence of the most dangerous disease since the discovery of the AIDS virus. The SARS epidemic is believed to have begun in Guangdong Province in China on the border with Hong Kong: February 11, 2003. There was an outbreak of unusually acute influenza, similar in manifestations and consequences to severe bilateral pneumonia. 5 sick people died. On February 20, the number of people who died from acute influenza in China reached 21. On March 11, Professor N.V. Kaverin, head of the laboratory of the Institute of Virology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, reported that in February in Hong Kong, a patient died in whom the influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype was isolated. This is the same “Chicken Flu” with high mortality that people got here in 1997, but then they got infected from chickens, and now it looked like the infection came from a person. Experts knew nothing about the causative agent of the disease, except that it spreads very quickly and is transmitted by airborne droplets. SARS has spread beyond China; cases of the disease have been reported in Vietnam and Singapore. The area of spread of the disease expanded every day: on March 15, the first cases of atypical pneumonia were announced in Europe (Germany) and North America (Canada), on March 17 in Israel, on March 18 in France. On March 16, a WHO statement was published on the final establishment of the nature of the causative agent of atypical pneumonia. The painstaking work of employees of 13 laboratories in 10 countries and genetic examination showed that the disease is caused by one of the representatives of the coronavirus groups. However, this virus has never previously been observed in the human population, which confirmed the information that the SARS virus came to humans from domestic and wild cats. It is in the southern provinces of China, where the infection began to spread, that cats are eaten. On the same day, a WHO representative at a congress of SARS virus researchers in Geneva announced that this disease is common to humans and animals. This is confirmed by experiments on monkeys: injection of the virus into them causes a disease with the same symptoms as in humans. On April 24, the first patient with atypical pneumonia was registered in Bulgaria. On the same day, the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Service of Russia for the first time distributed a memo to the population, which provides the necessary information about SARS. On May 8, the Russian Ministry of Health announced the first case of atypical pneumonia: in Blagoveshchensk, a 25-year-old man who lived in a Chinese dormitory had two out of five indicators of atypical pneumonia, but for another month there was debate about whether he had typical or atypical pneumonia.

Bird flu

Influenza A viruses can infect several species of animals, including birds, pigs, horses, seals and whales. Influenza viruses that infect birds are called "avian influenza viruses." Avian influenza virus is not usually transmitted directly to humans from birds and does not circulate among humans. Birds play a special role since all hemagglutinin subtypes are found among wild birds, which are considered the natural hosts of the influenza A virus. However, only three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2 and H3) and two types of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) circulate widely among people. Avian influenza does not usually cause disease in wild birds, but causes severe illness and death in poultry. Avian influenza viruses generally do not infect humans, but there have been cases of illness and even death in humans during outbreaks in 1997-1999 and 2003-2004. Apparently, humans are the final link in the transmission of the avian influenza virus, because There are still no recorded cases of human-to-human transmission of this virus.

Studying the pedigrees of influenza viruses in various types birds showed that avian influenza viruses in Eurasia and America evolved independently. Thus, migration between these two continents (latitudinal migration) plays virtually no role in influenza virus transmission, while birds migrating along longitude appear to make a critical contribution to the ongoing process of influenza virus evolution.

Four main migration routes for long-distance migratory birds, especially plovers, cross Russian territory (listed from west to east):

East African-Eurasian

Central Asian-Indian

East Asian-Australian

Western Pacific

The Central Asian-Indian and East Asian-Australian migration routes are of greatest importance for Russia, since they include flights from Siberia via Kyrgyzstan to Malaysia via Hong Kong and to China via Western Siberia.

Conclusion.

Medical geography is a complex science. Therefore, it is closely related to many related sciences. One of them is ecology. A distinctive feature of the high-tech twentieth century is public interest in environmental problems. The issue of nature conservation acquired particular relevance in the last decades of the last century, when the connection between the increase in morbidity and the state of the environment became obvious. In the early 1970s, a powerful green movement emerged in Western Europe, which remains active to this day. Young Germans, French, Austrians, Danes united in the fight against environmental pollution, the harmful consequences of nuclear energy development, for reducing military budgets and democratization public life. By revealing the truth about the threat of environmental disaster, the “greens” encourage people to reduce their consumption of natural resources, which can ultimately reduce the generation of industrial waste. Progress has always been associated with increased consumption of material goods. European countries have long passed the stage of reckless accumulation of wealth and are already close to becoming a society with a moderate consumer culture. Unfortunately, this cannot be said about developing countries, which include Russia. To get closer to the consumption standards of developed countries, it is necessary to increase the use of raw materials and energy. According to scientists, under existing conditions the planet will not withstand the load, and an environmental catastrophe will become inevitable. The restructuring of economic policy towards rational environmental management in the West began in the 1980s, but changing the consumer orientation of society turned out to be much more difficult. In the absence of waste-free industries, developing countries are unable to recycle more than 10% of household and industrial waste. Moreover, even such a small part of waste is destroyed without proper compliance sanitary standards. According to WHO, approximately a third of the world's population does not have minimum sanitation conditions. This refers to cramped housing, lack of hot water supply, and often a lack of clean drinking water; for example, residents of many regions of Transcaucasia, Central and South Asia use muddy water mountain rivers, being potential sources of large-scale epidemics. Approximately half of the urban population in underdeveloped countries is not provided with adequate waste disposal facilities. According to statistics, more than 5 million people on Earth die every year from diseases associated with environmental pollution. The past century has left a legacy of industrial diseases to the new century. For example, Minamata disease is caused by mercury poisoning. Yusho-Yu-Cheng disease, first noted in industrial areas of Southeast Asia, is a liver injury caused by dioxin. In 1976 In one of the Italian cities, hundreds of people were poisoned by dioxin as a result of violation of the rules for the disposal of chemical waste. In the western part of Kazakhstan, asbestosis is widespread - destruction of the lungs by asbestos dust; Phosphorus-manganese intoxication, called Kashin-Beck disease, is “popular” in the Semipalatinsk region. The tragedy of the century is the accident at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, which immediately took the lives of thousands of people and continues to kill offspring through irradiated parents and a radioactive ecological system. Experts warn that the process of restoring the lost natural balance exceeds the capabilities of available technical means. In their opinion, natural ecosystems are much more complex than human civilization. Even their partial destruction can disrupt the information flows that control the normal functioning and sustainable development biosphere. Thus, environmental problems have long gone beyond the scope of medicine, economics and politics, becoming a philosophical phenomenon. Issues of saving the environment today are considered by representatives of various fields of knowledge, who agree that the victory of the human mind will be the main achievement of the 21st century. As mentioned above, medicine as a science does not stand still, but moves forward. And I hope I can take part in the development of vaccines and treatments terrible diseases new century: AIDS, SARS, Bird flu. And also in improving treatment and prevention I already know which diseases have been inherited by humanity since ancient times.

Global problems are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require united efforts and joint actions of all states and peoples to be solved.

There are various classifications of global problems. But usually among them are:

1. Problems of the most “universal” nature,

2. Problems of a natural and economic nature,

3. Problems of a social nature,

4. Problems of a mixed nature.

Global problems are divided into:

1. environmental problem;

2. demographic problem;

3. the problem of peace and disarmament, prevention of nuclear war;

4. food problem - how to provide food to the growing population of the Earth?

5. energy and raw materials problems: causes and solutions;

6. human health problems: a global problem;

7. the problem of using the World Ocean.

In the second half of the 20th century. Great strides have been made in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, and other diseases.

The health of each individual person is a huge asset, having lost it, it is very difficult or even impossible to make up for the loss. But this value is not purely personal for everyone. The health of individuals also determines many social aspects and problems that reflect the well-being of society as a whole. Thus, the global problem of human health cannot concern only the person himself or even a single country, therefore many international organizations and foundations are involved in it, special programs are being created, etc.

The health of the individual is the health of society

In the global problem of human health, all components are important: physical fitness, mental sanity, mental balance and social well-being. Violations of any of the listed components or even a simple imbalance between them lead to loss of health. Without healthy body It is difficult for a person to survive and independently adapt in society. Mentally ill people are simply not able to survive in the natural environment. People with low social security or no social security at all are deprived of the opportunity to adequately take care of their health.

In addition, factors that allow you to maintain good health are nutrition, habitat and emotional comfort. These components require huge infrastructure. Emotional comfort is impossible without recognition of a given individual by members of the community, without the implementation of basic functions (procreation, self-expression in craft or creativity). Healthy eating can only be achieved through the interaction of a certain number of people. An eco-friendly living environment includes temperature and atmospheric comfort, personal time, and freedom of movement.

The problem of human health, global aspect

When summarizing the importance of the health of each member of the human community, one should not lose sight of the financial aspect. High morbidity, disability, loss of ability to work, decreased life expectancy - all these are consequences of insufficient health protection, which reduce the economic potential of countries and peoples.

The effectiveness of the state is ultimately determined by how it treats the problem of people's health. The global aspect of the problem reflects, at a minimum, a complete disregard for public health at the moment. Therefore, today the salvation of drowning people is in the hands of the drowning people themselves.

What to do?

Left alone with the problem of maintaining one's own health, a person cannot feel protected. The M. S. Norbekov Center is ready to help in solving the problem, which offers methods based on the methodology of revealing the body’s potential for self-preservation and healing.

M. S. Norbekov’s method is based on various specialized gymnastics in combination with psychological trainings that help patients gain the will to overcome illnesses.