We are ready to quickly establish the authenticity of the document. Specialists will examine the handwriting and determine whether it belongs to a specific person. Expert assessment helps to confirm or refute with a high degree of certainty who wrote the document.
When considering an arbitration, criminal or administrative case, an investigator or inquiry officer may order an examination to clarify the essence of the motives or proceedings related to the conduct of a specific criminal case. In order to order a forensic examination, it is necessary to submit a special petition addressed to the investigator or judge, which substantiates the reasons for conducting expert work to establish the authenticity of documents. The application is always accompanied by information confirmation and the consent of experts to conduct such a study within the time limits established by law.
Often for pre-trial resolution controversial issues the plaintiff or defendant orders a private handwriting examination that can shed light on the essence of the ongoing dispute. By concluding an agreement with a legal entity or individual, we guarantee an effective, impartial examination of the handwriting of the provided documents.
Along with the handwriting, the authenticity of the signature is often examined. It is especially important to establish authenticity if it concerns inheritance, controversial issues when resolving property issues of any nature, contract proceedings and other cases.
A highly qualified specialist will be able to easily determine with a high degree of certainty who owns the signature and the written text. In addition, our company undertakes to prove the state of the person by signing the document proposed for research.
- Free consultations to determine the suitability of documents and their copies for examination.
- The customer can provide materials by mail, using electronic media, by courier or in person.
- We provide all the information the customer is interested in over the phone, using a computer connection or during a personal conversation in the office.
- We provide information letters for the court within 24 hours. This service does not require payment.
- Receiving and sending to court any materials necessary for the customer is free of charge.
Handwritten text is a combination of alphabetic and numeric characters written on a piece of paper and conveying a certain amount of information. The number of letters and numbers may vary depending on the direction of the semantic series of the document. When conducting legal proceedings, the question often arises about the reliability of the documents provided. This is especially important when resolving property issues.
Where is handwriting examination essential?
During the proceedings of cases related to disputes in labor collectives, applications, certificates, resignation letters, current employee records, financial documents, and any conflicts between borrowers and debtors are considered. In this case, receipts, agreements on taking possession of property, acts of acceptance and transfer, and loan obligations are provided.
- Disputes that have reached the legal level of any nature. Declarations, sales contracts, banks or personal records are examined to confirm or refute the truth of motives.
- When conducting criminal cases, expert opinion may be required regarding confession, filing of statements, complaints and motions.
How is handwriting examination carried out?
Handwriting is always formed as a result of acquiring numerous skills. It reflects personal qualities character, conditions under which the recordings were made, emotional state and much more. Written and motor skills allow the expert to be more likely to find the answer to the questions posed.
Each individual, in the process of handwriting formation, acquires stable and individual traits that can be easily identified by a well-trained specialist from our company. How longer person uses his skills to write texts, the more clearly his individual traits will appear. Over the years, even with a strong desire, it is impossible to change the basics of handwriting.
Variability refers to the ability of a person to adapt his written-motor skills to the circumstances that arise. Handwriting will likely change if the document was signed in an unusual environment, in a hurry, or under psychological pressure. The experienced eye of an expert is able to quickly grasp the nuances and give a comprehensive answer to the questions posed.
The developed handwriting techniques are divided according to certain criteria and are designed to carry out an expert assessment as accurately and completely as possible.
General features of handwriting are determined throughout the text of the manuscript and help determine:
- Orientation placement of signs in the test. The presence of topographical features specific to this document.
- An expert can easily determine the quality of the formed written-motor capabilities of the individual writing the text.
- An assessment is made of the structural movement of the pen along the trajectory of the left symbols.
Experts call private signs individual characteristics, used by a person when writing certain alphabetic or numeric characters. When carefully studied, they can tell a lot about the character, habits and other circumstances that influence a person when writing a document.
The widespread use of electronic technology to prepare large documents does not leave room for a thorough examination of handwriting. However, any important text must be signed by a person, and such research can shed light on whether a document is genuine or counterfeit.
The experts of our bureau substantiate each of their conclusions based on a methodology developed and tested over the years. Here we are able to conduct an expert assessment of documents of any complexity, regardless of their safety. The cost of services is always determined individually after consultation with a specialist. Much will depend on the quantity and quality of handwriting samples provided.
Questions an expert can answer
- Who wrote the document provided regarding the receipt of valuables.
- How many people wrote the document proposed for verification?
- Was the text written under normal circumstances, or was psychological pressure exerted on the writer?
- Are there any signs of artificial changes in handwriting in the proposed document?
- Is the signature left on the contract authentic or was a cliche used?
The customer may have many questions, and we are able to give a qualified answer to all of them - you just need to go to our website to leave a request, call or visit the office. In a personal conversation, an expert will answer all your questions regarding payment, terms and confidentiality for free. Payment is made after receiving the expert assessment.
How is the work done?
Regardless of where you live, you can use the services of our expert. Copies of the document can be sent by fax or as electronic copies arrive on PC. The operating procedure is as follows:
- It will take one working day for the inquirer or investigator to submit the information letter to the court.
- After talking with an expert, they will tell you what documents and in what quantity will be required to conduct an expert assessment in your case.
- After studying the documents proposed for research, they will give an expert assessment of the suitability of the handwriting for conducting a full examination.
- They will definitely voice their forecasts, but until they receive written expert assessments they will not have legal force.
- It is possible to conclude a cooperation agreement remotely, without personally coming to the office.
- The examination is carried out within the specified time frame. If any difficulties arise, the customer is immediately notified by telephone.
- The expert assessment is sent on a standard form with a stamp by courier or mail.
We are always ready to provide all possible assistance in solving any difficulties that arise. Clients can count on integrity, complete confidentiality and high qualifications of our experts.
Determining the author of a signature, determining the conditions of writing a text or the gender of a person from a handwritten text is not idle curiosity, but an important element of proof in a dispute, civil, arbitration and criminal cases. In order to check signatures, handwriting and documents, and obtain an objective opinion from specialists, an examination is needed. You can order this service from the GlavExpert company on the most favorable terms.
Prices for technical and forensic examination of handwriting
When is a handwriting examination needed?
Main tasks
The use of such research is not limited only to criminal cases, since the authorship of the document, the conditions for leaving the record, and the authenticity of the signature depend on:
- resolution of disputes regarding rights to real estate or other property;
- checking the legal purity of transactions;
- consideration of cases of debt obligations, especially when it comes to the transfer of money by receipt;
- inheritance disputes, when experts can identify the executor of the handwritten text of the will, the conditions for its preparation;
- determining the authenticity of signatures on legally significant documents, identifying corrections or additions to the source text.
Additional tasks
This is just a small list of issues that a handwriting examination in Moscow will help resolve. Experts work with voluminous documents or brief records, and conduct research on originals and copies of forms. You can order a handwriting examination when preparing documents for court, directly in a trial, or to resolve doubts and disputes in out-of-court procedures. Also, an expert study can be ordered by the court on its own initiative or at the request of the parties.
Cost of technical and forensic examination of handwriting
| Type of study | Cost of the study | Work completion time* |
|---|---|---|
| Identification study of seal impressions, stamps 1 pc. | 15,000 rubles | 4-5 |
| Identification study of seal impressions, stamps 2 pcs. | 20,000 rubles | 4-6 |
| Identification study of seal impressions, stamps 3 pcs. | 25,000 rubles | 5-7 |
| Identification study of seal impressions, stamps more than 3 pieces | Negotiable | - |
| Determining signs of technical forgery when making a signature (recording) | 15,000 rubles | 5-7 |
| Determining the execution sequence of printed text / signature / seal impression | 15,000 rubles | |
| Establishing the fact of replacing a document sheet | 15,000 rubles | |
| Determining unusual conditions when making signatures, handwritten notes | 15,000 rubles for 1 object (sheet) | 4-6 |
Types of examinations
Based on the presented objects and the purposes of the procedure, the authenticity of the signature, the artist of the handwritten text on the document, the method of making the entry, and other circumstances of the execution of the form will be established. Handwriting examination for court, law enforcement agencies or other purposes can be carried out in the following areas:
- examination of a personal signature on one form or several documents (receipt, agreement, power of attorney, will, etc.);
- examination of a short note, i.e. a fragment of handwritten text consisting of several words or sentences;
- expert study of handwriting, i.e. a significant amount of text;
- examination of a copy of a document when the original form is missing or cannot be presented (for such a study, increased requirements are imposed on the quality of the copy so that the conclusion is as objective as possible);
- examination of the handwriting of the deceased, which is of particular importance in inheritance disputes;
- other types of handwriting examinations.
Examination of personal signature
Allows you to determine whether the signature was actually put by the specified person, or whether another person reproduced it for illegal purposes. The research is carried out by studying the characteristics of motor skills, strokes and other elements of the signature. For comparison, provide free and conditionally free samples of signatures from other documents or experimental samples of signatures made by the person being inspected specifically for examination.
Brief Recording Research
It is carried out using a combination of words, letters and numbers. Experts may be tasked not only with identifying the author of the text, but also with establishing the content of the entry. An entire document, scraps of paper, or other objects on which a note has been made (for example, packaging of things, postal envelopes, etc.) can be submitted for study.
Expert examination of handwriting on a whole document
From handwritten text it is possible to determine:
- executor of the manuscript;
- how long ago the text or signature was written (for this, experts examine the composition of the ink or the signs of the handwriting of the person being checked that change over time);
- gender, approximate age of the executor of the document, psychophysiological state of the executor;
- conditions for writing the text (for example, stressful situation, the presence of unusual distracting factors, etc.).
Stages of work on handwriting research (non-judicial procedure):
customer request, clarification of the situation;
study of the document containing the disputed signature, preliminary comparison with samples of the signature of the person being checked;
formulating a preliminary conclusion;
conclusion of a research agreement;
conducting research, drawing up a specialist’s conclusion and transferring it to the customer.
Stages of work on forensic handwriting examinations:
providing an information letter to the court;
obtaining case materials from the court;
sending an invoice to pay for the examination;
studying materials, requesting additional samples if necessary;
conducting an examination, drawing up an expert opinion;
transfer of the expert's opinion and case materials to the court.
List of questions
Naturally, the more questions specialists have to study, the higher the cost of handwriting examination will be. However, these costs are completely justified, since the expert opinion will eliminate doubts about the authenticity of the document and the signature on it, and guarantees the receipt of other objective data.
Out of court
If the examination is carried out out of court, the list of questions and areas of research will be determined by agreement. All documents, samples and objects of research and comparison must be submitted by the customer. Specialists from GlavExpert will provide assistance in preparing materials for the examination.
In court
If a forensic handwriting examination is carried out in Moscow, the list of questions will be indicated in the court ruling. The parties to the trial have the right to present their questions to the court for an expert, and all case materials will be transferred for research. Forensic examinations can be complex and commission, primary or repeated. The expert’s conclusion will contain answers to all questions posed with justification for the conclusions and links to the results of the inspection. It's just general characteristics handwriting examinations, which you can order from us. Detailed information can be found on the website or obtained through consultation with our specialists.
Where to conduct a handwriting examination in Moscow
There is a lot of competition in the examination market, which makes it difficult to choose a reliable organization. Our company is not only one of the market leaders, but also offers favorable terms of cooperation. A large staff of experienced lawyers and experts in the field of handwriting examinations guarantees that you will receive an objective opinion in the shortest possible time. To conduct research, an agreement will be concluded, which determines the timing of the research and the cost of handwriting examination. Please note that if the lawsuit is successfully completed, you will be able to recover the costs of the examination from the losing party. An expert's opinion does not guarantee a positive resolution of the dispute, but it greatly simplifies the process of proof. If necessary, our specialists will speak in court proceedings and provide explanations about research methods and conclusions drawn. To clarify the cost of handwriting examination or other expert research, or to agree on the terms of cooperation, you can use a free consultation.
Cost of handwriting examination
On our website you can find prices for the main types of handwriting examinations. They may vary depending on the amount of work to be done, the complexity of the research, the quality of the documents submitted, and other factors. To clarify the price for handwriting examination, GlavExpert specialists will perform a preliminary analysis of documents and samples. The cost will directly depend on the type and object of research. For examination you can submit:
- originals or copies of documents (agreements, powers of attorney, testamentary forms, other documentation);
- short notes left on paper, objects or things;
- digital records;
- other objects.
Advantages of cooperation with us
Since 2011, the GlavExpert company has been providing services for handwriting and other types of examinations. Not only individuals and organizations turn to us, but also government departments, judicial and law enforcement agencies. You can order a visit from our specialists for a preliminary study of the research objects. This significantly saves your time and makes it easier to interact with experts. We guarantee our clients:
- strict compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on expert activities;
- usage modern methods research, high-tech equipment, which ensures accurate examination results;
- large selection additional services, inspections and research.
Contact the GlavExpert company to order a handwriting examination for court or other purposes. You can learn more about the benefits of cooperation with us during a telephone consultation.
The main task set before a handwriting examination is to identify the artist of a particular handwriting or autograph. Experts examine handwritten texts and signatures. They have to make a decision about the authorship of a manuscript or a work. Handwriting examination refers to the traditional type of forensic research. It is used in legal proceedings and in everyday life.
We work with all regions of the Russian Federation.
We will deliver documents to your city!
In the conditions of modern existence, you have to work a lot with documents, put signatures on various papers related to professional activities and to privacy. Handwriting examination can be ordered from CTIE CENTEREXPERTIZA LLC. The specialists of our center will carry out high-quality expert measures if it is necessary to establish the authenticity of handwriting.
Cost of handwriting examination
| Expertise | Cost, rub. |
|---|---|
| Artist signature identification | 7 500 from 4 500 |
| Identification of the artist of a handwritten recording | 7 500 from 4 500 |
| Determining unusual conditions when making signatures, handwritten notes | from 7 000 |
| Determination of the performance of handwritten notes with a change in the habitual writing hand | from 6 000 |
| Determination of the execution of a signature in imitation of any genuine signature of a specific person | from 10 000 |
| Determining the gender and age of the performer of handwritten text | from 15 000 |
| Identification of the signature method (handwritten, facsimile) | 10 000 |
Objects
Notes, texts, and signatures are taken as objects for handwriting research. Texts can be numeric, alphabetic, or with mixed characters in the form of numbers and letters. To establish the authenticity of the painting, every symbol and stroke involved in the autograph is carefully studied.
Our participation in the program “Man and the Law” dated April 5, 2019 on Channel One
Deadlines for examination
The main factor influencing the timing of handwriting studies is the volume of text being checked. To extend the period of time during expert activities, the following conditions apply:
- need for solution complex issues using two types of research behavior (identification, diagnostic);
- multi-object;
- emergence of the need to use additional sources.
The cost of handwriting research work consists of the number of objects studied and their volume. Things that complicate specialized work include:
- multitasking and multiobjectivity;
- identified signs that interfere with the coordination of the painting;
- notes made in an unusual way. An example of such writing would be an inscription on a mirror or other medium written with lipstick. Also in judicial practice, there are facts of the need to analyze a record written in blood on a wall.
Handwriting examination is today a fairly popular service both for trials and for other cases not related to the court. Therefore, in Moscow there are many companies that provide handwriting examination services. Prices for such activities vary widely. However, not all such organizations are ready to offer quality work. When choosing a company to check handwriting, you need to focus not on the price, but on the professionalism and experience of specialists who have documents confirming their qualifications.
Types and methods
For handwriting studies, one of the following is used: traditional methods. Its choice depends on the task set by the customer and on the presented object. The main importance when choosing the type of analysis is the handwriting material with which you have to work. Depending on such sources, the types of expert research differ. These include examinations: records, signatures, graphological examination, etc. Let's take a closer look at them.
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Record examination is also popular. Analyzing records is not uncommon in our lives. As already noted, records contain letters, numbers, or consist of both elements. Currently, voluminous texts are increasingly being replaced by short notes. In the latter, it is possible to find information about the structure of movements and the necessary writing skills. Experts know the existing rules of writing using the Cyrillic alphabet. Therefore, they can successfully solve any identification problems, identifying the specifics of handwriting.
During a graphological examination, specialists have the opportunity to collect information about the owner of a particular handwriting and its psychophysiological characteristics. It should be noted that the sciences of handwriting and graphology belong to different directions. In many countries, graphology is commonly used in judicial debates. In our country, this direction began to develop only in lately. Previously, graphology was practically not used. For some reason she was underrated. Using this direction of science, it is possible to determine a person’s character, his temperament, creativity, psychological stability and other personality qualities.
In progress forensics The handwriting expert who performs the research is a participant in judicial debates. He is endowed with responsibilities that are enshrined in legal documents. For intentional forgery, the expert risks being held accountable. Examination of a separate fragment or a complete document, as well as a signature, is often required in many situations in legal proceedings. The results obtained are considered at a court hearing. Such handwriting examination becomes important element in the evidence base, which serves as a reasoned criterion when making a court verdict.
Handwriting specialists at CTIE CENTREXPERTIZA LLC are able to determine the forgery or authenticity of a signature in a declaration, invoice, contract, and other documentation. The signature on the will may be forged. Experts can determine psychological portrait performer of the text under study.
We work not only with individuals and legal entities, but also with courts!
One of the types of technical research of materials is considered to be the analysis of signature age. This type of examination is based on the study physical and chemical properties writing instrument used for painting. The composition of the ink and other substances with which the writing element was filled includes certain components. Some elements evaporate over time. At the same time great value depends on how well the document storage is organized. To ensure the safety of research materials, the following rules must be observed: the right conditions humidity, temperature regime. Today, several methods are used to determine the limitation period, each of which has positive and negative qualities. The most common method of examination is the Ministry of Justice. It uses expensive and complex tools. The cost of research in this center using such equipment is quite high. This examination continues for quite a long time. It takes up to one and a half months.
Another type of signature examination is the examination of the handwriting of the deceased. In this case, it becomes impossible to select experimental samples. This factor can significantly affect the reliability of expert conclusions. If the deceased was elderly when making the signature, then the examination methodology requires special requirements for the samples used. The range of creation of these samples should be no more than five years relative to the date of the document being examined. In this case, a handwriting specialist needs to have information about the list of diseases of the deceased. In order to solve the tasks of recognizing this type of signature, it is necessary to prepare with special care for this handwriting analysis.
If you have to carry out expert procedures using copies of the document, then the handwriting expert must demonstrate all his knowledge and skills for a full-fledged study. In this case, the handwriting specialist has a significantly limited arsenal of methods. At the same time, it is impossible to analyze writing speed, pressure, etc. Using copies, it is impossible to find signs of forgery made by technical means. In order for the research to be sufficiently effective, special methodological recommendations. Thanks to modern scientific developments, it is possible to overcome many obstacles that were previously inaccessible to specialists in the field of handwriting. An examination using a copy, if there is no original, is often ordered by the court.
Expert handwriting analysis is often performed on the basis of an application, which is filled out on a specific form. The decision to examine handwriting is sometimes rejected or positive. In extrajudicial practice, such examination is initiated by private or legal clients who:
- interested in handwriting analysis during investigations or litigation;
- preparing for a court hearing;
- want to achieve complete justice.
If handwriting analysis appointed by the court or representatives of the investigative process, then the expert is informed of criminal liability when providing an Opinion with false information. If a handwriting examination is initiated by an individual, then the specialist’s work is regulated by law.
Ask your question to an expert
Auto-forgery signatures - changes deliberately made by the performer to his signature in order to be able to refuse it.
Variation of handwriting- a stable modification of the subject’s handwriting, associated with adaptation to the conditions of execution of the manuscript.
Variation of the trait- presence of the subject various signs, expressing the same qualitative property of this object (for example, the same signs of wear on the sole of the shoe displayed in the footprint may differ depending on the degree and nature of the distortion at the moment of trace formation - during standing, slow walking, running).
Graphology- the doctrine of determining a person’s character by handwriting.
Document- a material object on which, with the help of signs, symbols, etc. elements of natural or artificial language record information about facts. There are handwritten, typewritten, printed, phonological documents, photo and film documents, etc. In forensic science, the classification of a document is of particular importance; by legal nature - genuine and fake. An authentic document is one prepared by an appropriate official (or another person on whose behalf it was executed), the contents of which correspond to reality. A document duly prepared but containing false information is called forged (intellectual forgery). A counterfeit document can completely imitate a genuine one (complete forgery) or contain changes made to it for illegal purposes (partial forgery).
Addendum- in handwriting studies, a method of changing the original content of a document by making new entries or individual strokes by hand in the empty spaces of the document.
Additional Signature Elements- in handwriting studies, strokes (combinations of strokes) of various shapes and configurations located near the signature.
Finishing drawing- in the forensic study of documents, a type of addition in which the original content of the document is changed by adding individual strokes that change the previous letters or numbers.
Mirrored handwriting- the result of changing the usual direction of movement to the opposite when executing a written sign as a whole or part of it; a written sign or element looks like its reflection in a mirror. Accompanies unusual left-handed writing.
Identification complex of signs(complex of identification characteristics) - a set of individually defined, stable characteristics, unique (or having a rare occurrence) in their relationship, location and other features in the objects being compared.
Identification feature- an individualizing feature inherent in the objects being compared and used for identification purposes.
Changing the signature- in handwriting studies, a distinction is made between intentional (automatic forgery) and unintentional (occurs after a certain time, as well as under the influence of so-called confusing factors).
Changing handwriting in handwriting studies, changing the characteristics of handwriting, imitating the handwriting of another person, etc. - intentional I.p. is committed in order to complicate (make impossible) the identification of the performer. Unintentional I.p. associated with its formation, the influence of writing practice, and age-related or painful impairments in writing skills.
Individuality of handwriting- in handwriting studies, the uniqueness of the set of features of handwriting, an important identification quality. Used in the production of graphic examination.
Coordinate graphic method- in handwriting science, a model method based on a probabilistic approach and experimental identification of patterns of appearance of variants of particular features in various handwriting implementations of one person. Allows you to highlight, compare and evaluate similarities and (or) differences in the frequencies of occurrence of variants of particular features in the text and samples under study. Used to identify individuals by handwriting
Coordination of movements- in handwriting studies, a sign of handwriting that reflects the consistency of the writer’s movements. Depends on the level of written-motor skills.
Poorly developed handwriting- in handwriting science, unformed handwriting ( initial stage formation of writing skills), characterized by low stability, slow pace of writing, low coordination of movement.
Monogram- a combination of the initial letters of the first and last name or the initials and last name of a person. In criminology, it is an object of handwriting research.
Handwriting pressure- in handwriting science one of common features handwriting, expressing the intensity and placement of pressure in the writing process. The overall intensity of pressure depends on the force of pressure on the writing instrument when making written characters. The placement of the pressure depends on the position of the writing instrument relative to the line of the line. It is important in handwriting examination.
Handwriting slant- in handwriting studies, one of the general signs of handwriting; depends on the direction of flexion movements when performing straight elements. Determined by the position of the longitudinal axes of most written characters relative to the line line. According to the inclination, handwriting can be straight, right- or left-inclined.
Unusual state of execution of the manuscript- in handwriting studies, a state of the person writing that interferes with the normal process of completing a manuscript, for example, a painful condition (diseases of the hand, eyes), intoxication, etc.)
Non-destructive research methods material evidence - methods that do not affect the object in any way and do not require sample preparation for their implementation.
Stroke- in handwriting studies, the execution of strokes on top of the original recording, repeating the configuration of the characters. The fact of O. is established by technical and forensic examination of documents
Samples are conditionally free- in a handwriting examination, manuscripts presented to the expert as comparative material, made by the alleged executor of the object under study after the initiation of a criminal case for which the examination was appointed. They can be performed in connection with or without connection with this case. Feature O.u.s. is that the performer may assume the possibility of using his manuscripts as comparative material during the examination and therefore carry them out with a conscious intention to change his handwriting (signature). O.u.s may contain texts, records, signatures contained in various explanations, statements, complaints, etc.
Volume of the manuscript- in authorship and handwriting expert studies, the number of written characters (letter and numeric designations) in the manuscript, and in the signature - and non-letter elements in their various combinations and manifestations.
Letter- a means of capturing a person’s thoughts using language and a specially created system symbols(written signs, writing). In forensic science, it is the object of handwriting examination.
Writing instrument- in handwriting studies, a writing instrument intended for writing a manuscript - pen, pencil, felt-tip pen, brush, etc. In forensic studies, there are unusual P.p., i.e. objects not used in everyday life for writing (nail, pointed stick, pen, etc.).
Forgery of a document- production of false documents that completely imitate genuine ones (full P.), or making changes to the original document (partial P.).
Signature handwriting- in handwriting studies, an individual and dynamically stable program of graphic writing techniques, which is based on the way signatures are executed, implemented using a system of movements.
Handwriting- an individual and dynamically stable program of graphic writing techniques, which is based on the visual-motor image of completing a manuscript, implemented using a system of movements. P. is distinguished by its structure: simple, which most closely corresponds to the system of movements established by standard copybooks; simplified - deviating from the rules in the direction of reducing the complexity of the movement system; complicated - deviating from the rules in the direction of complicating movements. In criminology, it serves as the subject of study of handwriting, the object of study of handwriting examination.
Forensic handwriting science- a branch of forensic technology that studies the patterns of handwriting and the process of its research, means and methods for solving problems of handwriting examination.
Handwriting examination- a type of forensic examination, the subject of which are facts related to the execution of handwritten texts, signatures, and digital records. Solves identification, diagnostic and classification problems.
Signs of handwriting- handwriting examinations expressed (materialized) in manuscripts, informative from the point of view of solving problems.
Variation of handwriting characteristics- modification of a feature in manuscripts written by one person, within one variant.
Handwriting acceleration- one of the general characteristics of handwriting, characterized by the ratio of the width of written characters to their height and the distance between them; According to R.p. handwriting is divided into three groups: compressed handwriting (small R.p.) - the width of the lowercase characters is less than the height, their ratio is approximately 1:1.5; average handwriting - the height of the lowercase characters is approximately equal to their width or the width of the characters is approximately equal to the size of the intervals between them (most common); sweeping handwriting (large R.p.) - the ratio of the width of lowercase characters to their height is greater than 1, i.e. the width is greater than the height of the letters.
Handwriting size- one of the general signs of handwriting, depending on the extent of vertical movements. Determined by the height of lowercase letters: large - the height of the letters is 5 mm or more, medium - from 2 to 5 mm, small - up to 2 mm. R.p. - a weakly stable sign.
Handwriting development- reproduction by an expert characteristic features handwriting in the manuscript under study and samples for subsequent comparative research and assessments. Performed in handwriting examination, as well as in the identification study of typewriters, seals and stamps, cash registers and other printing devices, where it is called feature development.
Manuscript- a materialized product of the writing process based on a written-motor skill, as a rule, a carrier of handwriting implementation.
Confounding factors- in handwriting studies, unusual conditions for completing a manuscript that disrupt the writing process and causing change in handwriting implementations that are not characteristic of the performer’s usual handwriting. Taken into account in expert studies.
Handwriting coherence- in handwriting science, the ability of a writer to perform, in a continuous movement, a greater or lesser number of elements of written characters without lifting the writing instrument from the paper. There are highly coherent handwritings (more than 5-6 letters are executed with a continuous movement), moderately coherent (3-4 letters) and abrupt ones - no more than three elements (1-2 letters) are executed with a continuous movement. Depends on the development of handwriting, the tempo of writing and coordination of movements when performing written signs; is a stable feature and is used for identification purposes.
Handwriting complexity- one of the general characteristics of handwriting, closely related to the degree of its development; simplification or complication of the structure of written characters and their connections in comparison with accepted norms (standard copybooks). Simplifications are expressed in the loss of individual elements of written characters or in a decrease in their size, or in the straightening of oval movements and the introduction of simplified designs of written characters into the manuscript, which reduces the clarity and legibility of handwriting (simplified handwriting). Complications are expressed in additional elements of written characters not provided for in the copybook, in a sharp change in the direction of movement, and the appearance of pretentiousness in the handwriting (complicated handwriting). Handwriting that lacks both simplified and complicated movements appearance which is close to standard copybooks is called simple.
Stereotypical handwriting- in handwriting science, reproducibility in handwriting realizations of handwriting features of a certain person in the same variants with a minimum of variation in features.
Similar signatures- in handwriting signatures different persons, in which the transcription, degree of development, general and a number of specific features coincide (for example, signatures of relatives, namesakes, signatures containing the same letter and stroke combinations).
Similar handwritings- handwritings of different persons in which general and a certain amount of private characteristics coincide. The similarity can be: minimal (general and individual common, frequently occurring, private characteristics coincide); medium degree(in addition to the general ones, a significant part of the common particular characteristics also coincides); maximum (general and most of the specific characteristics, including rare ones, coincide).
Pace of movement when writing- a sign of handwriting that reflects the speed of the manuscript: usual, accelerated, slow, uneven pace. Studied in handwriting science.
Technical forgery of signature- a special term denoting the execution of a signature on behalf of another person using various devices and methods to achieve a close resemblance to the original.
Transcription in handwriting studies, the composition of a signature, a certain sequence of execution of signature elements. Types of signature: alphabetic - the signature consists only of letters; letterless, lined - the signature consists of strokes that do not form letters; mixed - the signature consists of both letters and non-letter elements. Used for personal identification.
Facsimile 1) exact reproduction of a graphic original (document, manuscript, signature) by photographic or printed means; 2) cliche-print, reproducing the formation of handwriting - the process of developing handwriting as a result of training and writing practice.
Expert detailing graphic image - in handwriting studies, analysis of handwriting implementations in order to search and identify the handwriting features contained in them. It consists of identifying elements and parts of elements (strokes) of images that are accessible to visual perception and fixation in expert development.
Written sign element- in handwriting studies, a component of a letter or digital image, with the loss of which the letter or number loses its meaning. The basis for division into elements is a break or change in the direction of movement that reproduces a written sign.
We sometimes take up a pen to sign, write a statement or an explanatory note, despite the total use of the computer. Our handwriting can tell a lot. It is not for nothing that the unique features of handwriting formed the basis of two disciplines: graphology and handwriting science. The object of these disciplines is the same, but the tasks are different. What is the difference between handwriting analysis and graphological analysis?
Let's start with the definition
This is a branch of criminology that studies the development of human written-motor skills and develops methods for studying handwriting to solve problems of forensic handwriting examination.
This is a psychological discipline whose task is to establish a connection between handwriting and the personal characteristics of a particular person.
Where is handwriting and graphological analysis used?
Graphological examination is often used in personnel departments when hiring applicants. In some cases, knowledge of graphology helps to give a primary description of a potential employee.
In law enforcement practice, graphological examinations are not carried out due to high level subjectivity of the approach. But it is in great demand in arbitration, civil and criminal proceedings. The key tasks of handwriting science are identification and diagnostic research.
Identification of the executor of the manuscript or signature.
Diagnostic studies are the solution to questions about the gender of the writer, his age, some physical and professional characteristics and the conditions for completing the manuscript or signature.
Objects of handwriting examination
. - this is a type of manuscript that is recorded using alphabetic, numeric or mixed (alphanumeric) notations with a volume of at least four words, eight digits, three words and three numbers.
. - this is a type of manuscript that is recorded in alphabetic, numerical or mixed notations. The difference between a recording and a text is its smaller volume.
. - this is a type of manuscript that denotes the last name, first name and patronymic of a specific person, compiled using letters or conventional graphic signs to identify a person.
Most often, wills, contract agreements, letters and promissory notes and other documents are brought for handwriting examination.
Can a person confuse a handwriting expert?
One can easily imagine a situation where a person deliberately writes in a handwriting that is not his own, imitating someone else, changing the tilt or pressure of the pen, making the letters round or completely printed. There are craftsmen who specifically write with their left hand, although they themselves are right-handed. Can an expert fall for such a trick?
For each method of imitation, a handwriting specialist has his own methods by which he can easily recognize the deceiver. For example, the “left-handed way” is quite simple to define. If the author of the document is right-handed, then very soon he will get tired of the unusual way of writing, his movements will become slow and lose their automaticity.
