Types of solutions. Hypotonic sodium chloride solution Application of isotonic and hypertonic solutions in medicine

In this article: a description of a hypertonic solution, what it is, why the solution is called that, its types. Mechanism of action various pathologies how and when you can make the solution yourself and apply it.

Article publication date: 04/07/2017

Article updated date: 05/29/2019

A hypertonic salt solution (sodium chloride) is a liquid with a concentration of the main substance above 0.9%. To understand where the name “hypertensive” comes from, it is necessary to understand the basics normal physiology cells and surrounding matter.

Liquid is the main part of the contents of the cell and the space surrounding it; all substances necessary to maintain normal function are dissolved in it. The exchange of contents occurs based on the difference in liquid pressure. Under physiological conditions normal pressure fluids in cells and intercellular substance is maintained by sodium chloride ions at a concentration of 0.9%, the same percentage in human blood plasma. If the amount of substance inside and outside the cell is equal, there is no transition of ions; when it changes, the ions move in the direction with a lower concentration, maintaining equilibrium. Thus, a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride or salt is called physiological or isotonic (relative to blood plasma), and any solution of higher concentration is called hypertonic.

This solution is an official drug widely used in medical practice in different concentrations:

1–2% for rinsing, washing the nasal passages and throat (otolaryngology);
2–5% for gastric lavage (emergency medicine);
5–10% for treatment infected wounds (purulent surgery), as well as to stimulate the passage of stool during constipation (therapy, postoperative period);
10% for treatment and in case of urinary obstruction (emergency and emergency medicine).

Taking into account the indications, the solution can be recommended or prescribed for treatment and prevention by doctors of several specialties: therapists, otorhinolaryngologists, surgeons, resuscitators, nephrologists.

Indications for use and mechanism of action

Depending on the type pathological process and method of administration, different concentrations of the drug are used. Some methods of use require only a pharmaceutical (sterile) form medicine, for others, self-cooking is suitable. Before moving on to home recipes, you need to consider in detail how and what medicine to use.

1–2% salt solution

Indications: infectious and inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes of the nasal passages, maxillary sinuses, oral cavity(rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis), as well as surgical interventions and injuries in this area.

Action: inhibits the growth of microorganisms, reduces tissue swelling and pain.

Application: rinse your nose or gargle your mouth and throat every 4 hours acute period diseases. Duration of use is 3–5 days depending on clinical manifestations.

2–5% salt solution

Indications: gastric lavage if lapis (silver nitrate) is ingested.

Action: by entering into a chemical reaction, a hypertonic salt solution neutralizes the acid by forming safe silver chloride, which is excreted unchanged through the intestines.

Application: use in the first minutes after ingestion of lapis; if the victim cannot drink on his own, administer through gastric tube. Total volume up to 500 ml depending on the amount of silver nitrate ingested.

5–10% salt solution

Indications:

infected wounds with copious purulent discharge;
prolonged absence of stool, including after surgical treatment abdominal organs.

Action:

has a pronounced antimicrobial effect, reduces swelling and inflammation in the purulent focus, reduces pain;
in the ampoule of the rectum, the solution irritates the mucous membrane and increases the release of fluid into the lumen, softening feces and stimulating bowel movements.

Application:

dressings with napkins generously soaked in the drug 2-3 times a day (the frequency depends on the severity of purulent-inflammatory changes);
microenemas (total volume up to 200 ml) 1–2 times in the morning.

10% salt solution

Indications:

internal and external bleeding with a large volume of blood loss;
acute renal failure stage sharp decline or complete absence of urine excretion by the kidneys (oligo- and anuria).

Action:

increases the volume of blood plasma by stimulating the release of fluid from the intercellular space into the vessels;
restoration of the lack of sodium and chlorine ions against the background of disturbed water and electrolyte balance.

Application: slow, intravenous administration with a total volume of up to 10–20 ml.

Contraindications and negative effects

Hypertonic solution - universal medical product with a minimum number of contraindications:

Contraindication for local application(washing, rinsing, dressings, microenemas) – individual intolerance ( allergic reactions any type).

Contraindications for intravenous administration:

individual intolerance;
in the absence of urine output - only according to strict laboratory indications (decreased chlorine and sodium ions in the blood plasma and increased potassium content);
for large blood losses, they are currently rarely used - only if there is a shortage of drugs to restore the volume of circulating plasma (due to the need to administer large volumes of solution to adequately support heart function and blood circulation, which in turn leads to electrolyte disturbances, aggravating the patient’s condition ).

Burning or even slight pain in the area of the wound surface when applying a napkin with a solution - normal reaction and does not require its cancellation. Unpleasant sensations disappear with regular use.

Administration of the drug subcutaneously and intramuscularly is absolutely contraindicated - tissue necrosis develops at the injection site.

Administration of a large volume of solution through the stomach or intravenously will lead to the development of hypernatrium and hyperchloremia (exceeding the physiological concentration of ions in the blood). Clinical manifestations include: thirst, impaired consciousness, convulsions. In extreme cases, coma and cerebral bleeding develop.

Self-cooking

For use for the purpose of washing the mucous membranes of the nasal passages, mouth, throat, stimulating the passage of stool and cleansing purulent wounds You can prepare a hypertonic solution at home. You cannot make a sterile drug for intravenous administration yourself, nor can you administer this drug at home without a doctor’s prescription.

The pharmaceutical form of the drug is available in bottles of 200 and 400 ml; only distilled water is used for dilution and the dry substance is calculated per 1 liter. For topical use, ordinary boiled water, cooled to a temperature of 35–37 degrees (this temperature to accelerate dissolution) and ordinary salt from the kitchen.

How to prepare a hypertonic solution in terms of 200 ml of water (the volume of a faceted glass up to the rim):

Storing homemade solution does not require special conditions– antimicrobial activity prevents the proliferation of bacteria. The shelf life is limited by salt crystallization (easy to determine by eye).

In conclusion, it can be noted that brine in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory processes in some cases successfully replaces expensive medications local application.

Metabolism. Concept.

Metabolism(metabolism) is a set of chemical reactions that occur in a living organism to maintain life. Thanks to these chemical reactions nutrients, entering our body, are transformed into components of the body's cells, and decay products are removed from it.

Maintaining solute concentrations is an important condition of life. For metabolic reactions to proceed properly, it is necessary that the concentrations of substances dissolved in the body remain constant within fairly narrow limits.

Significant deviations from normal composition usually incompatible with life. A living organism is faced with the task of maintaining proper concentrations of solutes in body fluids, despite the fact that the intake of these substances from food can vary significantly.

One means of maintaining constant concentration is osmosis.

Osmosis.

Osmosis is the process of one-way diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane of solvent molecules towards a higher concentration of the solute (lower concentration of the solvent).

In our case, the semi-permeable membrane is the cell wall. The cell is filled with intracellular fluid. The cells themselves are surrounded by intercellular fluid. If the concentrations of any substance inside and outside the cell are not the same, then a flow of liquid (solvent) will arise, trying to equalize the concentrations. This fluid flow will exert pressure on the cell wall. This pressure is called osmotic. The reason for the occurrence of osmotic pressure is the difference in the concentrations of liquids located across different sides cell walls.

Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.

The solutions that make up our body, which differ from each other in osmotic pressure, can be divided into the following:

1. Isotonic solutions- these are solutions with the same osmotic pressure. The cell is filled with intracellular fluid. There is intercellular fluid around the cell. If the osmotic pressures of these liquids are the same, then such solutions are called isotonic. In normally functioning animal cells, the intracellular contents are usually isotonic with the extracellular fluid.

2. Hypertonic solutions - these are solutions osmotic pressure which is higher than the osmotic pressure of cells and tissues.

3. Hypotonic solutions- these are solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells.

If solutions of intercellular and intracellular fluids have different osmotic pressures, then osmosis will occur - a process designed to equalize concentrations.

If the intercellular fluid is hypertonic in relation to the intracellular fluid, then a fluid flow will occur from inside the cell to the outside. The cell will lose fluid and “shrink.” At the same time, the concentration of substances dissolved in it will increase.

Conversely, if the intercellular fluid is hypotonic in relation to the intracellular fluid, then a fluid flow directed into the cell will occur. The cell will be “sucked up” by the liquid and increase in volume. At the same time, the concentration of substances dissolved in it will decrease.

Sweat is a hypotonic solution.

Our sweat is a hypotonic solution. Hypotonic in relation to intracellular and intercellular fluids, blood, lymph, etc.

As a result of sweating, our body loses water. The blood loses water. It becomes thick. The concentration of substances dissolved in it increases. It turns into a hypertonic solution. Hypertonic in relation to intercellular and intracellular fluids. Immediately after this, osmosis occurs. Substances dissolved in the intercellular fluid diffuse into the blood. Substances in the intracellular fluid diffuse into the extracellular fluid and then back into the blood. The cell “shrinks” and the concentration of substances dissolved in it increases.

Who is in charge of all this?

All these processes are controlled by the brain. It receives a signal from thermoreceptors that the body temperature is rising. If the brain believes that this increase is excessive, then it will give a command to the glands internal secretion and they will increase the amount of sweating. As sweat evaporates, your body temperature will decrease.

Next, we will consider the situation if the osmoreceptors report a loss of fluid and an increase in the intracellular concentration of salts. Now the brain, through the nervous system, will tell us that it would be nice to replenish it. Thirst will arise. After it is satisfied, the water balance and osmotic pressure in the cells will be restored. Everything will return to normal.

A similar scheme can be implemented for other reasons. For example, it is necessary to remove some harmful substances from the body. These substances could have entered him with food. Or they could appear as a waste product of their own metabolism. And now they need to be removed from the cells.

Regulatory processes similar to those described above will again be launched. Participants in the process may change. Other receptors, other parts of the brain, other endocrine glands will be involved. But the result should be the same - the conditions for the correct flow of metabolic processes must be preserved.

What if no one is in charge of all this?

And this also happens.

In case of violations in activities nervous system, endocrine system or local lesions of the cerebral cortex (for example, the hypothalamus), our body ceases to act as coherently as necessary. The regulation system fails.

In this case, metabolic processes will not be able to proceed properly. The person will suffer from some kind of metabolic disease.

in biology, various solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than in the cells of plant or animal tissues. In G. r. cells absorb water, increasing in volume, and lose some osmotically active substances(organic and mineral). Red blood cells of animals and humans in G. r. swell to such an extent that their shells burst and they are destroyed. This phenomenon is called Hemolysis. Wed. Hypertonic solutions and Isotonic solutions.

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"Hypotonic solutions" in books

Solutions

From the book Bathhouse, sauna [We build with our own hands] author Nikitko Ivan

Mortars When laying foundations and walls, as well as stoves, mortars are used, which are obtained by diluting binders with water - clay, lime and cement. For dry parts of buildings, stoves and chimneys, clay is used. When hardened, clay dough gives

Masonry mortars

From the book Do-it-yourself stoves and fireplaces author Zvonarev Nikolai Mikhailovich

Masonry mortars The strength and durability of the entire structure largely depend on the quality of the masonry mortar. The brickwork of the furnace itself is made using clay-sand mortar (the chimney above the ceiling is made using cement-sand mortar).

Plaster solutions

From the book Home Master author Onishchenko Vladimir

Plaster mortars To carry out new plaster, repair work and regrinding, a mortar consisting of binder and filler mixed together should be prepared. Mortars are clay, lime, lime-gypsum, cement and cement-lime. Except

Solutions and mastics

From the book Home Master author Onishchenko Vladimir

Mortars and mastics Cement mortars and mastics are used for gluing tiles to various surfaces. different kinds mastic Cement mortars for walls - 1:4, for flooring - from 1:5 to 1:6 (i.e., take from 4 to 6 parts of sand for 1 part of cement). Casein-cement mastic

LECTURE No. 3. Solutions

From the book Physical Chemistry: Lecture Notes author Berezovchuk A V

LECTURE No. 3. Solutions 1. general characteristics solutions Solutions are thermodynamically stable systems of variable composition, consisting of at least two components and products of their interaction. These are dispersed systems consisting of a dispersed phase and a dispersive phase.

XIII. Solutions

author

XIII. Solutions What is a solution If you add salt to the broth and stir with a spoon, there will be no trace of salt left. You should not think that grains of salt are simply not visible to the naked eye. Salt crystals cannot be detected in any way because they have dissolved.

Solid solutions

From the book Movement. Heat author Kitaygorodsky Alexander Isaakovich

Solid solutions In life, the word “solution” is applied to liquids. However, there are also solid mixtures, the atoms or molecules of which are homogeneously mixed. But how to obtain solid solutions? You won't get them with a pestle and mortar. Therefore, mixing substances must first be

How do solutions freeze?

From the book Movement. Heat author Kitaygorodsky Alexander Isaakovich

How solutions freeze If you cool a solution of a salt in water, you will find that the freezing point has decreased. Zero degrees have passed, but hardening does not occur. Only at a temperature several degrees below zero will crystals appear in the liquid. This

Solutions

From the book Materials for building a stove in a country house author Melnikov Ilya

Mortars Mortar is a mixture of binders, aggregate and water. Its main function is to connect individual stones, bricks, and blocks. Solutions can be simple (consist of two parts) and complex (the ratio of two astringent parts and one part

Mortars

author Dubnevich Fedor

Construction mortars Construction mortars are mixtures of binder, water and fine aggregate, which acquire a homogeneous stone-like structure as a result of the hardening process. Before hardening, they are called mortar mixtures and are used for stone

Plaster solutions

From the book Repair and decoration country house author Dubnevich Fedor

Plaster mortars Plaster mortars are used for external and internal work. Plastering of the external surfaces of a building is usually carried out with a mortar based on cement or lime binder, and complex (cement-lime) mortars are also used. They are prepared

Solutions

From the book Do-it-yourself stove laying author

Solutions The strength of the furnace masonry depends on the quality of the solution. Mortar is a mixture of binders, aggregate and water. Its purpose is to bind together individual stones, bricks, and blocks. Solutions are indicated by the numerical ratio of binders and fillers.

SOLUTIONS

From the book How to Build a Country House author Shepelev Alexander Mikhailovich

SOLUTIONS Necessary in stone and brick masonry, in plastering and stove work. They are prepared from one or two binding materials, as well as from one filler or a mixture thereof. Binders can be clay, lime, cement, gypsum; fillers -

Hypotonic solutions

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GI) by the author TSB

Bleeding: atonic and hypotonic

From the book Encyclopedia of Clinical Obstetrics author Drangoy Marina Gennadievna

Bleeding: atonic and hypotonic The most important and most dangerous complications early postpartum period are hypotension and uterine atony. It has now been established that bleeding that occurs in the first 2 hours of the postpartum period is most often

Which are lower than in the cells of plant or animal tissues. In G. r. cells absorb water, increasing in volume, and lose some of the osmotically active substances (organic and mineral). Red blood cells of animals and humans in G. r. swell to such an extent that their shells burst and they are destroyed. This phenomenon is called Hemolysis. Wed. Hypertonic solutions and Isotonic solutions.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what “Hypotonic solutions” are in other dictionaries:

- (biological), solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body. * * * HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS, in biology, solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (biol.), pry, osmotic. pressure below osmotic. pressure in the cells of the body... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

In biology, solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

hypertonic and hypotonic solutions- Hypertonic and hypotonic solutions: if two solutions have different osmotic pressures, then the solution with a higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic with respect to the second solution, and the solution with a lower osmotic pressure... ... Chemical terms

Solutions whose osmotic pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure in plant or animal cells and tissues. Depending on the functional, species and environmental specifics of the cells, the osmotic pressure in them is different, and the solution... ...

- (from Iso... and Greek tónos voltage) solutions with the same osmotic pressure (See Osmotic pressure); in biology and medicine, natural or artificially prepared solutions with the same osmotic pressure as in the contents... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

SODIUM- SODIUM. Natrium, chemical element, symbol Na, a silvery-white, shiny, monatomic metal with a waxy density at ordinary temperatures, becoming brittle in the cold and distilling in bright red-hot heat; discovered by De.wi (1807) by electrolysis... ...

Interaction of red blood cells with solutions depending on ... Wikipedia

ENEMA- ENEMA, klystyr (Greek klyzo I rinse), technical technique, consisting in the fact that any liquid substance is introduced into the rectum - water, medicinal solutions, oil, liquid suspensions, etc. The main purpose of K. is a therapeutic effect;... ... Big medical encyclopedia

- (from the Greek plásma fashioned, shaped and lýsis decomposition, decay) lag of the Protoplast from the shell when the cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution (See Hypertonic solutions). P. is characteristic mainly for plant cells … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Salt and water interact well with each other, complement the action and are indispensable assistants in medicine. Hypertonic and isotonic solutions stop bleeding, treat wounds and fight purulent discharge. They are similar to each other and at the same time differ in concentration and methods of application. Solutions vary in salt content and are used for different medical purposes.

It is also called physiological, and the whole point is the same concentration of sodium chloride salts with human blood plasma. This solution has the same osmotic pressure, thanks to this action it helps cells and tissues not to be destroyed. In case of dehydration, this composition saturates and nourishes the body, returning moisture to all structures and systems. They introduce it different ways, through the mouth, nose, intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously.

The solution is most often used by specialists for the following purposes:

To replenish the water balance after vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding or intoxication of the body.
To remove waste, infection or other toxins after poisoning.
In the form of inhalations for problems with the respiratory system.
For treating wounds, bruises or damage to tissue integrity.
As a basis for various medications.

Isotonic or saline solution is easy to prepare yourself at home, but can only be used for external use. For this you will need 1 liter boiled water and 1 tsp. salt. The composition is useful for enemas or gargling, but for processing open wounds too concentrated.

Low concentration solution

It contains less salt, so it has a lower osmotic pressure. If a hypotonic solution is applied orally, it will be absorbed by the tissues.

When inserted large quantity The substance can undergo lysis, that is, destruction of the cell itself, which is very dangerous and even fatal for the human body. Used in narrow areas, mainly for anesthesia, in other cases it is useless.

Highest salt content

A hypertonic solution is the most concentrated; its osmotic pressure is 10% greater than that in blood plasma. Thanks to its repellent properties, it removes excess moisture from the body, which helps relieve tissue swelling. If the composition is in contact with cells and tissues for a long time, they become dehydrated and end result die. It has an antimicrobial effect, which is why it helps fight infections in wounds.

Used in many ways, namely:

For gargling with sore throat and other inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx.
Applying bandages and compresses to purulent or open wounds.
For tissue swelling.
In gynecological practice.
Concentrated solutions are used for severe intestinal or pulmonary bleeding.
A 5% solution can be used to cleanse the intestines using an enema.
Used in water procedures.
Used in cosmetology to strengthen the nail structure, as well as hair, in the fight against fungus.

You can prepare any solutions yourself; you just need 1 liter of boiled water and 3 tablespoons of salt. Try to use it immediately on the first day of preparation, and do not overdo it with sodium chloride, otherwise it can lead to serious tissue damage.

Differences

Many people do not see the difference between these solutions at all, but it exists and it is necessary to know it. After all, using a self-selected bottle in a pharmacy for other than its intended purpose can harm your body and lead to cell lysis.

Isotonic solution and hypertonic solution - both options are used to treat humans, if one is most often created for internal administration in order to saturate the body with moisture. The second one is considered a sorbent and helps remove water and toxins from body tissues.

Of course, they are distinguished directly by different salt content, osmotic pressure and methods of application. At correct use they have a beneficial effect on a person and remain indispensable assistants in many situations, as well as improvised means for the prevention of many diseases at home.

Regardless of the concentration and method of application of the compositions, first of all, permission and consultation of a doctor is required. In small babies or people with kidney disease, salts are poorly excreted from the body, and this can lead to negative consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to get tested and carry out ultrasonography abdominal cavity.

If you need to infuse an isotonic solution, you should purchase a sealed bottle and connect it correctly so that no air gets in. Nursing staff have this knowledge; doing this yourself at home is very dangerous, because you may not get into the vein, all the liquid will be released into the tissue, leading to swelling and other problems.

It is also important to take only sterile solutions and use them immediately after uncorking, otherwise contamination may occur, which will indicate the complete unsuitability of this reagent.

How to use factory blanks correctly:

The package is opened immediately before use, only this guarantees sterility.
Before installing the IV, check for holes or other defects. If such damage is present, the bottle should be disposed of along with the solution in it.
Pay attention to the color and turbidity; if there is any suspicion, it is also not recommended to take it for treatment.
Under normal circumstances, mount the saline bottle on a stand, open the cap, and insert the needle.
Any solution must be administered slowly to avoid problems with the general condition of the patient.

By adhering to these basic rules, you can protect your body from infection.

Thanks to different concentrations of solutions, many therapeutic and preventive actions can be carried out. But before self-medicating, it is better to consult your doctor.