Positive comparative superlative of adjectives. Noun adjective degree of comparison of adjective names simple form of comparative degree of adjectives base of the initial form -ee(s)-e-she

Adjectives (Adjectives) are words that express qualities, characteristics of objects. They answer the question Which?. In a sentence, they usually define a noun. IN English language they do not change either by gender, or by number, or by case:

a little girl - little girl

a little boy - little boy

little children - little children

With a little boy - with a little boy.

Adjectives change only by degrees of comparison (Degrees of Comparison). There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives: positive (Positive Degree), comparative (Comparative Degree), excellent (Superlative Degree).

Rules for the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives.

Adjectives in positive degree do not have any endings, for example: quick (fast), slow (slow), old (old), new (new). The comparative and superlative degrees are formed using the suffixes -er and -est or by adding the words more (more) and most (most). The choice of method depends on the original form of the adjective.

Monosyllabic and some two-syllable adjectives form the comparative degree with the suffix -er, and the superlative degree with the suffix -est. Using the suffixes -er, -est, degrees of comparison are formed into two-syllable adjectives ending in -er, -ow, -y, -le (clever, narrow, early, simple).

Here are some examples:

One- and two-syllable adjectives

When writing you must comply certain rules spelling.

1. If an adjective has a short vowel and ends in one consonant, then comparative degree and in the superlative degree this consonant is doubled:

big – bigger – biggest

big - bigger - biggest, biggest

Fat – fatter – fattest

thick, fatty – thicker – the thickest

Wet-wetter-wettest

wet, humid – more humid – the most humid

Sad – sadder – saddest

sad, sad – sadder – saddest

thin – thinner – thinnest

thin, thin – thinner – thinnest

2. If the adjective ends with a letter -y with a preceding consonant, then in the comparative and superlative degrees the letter y changes to i:

Easy – easier – easiest

light - lighter - lightest, lightest

early – earlier – earliest

early – earlier – earliest

dry – drier – driest

dry, arid – drier – driest

But the word shy (shy, fearful) does not obey this rule and forms degrees of comparison as follows:

shy – shyer – shyest.

3. If the adjective ends with a letter -e, then in the comparative and superlative degrees it is added -r, -st:

wide – wider – widest

wide - wider - widest, widest

late – later – latest

late – later – the latest

fine – finer – finest

good, wonderful – better – the best

simple – simpler – simplest

simple - simpler - simplest

Polysyllabic adjectives, i.e. Adjectives consisting of three or more syllables form degrees of comparison using the words more for the comparative degree and most for the superlative degree. Consider the following examples:

Polysyllabic adjectives

In the same way, i.e. Using the words more for the comparative degree and most for the superlative degree, some two-syllable words that end in -ed and - are formed into degrees of comparison.

Adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. The comparative degree shows that in one or another object the characteristic is manifested to a greater extent than in another, for example: Left bank of the river cooler right; Left bank of the river cooler than the right one.

The superlative degree shows that this or that object is superior to other objects on some basis, for example: Baikal - deepest lake on Earth; Baikal - the deepest lake on Earth.

Adjectives in the comparative form in a sentence are predicates, and in the superlative form they are modifiers.

281 . Write, underlining adjectives in the comparative and superlative form as parts of a sentence. Above adjectives in the comparative form write compare, in the superlative form - prev. Is it possible to insert its synonyms in place of the highlighted word? Why?

1. In the territory of our Motherland there is the largest river in Europe - the Volga. 2. Central Siberian plateau - one of the largest in the world... 3. Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the highest volcano in Asia.. 3. 4. The origin of the Northern.. Urals is more severe than the origin of the Middle.. and Southern.. Urals.

The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms: simple and compound.

The simple form of the comparative degree is formed by adding suffixes to the initial form of the adjective. -her(s) , for example: friendly - more friendly (to her); -e(there is an alternation of consonants before it), for example: louder - louder; -she, for example: thin - thinner.

Sometimes when adding suffixes -e And -she the suffix is ​​cut off from the base of the initial form -k- (-ok, -yok), for example: sweet - sweeter, thin - thinner.

The adjectives small (small), bad, good form a simple comparative form from other stems: less, worse, better.

Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by number, or by case. In a sentence they are predicates.

282 . Form the simple comparative form of adjectives. In what meaning is the highlighted word taken when forming the comparative form in paragraph 2? in the 3rd?

1. Handsome - more beautiful; nice, happy, calm, comfortable, terrible, pr..red, pr..lying, pr..wonderful, pr..attractive, pr..visual, old, skillful, free..free.
2. Long - longer; early, old, thin, distant, bitter.
3. Small - less; bad, good.

283 . Write down, forming a simple comparative degree from the adjectives given in brackets. Underline them as parts of the sentence. Which adjectives take the simple comparative form from another stem?

1. Health (expensive) gold. 4 2. Good words..va (good) my..whom p..horns. 3. After work 3 food (delicious). 4. True (light) sun. 5. Rainy, summer (bad) autumn...

(Proverbs.)

The compound comparative form is usually formed by adding the word more to the initial form of the adjective: friendly - more friendly, loud - louder.

In adjectives in the form of a compound comparative degree, the second word changes according to gender, case and number, for example: at a higher price.

In a sentence, adjectives in the form of the compound comparative are usually predicates and modifiers, for example: This year the winter is snowier than last; We returned home along a wider road.

The compound form of the comparative degree is more often used in scientific style.

284 . Form the comparative form using adjectives in all three genders. Make 2-3 sentences with the words written down.

Sad(?)ny, clear(?)nyy, dangerous(?)nyy, ruthless(?)nyy, lazy.

285 . Write it down using missing commas. Underline the adjectives as parts of the sentence. Name the types of spelling in place of spaces and brackets.

My Fatherland Russia

Ural

I live in the depths of Russia...
In the land of lakes and ore rocks.
Here the rivers are blue, the mountains are blue
And in blue 3 o..lights meta(l, ll).
Regardless of the hidden forces...
I have nothing to compare my Ural with.
Russia looks different here,
More severe, perhaps.
Or maybe she's younger here...
It’s a holy time here..no boundary(?).
But the Russian heart is still the same.
And kindness. And the same songs!
And the faces are the same as in Ryazan...
And we sound the same (?) to them..on.
Like the sun in a precious stone...
In the Urals.. Rus' is reflected.

(L. Tatyanicheva.)

Comparison of two objects on any basis can be expressed in different ways, for example: Brother is more attentive than sister; Brother is more attentive than sister.

286 . Compare the following items in some respect. Write down the resulting sentences. Identify the members of the sentence in them. How did you express the comparison? Express the same thoughts in a different way.

Sun and Earth. Moon and Earth. Ural and Caucasus Mountains. Barents Sea and Black Sea. Vegetation 3 tundra and taiga vegetation. Yenisei and Volga.

The superlative degree of adjectives has two forms: simple and compound.

The simple superlative form is formed by adding a suffix to the initial form of the adjective. -eysh- (-aysh-) , for example: fair - fairest. Before -aysh- consonant alternation occurs, for example: deep - deepest. This form of adjectives is most often used in book speech.

Adjectives in the simple superlative form are declined.

The compound superlative form is a combination of the words most, most and the initial (original) form of the adjective, for example: the most fair, the most strict.

In the compound superlative degree of adjectives, the word most is unchangeable, for example: in the most inaccessible place.

Adjectives in the superlative form in a sentence are most often adjectives.

287 . Write the adjectives in simple and compound superlative forms. Highlight the suffix, underline the alternating consonants.

288 . Copy by inserting the missing adjectives in the compound superlative form. Write the words in brackets in the correct form. Why some proper names are they enclosed in quotes? Which proper names are not declined? What case are they in?

At the meeting of the “Famous Captains Club,” sailors, travelers, and characters from adventure novels gathered 4. - - among them was Dick Sand, g..roy r..mana (Jules Verne) “The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain.” - - everyone considered Tartarin of Tarascon, the hero of the novel (Alphonse Daudet), and - - was, of course, Baron Munchausen from the books.. (Raspe). All members of Club 3 took into account the opinion - - of them Captain Nemo, one of the heroes of the books.. (Jules Verne) “The Mysterious Island”.

Reference: wise, cheerful, young, “truthful”, famous.

289 . What rivers, lakes, mountains, cities are there in your area? Compare rivers by width and length, mountains by height, lakes by depth, cities and villages by size. Use synonyms when making sentences high-water, full-flowing; deep, bottomless; shallow, shallow, shallow. Underline the adjectives in the comparative form.

Qualitative adjectives have an inconsistent morphological feature of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates (see, for example, complex 2) that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to distinguish three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and superlative. The positive degree of comparison is the initial form of the adjective, in relation to which we recognize other forms as expressing greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of the attribute.

The comparative degree of the adjective indicates that the attribute is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this object compared to another object (Petya is taller than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same object in other circumstances (Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed as follows:

basis of the positive degree + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (fast-ee, higher-e, earlier-she, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element k/ok, this segment is often truncated: deep-y - deep-zhe.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad - worse, good - better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, the prefix po- (newer) can be added. The simple comparative degree with a prefix is ​​used if the adjective takes the position inconsistent definition(Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what it is being compared with this sign. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix po- introduces a conversational connotation (These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate (He is taller than his father). The position of definition can only be occupied by a simple comparative degree in a separate position (Much taller than other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with the prefix po- in the position after the noun (Buy me fresher newspapers).

The compound comparative degree denotes both a greater and lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed as follows:

element more/less + positive degree (more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e., according to gender, number and cases, and can also appear in a short form (more beautiful);

3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition(A less interesting article was submitted to this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

The superlative degree of comparison indicates the greatest/smallest degree of manifestation of the characteristic ( highest mountain) or to a very large/small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple or compound.

Simple superlative The adjective of comparison denotes the greatest degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows:

basis of the positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh- / -aysh- (after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-y, high-aysh-y

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix nai-: the kindest can be used.

The morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of the positive degree, i.e., variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. Unlike the positive degree, the simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

The compound superlative degree of comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree (the smartest);

2) element most/least + positive degree (most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element of everything / everyone (He was smarter than everyone else).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and may have short form(most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

The absence of simple comparative and superlative degrees may be due to

1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective contains a suffix that coincides with the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree (emaciated - *more emaciated, *emaciated, advanced - *more advanced);

2) with lexical meaning adjective: the meaning of the degree of manifestation of a characteristic can already be expressed at the base of the adjective - in its root (barefoot - * barefoot) or in the suffix (fat-enn-y - * fatter, evil-yush-y - * feisty, whitish - *whiter, bluer - *bluer).

Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only in words with a semantic limitation, i.e. in the second case. So, there are no forms *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.

Completeness/brevity of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: Ø for male, -а for feminine, -о/-е for middle, -ы/-идла plural(deep-Ø, deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).

A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which

1) have the suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, brotherly;

2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in a sentence it acts primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like the red maiden, the white combustible stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a characteristic with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt - short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form - permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form: glad, much, must.

Transition of adjectives from category to category

It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings belonging to different categories. In school grammar this is called “the transition of an adjective from category to category.” Thus, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example: iron part (relative) - iron will (quality) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example: fox hole (possessive) - fox hat (relative) - fox habits (qualitative). Qualitative adjectives, used terminologically, function as relative (voiceless consonants). When In this case, the adjective retains the type of its declension, but is often changed morphological characteristics: qualitative ones lose degrees of comparison and a short form (for example, it is impossible to say * This consonant is deaf), while relative ones, on the contrary, can acquire these signs (With each word his voice became more and more honey-like, and his habits more and more foxy.).

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

· Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.

· The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.

· The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either with the help of suffixes: higher e, cheerful, highest, cheerful, or with the help of words: more, less, most . Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

· simple forms: higher, highest,

· compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.

Among the simple forms in the Russian language, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem. Examples:
good, bad - positive degree
better, worse - comparative degree
best, worst - superlative
Words in the simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:
Comparative degree (simple): higher, lower - does not change.
Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in singular- by childbirth.
Superlative (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
Superlative degree (difficult): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.

Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. AnnaolderIvana. She used towas higher, and nowhigherIvan.

Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:
I approached more matureguys.
Guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned tothe oldestguys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.

Adjectives and adverbs in many languages ​​of the world have degrees of comparison. In English these are Positive Degree, Comparative Degree and Superlative degree, in Polish - rywny, wyższy, najwyższy, in French - le positif, le comparatif, le superlatif. The Russian language is no exception; it has positive, comparative and superlative adjectives. How are they different and what are their forms?

Degrees of comparison: types, table

Adjectives and adverbs derived from them have the ability to form degrees of comparison.

There are three of them:

• Positive.
• Comparative.
• Excellent.

Each of them expresses a different level of possession of an object or a specific specific quality.

For example: resourceful boy ( positive), however he can be more resourceful ( comparative), and in a certain life situation and become the most resourceful ( excellent).

From which adjectives can we form degrees of comparison?

As you know, all adjectives in the Russian language are divided into several categories.

• Qualitative - means characteristics that an object or living creature may possess in different degrees: sweet, sweeter, the sweetest.
• Relative - they call the signs of an object or living creature according to their relation to circumstances, actions or other persons, things: a telephone call, a wooden building.
• Possessive - indicate that something belongs to someone: Pushkin’s stanza, father’s parting words.

Only from the first category can the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives be formed (charming - more charming, the most charming), since it is impossible to say: “a more wooden building” or “the most Pushkin stanza.”

Adverbs that come from the qualitative category of adjectives can also form degrees of comparison: cheerful - cheerfully (more cheerfully).

Comparative degree of adjectives in Russian

Before moving on to consider the comparative degree, it is worth mentioning a little about the positive degree. This is the name given to the initial degree of comparison (boring). In fact, it is considered only formally as a degree of comparison. But the next one is the comparative degree of the adjective (more boring, more boring). It serves to show that a certain object or person has a given quality in greater/lesser quantity than someone/something else. For example: “This tea is stronger (stronger) than the one we drank yesterday.”

Information about comparative forms

In the above example, you can see that the comparative degree in Russian can be formed in the following ways: using suffixes or by adding an additional word (in this example it is “more”). It turns out that we can distinguish 2 forms of the comparative degree of adjectives in the Russian language: simple and compound, or as it is sometimes called - complex.

Methods for forming a simple shape

There are several ways to form it.

• Using the suffixes -ee, -ey, -e, -she, added to the base: cheerful - more cheerful. However, it is worth remembering that if suffixes of the comparative degree of adjectives -e, -she are used, then alternation of consonants in the root of the word may occur, and the suffixes -k, -ok, -ek may be eliminated altogether. For example: narrow - narrower, ringing - louder.
• Sometimes simple form can be formed by adding the same -ee, -ey, -e, -she, as well as the prefix po-. For example: soon - quickly, quickly - quickly. Adjectives formed in this way are usually the province of colloquial speech.
• Sometimes the comparative degree of adjectives in Russian is formed using a different word stem: bad - worse.

It is worth remembering that not every qualitative adjective can form a simple form. It so happened historically that it is simply impossible to form it from some words. For example, from adjectives such as “grand” or “businesslike”. After all, you can’t say: “grower” or “more businesslike.”

Unlike the positive, the simple comparative degree has no ending and does not change. For example, the adjective “light” changes according to gender and number: “light”, “light”, “light”, etc. In addition, it is declined according to cases. But the comparative degree of the adjective - “lighter” - is unchanged.

In this form, words, as a rule, perform the syntactic role of a predicate: “Words of love are sweeter than honey,” and in in some cases- definitions: “Make the jam sweeter.”

Complex shape

Unlike the simple one, it is formed not with the help of suffixes or prefixes, but by adding the words “more” or “less” to the adjective in the positive degree. For example: “Rembrandt was a more brilliant artist than most of his contemporaries, but he was truly appreciated years after his death.”

Adjectives in complex form are declined by case, change by number and, accordingly, by gender, while “more” and “less” remain unchanged. For example: more powerful (powerful, powerful, powerful).

Both in simple and compound form, comparative adjectives in a sentence serve as predicates or modifiers: “Their relationship was closer and more elevated than that of anyone around them.”

Having considered the information about the comparative degree, it is now worth moving on to studying the superlative degree. And it will help you not to forget how the comparative degree of adjectives is formed - the table.

It briefly outlines all the information about simple and complex forms and their formation.

Brief information about superlatives

It serves to demonstrate that a certain object or living being is absolutely superior to any other in a certain quality, which is represented in it to the highest degree.

For example: “The third little pig’s house was the strongest and the wolf could not destroy it.”

A little about superlatives

Knowledge of how simple and complex comparative degrees of adjectives are formed will help you understand this topic. In the case of the superlative degree, both of its forms have similar names: simple and compound (complex) and are formed according to the corresponding principle.

They are formed according to the same principle:

• The simple one is formed by adding the suffixes -eysh, -aysh to the stem: caring - caring. Similar to the comparative, the superlative may also lose the stem suffix -k: low, lowest. A word formed using a simple superlative form is declined according to cases and changes according to numbers and genders. While the comparative degree of an adjective in a simple form is devoid of this property. For example: “light”. As mentioned above, in comparative form it is invariably “lighter”. But in the superlative degree - “brightest”, it can change: “brightest”, “brightest”.
• The compound form is formed by adding the words "most", "least" or "most" ("most", "most", "most") to the adjective in the positive degree. For example: the brightest, the least entertaining, the funniest. In some cases, the comparative degree of the adjective plus the word “all” may also participate in the formation. For example: “This girl completed the task faster than anyone in the class.” As with the comparative form, the superlative adjective changes according to the same categories. And the additional words: “most” or “least” remain unchanged: “The wolf ran the shortest route to Grandma’s house and got ahead of Little Red Riding Hood.” However, “most” also changes: “The wolf ran the shortest route to Grandma’s house and got ahead of Little Red Riding Hood.”

As for the syntactic role, adjectives in this degree, as a rule, act as predicates: “A most amazing journey.” Less often - definitions: “It was a story about an amazing journey.” And in complex form, they most often serve as definitions: “He was smarter than everyone else at school.”

Superlative and comparative degrees of adjectives: exercises to consolidate knowledge

To better remember all the material presented, you should practice by doing a few fairly simple exercises.

The topic of comparative degrees of adjectives itself is quite easy. However, in order to avoid mistakes, it is worth remembering the basic rules, especially since in most European languages ​​adjectives also have 3 degrees of comparison. Therefore, having figured out what they are in Russian, you can safely take on the study of the grammar of foreign languages.