Old Russian words and their meaning.  Dictionary of obsolete words (based on works from the school curriculum)

Vocabulary is the totality of all the words we use. A separate group in the lexicon can be considered old words. There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.

What are old words

Since language is an integral part of the history of a people, the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them had great importance. Ancient, or outdated, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the vocabulary of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. They can often be found in works of art.

For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:

"In the crowd of mighty sons,

With friends, in the high grid

Vladimir the sun feasted,

He gave away his youngest daughter

For the brave prince Ruslan."

There is the word “gridnitsa” here. Nowadays it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, together with his warriors, held celebrations and feasts.

Historicisms

There are different types of ancient words and their designations. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.

Historicisms are words that are now not actively used for the reason that the concepts they denote have fallen out of use. For example, “caftan”, “chain mail”, armor”, etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words. For example, mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck.

In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. which are incomprehensible to many and are not typical for our everyday speech. But they do not disappear completely from use. Writers use historicisms and archaisms to truthfully tell about the past of the people; with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what once happened in other eras in our homeland.

Archaisms

Unlike historicisms, archaisms denote those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. This Clever words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, they just sound differently. There are different archaisms. There are those that differ from ordinary words only in some features in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. In the 19th century there were many such words. This is klob (club), stora (curtain).

There is a group of archaisms with obsolete suffixes, for example, muzeum (museum), assistance (assistance), rybar (fisherman). Most often we come across lexical archaisms, for example, eye - eye, right hand - right hand, shuitsa - left hand.

Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create a special world in fiction. Thus, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to add pathos to his works. This is clearly evident in the example of the poem “The Prophet”.

Words from Ancient Rus'

Ancient Rus' gave a lot modern culture. But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which were preserved and some are no longer used at all in A. Old obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of ​​the origin

For example, old curse words. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Pustobrekh is a chatterbox, Ryuma is a crybaby, the thick-haired forehead is a fool, and shabby is a disheveled person.

The meaning of ancient Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same root words in modern language. We all know the words “jump” and “jump”; they mean rapid movement in space. The Old Russian word “sig” meant the smallest unit of time. One moment contained 160 whitefish. The largest measurement value was considered “far distance”, which was equal to 1.4

Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scientists. The names of coins that were used in Ancient Rus'. For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Rus' and were brought from Russia, the names “kuna”, “nogata” and “rezana” were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - zlatniks and silver coins.

Outdated words from the 12th and 13th centuries

The pre-Mongol period in Rus', 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, a layer of vocabulary related to the construction and construction of buildings appeared then. Some of the words that appeared then remained in the modern language, but the meaning of ancient Russian words has changed over all this time.

The basis of life in Rus' in the 12th century was the fortress, which then had the name “Detinets”. A little later, in the 14th century, the term “Kremlin” appeared, which then also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old, outdated Russian words change. If now there is only one Kremlin, the residence of the head of state, then there were many Kremlins.

In the 11th and 12th centuries in Rus', cities and fortresses were built from wood. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, when they came to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. Novgorod and Pskov survived. The word “Kremlin” appears for the first time in the Tver chronicle of 1317. Its synonym is the ancient word “kremnik”. Then kremlins were built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.

The social and aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction

Ancient words, the discussion of which is often found in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their work of art more expressive. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating “Boris Godunov”: “I tried to guess the language of that time.”

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time from which they were taken. Most of the ancient words appear in his work “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich.” This is, for example, “you know”, “oh you goy are you”, Ali.” Also, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are “Dmitry the Pretender”, “Voevoda”, “Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk”.

The role of words from past eras in modern literature

Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us remember the famous work of Ilf and Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. Here, ancient words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.

For example, in the description of Ostap Bender’s visit to the village of Vasyuki, the phrase “The one-eyed man did not take his only eye off the grandmaster’s shoes” appears. Archaisms with Church Slavonic overtones are also used in another episode: “Father Fedor became hungry. He wanted wealth."

when using historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms and archaisms can significantly decorate fiction, but their inept use causes laughter. Ancient words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, cannot be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passerby: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, then he will not understand you (meaning your neck).

In newspaper speech, there is also inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: “The school director welcomed young teachers who came to practice.” The word "welcomed" is synonymous with the word "welcomed". Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their essays and thereby make the sentences not very clear and even absurd. For example: “Olya came running in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense.” Therefore, if you want to use ancient words, their meaning, interpretation, meaning must be absolutely clear to you.

Outdated words in fantasy and science fiction

Everyone knows that genres such as fantasy and science fiction have gained enormous popularity in our time. It turns out that ancient words are widely used in works of the fantasy genre, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.

The reader can understand such concepts as “banner” and “finger”. But sometimes there are more Difficult words, such as “komon” and “nasad”. It must be said that publishing houses do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully use historicisms and archaisms. These are works from the “Slavic fantasy” series. For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova “Valkyrie”, Tatyana Korostyshevskaya “Mother of the Four Winds”, Maria Semenova “Wolfhound”, Denis Novozhilov “ Far Far Away kingdom. War for the throne."

We often find outdated words in classical literature. Footnotes and explanations are often provided for them, since these words are not used in modern language, and many may not know their meanings.

Examples of obsolete words:

inda - even

lanita - cheeks

saryn - rabble, crowd

week - week

lazy - lazy

Obsolete words include archaisms and historicisms. These are words that are rarely used in living modern speech or are even found only in the literary works of writers of past centuries. We will classify outdated words as passive vocabulary of the modern Russian language.

Archaisms are characterized by the fact that, as a rule, they have synonyms in modern speech.

Examples of archaisms:

hand - palm,

neck - neck;

belts - shoulders,

sail - sail,

piit - poet,

fisherman - fisherman,

lips - lips.

Historicisms, as you can guess from the name of these words, are associated with a certain era in the history of the country and are the names of those objects that have already disappeared, and the word, as a reminder to descendants, remained in the literature, archival documents or periodicals of those years.

I will give these examples of outdated words - historicisms:

kulak - a wealthy peasant in the 20-30s of the last century;

workers' faculty - workers' faculty;

worker's faculty, workers' faculty - workers' faculty students.

Among the historicisms there are many ancient names of monetary units, measures of length and weight, names of objects and clothing, etc., for example:

club, pood, verst, arshin, ten-kopeck piece, student, barge hauler, policeman, coachman, tavern, etc.

Obsolete words mean those words that, due to a time period, have fallen out of previously habitual active use, but in the passive dictionary they have been preserved and, to a greater extent, remain understandable to native speakers.

Among obsolete words, there are two types: archaisms and historicisms.

For example, lanits - cheeks in Old Russian. Hand - palm. Down - down, below. Eyes - eyes. Chelo - forehead. Or an archaic appeal - dear sir :-). Virgo is a girl. There is such a word - tuck in - tuck in / shirt /. Get excited - hang out with someone. This is folk speech, I heard the last two words from my grandmother / Smolensk region /.

To what has already been written by other authors, I can add that words used today can be considered obsolete if in former times they were used in different meanings than in the present. Such words are called semantic archaisms.

Archaisms.

Otrok is a teenage boy.

Otrokovitsa is a teenage girl.

Astrologer - astrologer.

Actor - actor.

A creature is a living being.

The shame is a spectacle.

Vulgar - ordinary.

Domovina is a coffin.

Zolotar is a jeweler.

To hope - to hope.

Dark - blind.

Crown - wreath.

Supper - dinner.

Vitia is a speaker.

This one is this one.

Rest - fall asleep.

City - city.

Arab is a black man.

Innocent - innocent.

Lamb - lamb.

The husband is a mature man.

Scoundrel - not fit for military service.

Whorehouse is a brothel.

Abode - monastery.

Historicisms.

Likbez, Berkovets, carriage, rattler, stagecoach, serf, oktyabrnok, pioneer, bast shoe, inquisition, posadnik, Komsomol, torch, archer.

The works of the classics of the 18th and 19th centuries are full of outdated words. The meaning is not always clear.

The poet Pushkin has blueberries. An obsolete word. That means a nun.

Pay at his place. The word appears in the conversation of old villagers. A bed for sleeping on the stove.

The obsolete word used today is now.

OBSOLETE words, or ARCHAISMS, denote objects, phenomena and concepts that have not disappeared from our modern life, but continue to exist in it, but under a different name. That is, they are denoted by modern words.

There are a lot of archaisms known. And they are listed in dictionaries.

Here in front of me is Ozhegov’s dictionary. I open the page at random and immediately come across outdated words: lanita- cheek; bastweed- peasant; word dealer used in the meaning reseller And horse trader.

I close the dictionary. What can I remember myself?

This is not difficult to do if you recall some expressions and phrases of our famous classic writers. For example, A, P, Chekhov has the following appeal: WISE secretary! That is wise.

From a poem by A.S. Everyone knows the lines of Pushkin’s Prophet:

I think that it is not worth translating the highlighted outdated words into a modern language, because we all know them from the school curriculum.

Here are a few more outdated words: full - captivity; shelom - helmet; pawn - infantryman; tuga - melancholy, sadness; right hand - right hand; guard - watchman; finger - finger; existing - existing; thief - thief, robber, etc.

I repeat that there are a lot of archaisms, both native Russian, Old Church Slavonic, and borrowed.

It is simply impossible to list them within the framework of this project.

There are a lot of obsolete words (this is the name for words that were previously used quite actively, but now are rarely or not used at all in the meanings in which they used to be) in the Russian language. Because the process of obsolescence is constant. Such words are sometimes even divided into obsolete and obsolete.

Here are some of them:

Screen. Archaism. Many people are now thinking about screenshots, which are called screenshots for short. But it turns out that this was what small chests and stacks used to be called. For example, if Dostoevsky lived not in the 190th century, but earlier, he would have called the old woman’s casket (packing), from which Raskolnikov pulled out money and jewelry, a screen. Hide from the word.

Chernitsa. Archaism. And that was the name of the nuns. By the color of their clothes.

Belenkaya. Historicism. This substantivized adjective once meant a banknote with a face value of 25 rubles.

Zlachny. Archaic meaning. This word had the now outdated meaning of rich, fertile. From the word cereal.

Aspid is a poisonous snake, yell is to plow, namale is soap, in advance - in advance, nabolshiy is the eldest, spring is a well, finger is a finger, get out - dress up, hustochka is a handkerchief, nikoli - never, odnova - once.

Obsolete words are divided into historicisms and archaisms; we will give examples of both.

Historicisms:

district, boyar, volost, king, clerk, altyn.

Archaisms:

belly is life,

mirror - mirror,

hand - palm.

eye - eye,

cold - cold.

Read about the differences between these two groups of obsolete words here.

Nurullaev Rubin and Duysenova Dinara.

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is Big city, others have a small village, others have a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” IN Lately However, interest in the past began to awaken. But history is inexorable. Small ones are disappearing these days. settlements, sometimes existing for 300 - 400 years. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that have acquired new meaning over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

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Regional scientific and practical conference “Step into the future”

Research work on Russian language

on this topic

"Using Outdated Words in Everyday Life"

The work was completed by 10th grade students

MKOU "Osypnobugorskaya Secondary School"

Privolzhsky district, village. Osypnoy Hill

Nurullaev Rubin and

Duisenova Dinara.

Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko

Svetlana Georgievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

2013

Routing

Subject scientific work– “Using obsolete words in everyday life”

School: MKOU "Osypnobugorsk Secondary School"

Information about scientific supervisors – Svetlana Georgievna Kirichenko

Information about the submitted work:

Type of work – abstract and research

Presence in the introduction of an object, subject, goals, objectives of the study - +

Availability of a work plan - +

Number of sources in the bibliographic list –

Preliminary testing of work - school conference

Study period: October-January

Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko S.G.

Head of the institution: G. A. Khalmetova

Plan research work

1. Research plan. page 3
2. Introduction. page 5
3. Purpose of work p.5
4. Hypothesis.p. 5
5. Relevance and significance of the work.p. 5
6. Tasks p.5
7. Introduction. page 6.
8. Chapter I " Historical reference Privolzhsky district". page 6.

Chapter II “Why are there so many different languages?” page 7.

1. Chapter II “Outdated words.” page 8.
2. Sociological survey. page 11
3. Knowledge of outdated words. Page 12
4. Usage of words taking into account different age categories. p. 13
5. Dependence of the use of words taking into account age characteristics.p. 15
6. Lists of people by recognition category.p. 16
7. .List of words with other meanings.p. 17
8. Competition “The best expert on obsolete words.” p. 19
9. Conclusion. page 20
10. Bibliography. page 21
11. Appendix.page 22

Introduction

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that have acquired new meaning over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

Goal of the work: Find out how outdated words are used in everyday life.

Hypothesis: We assumed that the words are used, but less every year.

Relevance and significance of the work:Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.

Novelty of the work: preserving obsolete words as history, memory of one’s small homeland.

Tasks: 1) Study the literature on this topic.

2) Conduct a sociological survey.

3) Find out the degree of use of words in the form of graphs and

Table

Introduction. Historical information of the Volga region

Privolzhsky district - municipality in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionRussia.

Privolzhsky district is located in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionin the delta of the Volga River and borders on the north withNarimanovsky And Krasnoyarsk districts, in the east with Volodarsky districtand the city areaAstrakhan. The area of ​​the district is 840.9 km².

Based on the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On the formation of the Volga region in the Astrakhan region” datedThe 20th of October1980- Privolzhsky district was formed in the Astrakhan region, with the center in the villageNachalovo, due to part of the territoryNarimanovsky districtAstrakhan region. 39 rural settlements.

The population is 40.1 thousand people.

Why are there so many different languages?

The development of language as a means of communication is regulated by two opposing trends: divergence (divergence)

convergence (convergence). These trends are closely related to each other and to each individual segment historical development languages ​​give way to each other in communication conditions. This is manifested in the fact that the collapse of a once unified linguistic community causes linguistic divergence: new linguistic features that appear in the speech of one of the separated tribes do not spread to the language of the remaining separated groups, and this leads to the accumulation of linguistic differences between them. This is how dialects are formed, varieties of a once common language.

A dialect is the smallest unit of dialect division of a language. In all dialects, the linguistic landscape is considered. Dialects are combined into adverbs, larger territorial units.

Unfamiliar words, but each locality has its own, special words. These are regional or dialect words. They are not part of the national language, but are used only in dialects, and not everywhere, but only in a certain territory. That is why all modern languages ​​in different territories of their distribution are represented by local dialects (in our time - only in rural areas), reflecting the ancient fragmentation of the population of different regions.

Over a long period of isolated development, so many differences can accumulate that different dialects can develop into different languages. On the contrary, in the case of a unification of tribes, the integration of dialects inevitably begins, which is expressed in the smoothing out of linguistic differences, the spread of new linguistic features to the speech of all population groups included in such a union. Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.

For example: trouble - very, trouble - hard, difficult.

Bereznik - birch forest, bereznik - boletus mushroom.

A lyapa is a slow person, a lyapa is to leave quickly, a lyapa is a small fish.

Outdated words

The words in our vocabulary can be very different in terms of the time of their appearance in the language. The vast majority of old words are included in the active lexicon, are used by us often and, due to their constant functioning in speech, are not recognized by the old (cf. the words of proto-Slavic origin: father, white, carry, when, himself, house, sky, etc.). Moreover, they form the basis of modern modern vocabulary, although it is replenished with new words very intensively. At the same time, among words that are old in terms of their appearance (even relatively recent), there is also a generally very significant group of words that are used rarely, under certain conditions, in other words, are outdated.

Outdated wordscan be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.

Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) - these are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. For example:

"Now they were petitioners..."

The highlighted word is historicism. It has no synonyms in modern Russian. The meaning can only be explained by resorting to an encyclopedic description. This is exactly how they are presented in explanatory dictionaries:

1. Petition, -I, cf. 1. In ancient Rus': bow to the ground with the forehead touching the ground. 2. In ancient Rus': a written request.
2. Petitioner, -a, m. In ancient Rus': the one who filed a petition. Petition, oh, and. In ancient Rus': petition (in 2nd meaning), Stolnik, -a, m. In ancient Rus': a courtier, a degree lower than a boyar, originally a courtier who served at the princely or royal table).

The reason for the appearance of historicisms in the language is the change in life, customs, and the development of technology, science, and culture. One things and relationships are replaced by others. For example, with the disappearance of such types of clothing as the armyak, camisole, caftan, the names of these types of clothing disappeared from the Russian language; they can now only be found in historical descriptions. Gone forever are the words: serf, quitrent, corvee and others associated with serfdom in Russia, along with the corresponding concepts.

Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words that have fallen out of use due to their replacement by new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tight - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.

Archaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in various ways: a different lexical meaning(guest - merchant, belly - life), different grammatical design(perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), with a different morphemic composition(friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features(Gishpanish - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words are completely outdated, but have modern synonyms: so that - so that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. To clarify the meaning of such words when working with the text of a work of art, it is necessary to use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words. This will help avoid mistakes in interpreting the text.

The reason for the appearance of archaisms is in the development of the language, in the updating of its vocabulary: one words are replaced by others.

Words forced out of use do not disappear without a trace: they are necessary in historical novels and essays - to recreate the life and linguistic flavor of the era.

Sometimes outdated words begin to be used in a new meaning. Thus, the word has returned to the modern Russian language dynasty . Previously, it could only be combined with such definitions as royal, monarchical. Now they talk and write about working dynasties, miner dynasties, meaning families with an “inherited” profession.

We became interested in the population living on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, since during the study of the material it turned out that outdated words are made up of dialects different nations, their customs, way of life, with the development of technology. And this is due to the appearance of historicisms and archaisms in the language.

Having studied the nationalities of the population of our village, we displayed our research in a diagram:

From this diagram it can be seen that people of different nationalities live on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, which amounts to 3,140 people. The Tatars occupy the largest number. From this it can be assumed that the obsolete words that were and are used in this territory were formed due to the merging and smoothing of linguistic differences, and the spread of new linguistic features that formed new words.

Sociological survey

The next stage of the research work was a sociological survey among residents of the village of Osypnoy Bugor, belonging to different age groups.

3 groups were identified. A total of 100 people were interviewed.

We included people under 11 years of age (4th grade) in the first group. A total of 53 people.It was interesting to find out whether the proposed words are used by this age category, because Basically, everything modern is valuable to them.

The second age category included people from 12 to 15 (grades 6 – 9) years. Total 33 people. A feature of this age is the transition of children's views to a more serious understanding of life.

The third age category included people 16-17 years old (grades 10-11). There are 17 people in total.At this age, people increasingly begin to appreciate the customs and traditions of their ancestors. They are increasingly remembering their past, assessing their actions with a new look.

Questionnaire questions were asked.

Questions:

1) Do they know the words presented?

2) What words are used?

3) How did you find out about them?

We gave each group different words.

See Appendix 1

Knowledge of obsolete words

Table 1

Usage of words taking into account different age categories.

table 2

Using the table, you can distribute the use of words in this way. 65% know words under 11 years of age

They know these words because...

1) We heard them from our parents.

2) Remember them.

55% of words are not used.

12 - 15 years old 75% actually do not use because... the words are old, but now it’s fashionable to use Western words: cool, awesome, super, O.K. etc., and old words are forgotten.

50% of 16-17 year olds know, heard from relatives and began to use these words. But they have a peculiar pronunciation. Rarely used.

Dependence of the use of words on age characteristics

The graph shows that the percentage of words used is decreasing and it can be assumed that the next generation will completely stop using these words, because they are not studied and are spoken quite rarely. Thus, a large layer of the cultural life of the village may disappear.

Lists of people by recognition category

Conclusion: The table shows that most people know the words from relatives. There are people who know words from books. A small percentage of people learned the words from village residents.

List of words with other meanings

During the study, we examined additional information on this list of words. It turned out that these words have different meanings. It depends on the territory and the cultural characteristics of the population and the area.

Bajit 1. Predict.

ObrosikhaIlyinsk.

2. Drive in the game.

MusonkinoKarag.

Say 1.Transfer. Interpret, narrate, tell something. Plishkari El.

2.Convene.

Berezovka Us.

Z. Scold.

N. Zalesnaya Os.

Wheatear 1. Blackberry.

VilvaSol.

2. A weed with regular yellow small flowers and bitter and sour juice, used as a medicinal product; celandine.

OsokinoSol.

Orel Us R. Romanovo Us.

Z.About a retarded young man.

RakinoCherd.

Lesson 1. Work assigned for a certain period. Gubdor Krasnov.

SvalovaSol.

2.Tax

Lensk Kungur..

In our village, many words have the same meaning and pronunciation. This suggests that the traditions and customs of the population of this territory are very closely intertwined. This also applies to language features.

Each village of the Volga region has its own highlight. IN in this case These are words that were used only in our village.

Competition “The best expert on obsolete words”

To preserve outdated words, we held a competition for the title of “The best expert on outdated words” that were used on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council.

Conclusion: not all students were interested in the competition. And since the younger generation is not interested in the past, the problem of connecting generations arises.

Conclusion

The following conclusions can be drawn from the research work:

1) The formation of the linguistic characteristics of village residents has gone through a long historical path.

2) The formation of traditions, customs and rituals occurred due to the development of several archaeological cultures in this territory.

H) The formation of modern peoples is the result of the political and economic unification of tribes or population groups.

4) Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.

5) The pronunciation and meaning of words are passed down from generation to generation from parents to children. Less commonly learned from books.

6) Depending on age, the use of these words decreases.

We believe that it is necessary to know the outdated words of our area, because this is our culture, our history.

The result of the work was the book “Outdated Words in Pictures”

Suggested methods for saving words:

1) Opening of a linguistic club at the school.

2) Holding school holidays using outdated words.

3) Holding events in the museum using antiques.

Bibliography

1.G.N.Chagin “Peoples and cultures of Astrakhan in the 19th - 20th centuries. "Astrakhan, 1986"

2. I.S. Kaptsugovich “Book for reading on the history of Astrakhan” Astrakhan book publishing house, 1992

3. Textbook “Modern Russian Language” Publishing House “Prosveshchenie” 2005

4. Internet resources.

5. Dictionary of dialects p. Scree Hill.

Application

Appendix 1. Sociological survey.

Vocabulary for 4th grade

Chest of drawers - a low cabinet with drawers for linen or small items,

Azure – light – Blue colour, blue,

To convey from mouth to mouth - to communicate something to another person,

Bylitsa - a blade of grass, a stalk of grass,

Buried - hid,

If - if,

At the Lukomorye - at the sea bay,

Bright purple - red,

He's shivering - someone is shivering from the cold,

Printed gingerbread - gingerbread with printed drawings, letters,

Biryuk is a beast, a bear,

Tenetnik - cobweb, spider.

Dictionary for grades 6-9

Bayat - talk, talk,

Golik - broom,

Kamenka - a stove in a bathhouse,

Zenitsa - eye, pupil,

Alcohol - hunger

The little shooter is a fidget, a naughty boy,

Dol is the same as valley,

Bajit - to predict,

Altyn - a three-kopeck coin,

Arshin – measure of length (0.71 m)

Evening - evening,

Vya - neck,

Right hand - right hand,

Yesen - autumn

Otkul - from where,

Saden is pain,

Tyn - hedge,

Shaber is a neighbor.

Dictionary for grades 10-11

Knickers - trousers,

Bajit - to predict.

To talk - to talk, to talk.

Venge - cry.

Veres - juniper.

Gasnik - lace.

Golik is a broom.

Yes - yes.

Kamenka is a stove in a bathhouse.

Swing - swing.

Nozem - manure.

Window - window.

Uglan is a boy

Run away - run away

Lesson - damage, evil eye.

Faishonka - headscarf,

Seine is a large fishing net,

Incense is a pleasant, aromatic smell.

Outdated words are special group words that, for one reason or another, are not used in modern speech. They are divided into two categories - historicisms and archaisms. Both of these groups are similar to each other, but still have several significant differences.

Historicisms

These include words denoting special things, positions, phenomena that have ceased to exist in modern world, but took place earlier. An example of such words is boyar, voivode, petitioner, estate. They do not have synonyms in modern language, and you can only find out their meaning from an explanatory dictionary. Basically, such outdated words refer to the description of life, culture, economy, hierarchy, military and political relations of ancient times.

So, for example, petitioning is: 1) bowing with the forehead touching the ground; or 2) written request. Stolnik is a courtier, one degree lower than a boyar, who usually served at the boyar or royal table.

Most outdated historicism words are found among names related to military themes, as well as those related to household items and clothing: chain mail, visor, redoubt, arquebus, valley, prosak, armyak, seeder, camisole.

Here are some example sentences containing obsolete words. “Petitioners came to the tsar and complained about the governors, and said that they were taking away their estates and then giving them away; the nobles, stewards and boyars’ children also complained that the governors were taking away their palace villages. Cossacks and archers also came to the tsar, bringing petitions , asked for grain and cash wages."

Currently, one of the numerous groups of historicisms are those that arose during the formation of the USSR: food detachment, Budyonnovets, educational program, committee of the poor, NEP, lichenets, NEPman, Makhnovets, food surplus.

Archaisms

Obsolete languages ​​are classified into another broad group - archaisms. They, in fact, are a subgroup of historicisms - they also include words that have fallen out of use. But their main difference is that they can be replaced by synonyms, which are common words used today. Here are the cheeks, right hand, loins, verses, tightness, ramen. Accordingly, their modern analogues are cheeks, right arm, lower back, poetry, sadness, shoulders.

There are several basic differences between archaism and its synonym. They may differ:

a) lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant);

b) grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform);

c) (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship);

In order to correctly use archaism in a sentence and avoid confusion, use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words.

And here are examples of sentences containing archaisms: “In Moscow lived okolnichi, boyars, clerks, whom Bolotnikov threatened to turn into commoners or kill, and put nameless people in their place; industrialists and wealthy merchants also lived there, courtyards, money, whose shops “Everything was given to the poor.”

In this passage, the following words are archaisms: commoner, yard (in the meaning of household), shop ( trading enterprise), nameless. It is easy to notice that there are also historicisms here: okolnichy, boyar.

Outdated words perfectly convey the characteristic historicity, make literary text colorful and bright. But for correct and appropriate use, you must always check with explanatory dictionary so that flowery phrases do not end up turning into nonsense.

Archaisms are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian. Eg:
the right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ribs are the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in the morphemic composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning(belly - life, guest - merchant), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features (mirror - mirror, Spanish - Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe, so that - so that. And to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result further development society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military themes.

Eg:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, arquebus and so on.
Most of the outdated words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker, and so on. Types of production activities such as horse-drawn horses and manufacturing. Phenomena of patriarchal life: procurement, rent, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.

Words that arose during the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovets, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due both to the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus' and to frequent use these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and so on and so forth.

Abiye - immediately, since, when.
Anyhow - so that, in order.
Lamb - lamb, lamb.
Az is the pronoun “I” or the name of the first letter of the alphabet.
Az, buki, vedi - the names of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet.
Aki - as, since, like, as if, as if.
Altyn - ancient silver coin worth three kopecks.
Hungry - from the word "hungry" - greedily want.
An, even - if, meanwhile, after all.
Anbar (barn) is a building for storing bread or goods.
Araka - wheat vodka
Arapchik - Dutch chervonets.
Argamak - an eastern thoroughbred horse, racer: at a wedding - a horse under saddle, not in harness
Armyak is men's outerwear made of cloth or woolen fabric.
Arshin is a Russian measure of length equal to 0.71 m; ruler, a bar of such length for measuring.
If - if, if, when.

Babka - four sheaves of oats - ears up, covered with a fifth - ears down - from the rain.
Badog - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word “bazhat” - to love, to desire, to have an inclination.
To bash - to roar, scream.
Barber - barber, hairdresser.
Stillage is the grounds, the remains from the distillation of grain wine, used for fattening livestock.
Corvée is the free forced labor of serfs who worked with their equipment on the farm of the landowner, landowner. In addition, the corvée peasants paid the landowner various taxes in kind, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, butter, poultry, etc. For this, the landowner allocated part of the land to the peasants and allowed them to cultivate it. The corvée was 3-4, and sometimes even 6 days per day. week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on three-day corvee was of a recommendatory nature and in most cases was ignored by landowners.
Basque - beautiful, elegant.
Basok - short form from the word “basque” - beautiful, comely, decorated.
Bastion is an earthen or stone fortification that forms a ledge on the rampart.
Basurman is a hostile and unkind name for a Mohammedan, as well as for a non-religious person in general, a foreigner.
Batalya (battle) - battle, battle.
Bahar is a talker, a talker.
To babble - to talk, chat, converse.
To be vigilant is to take care; be on guard, vigilant.
Fluency is speed.
Timelessness is a misfortune, a difficult test, time.
A steelyard is a hand scale with an unequal lever and a moving fulcrum.
Unusual - not knowing customs, everyday rules, decency.
Bela Mozhaiskaya - an ancient Russian variety of bulk apples
Belmes (Tatar “belmes”) - you don’t understand anything, you don’t understand at all.
Berdo is an accessory of the weaving mill.
Take care - be careful.
Pregnancy is a burden, heaviness, burden; armful, as much as you can hug with your hands.
Incessantly - unconditionally, undoubtedly, incessantly.
Shameless - shameless.
Becheva - a strong rope, rope; towline - the movement of a vessel with a towline, which was pulled along the shore by people or horses.
Bechet - gem ruby type
A tag is a stick or board on which signs and notes are placed with notches or paint.
Biryuk is a beast, a bear.
Broken loaves - dough for rolls whipped with cream
To hit with the forehead is to bow low; ask for something; to offer a gift, accompanying the offering with a request.
To bet is to bet on winning.
Annunciation is a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin Mary (March 25, O.S.).
Blagoy - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Bobyl is a lonely, homeless, poor peasant.
Boden is a butter, a spur on the legs of a rooster.
Bozhedom is a cemetery watchman, gravedigger, caretaker, head of a home for the elderly and disabled.
Blockhead - statue, idol, block of wood.
Boris and Gleb are Christian saints, whose day was celebrated on May 2 according to Art. Art.
Bortnik is a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word “bort” - a hollow tree in which bees nest).
Botalo - bell, bell tongue, beat.
A bochag is a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Hawkmoth is a drunkard.
Brany - patterned (about fabric).
Bratina - a small bowl, goblet with a spherical body, used for drinking in a circle
Brother - brother, a vessel for beer.
Brashno - food, dish, dish, edible.
Breden, nonsense - a small seine that two people use to catch fish while wading.
Will - if, if, when, if.
Buerak is a dry ravine.
Buza - rock salt, which was given to animals.
A mace is a sign of superior authority, also a weapon (club) or knob.
Alyssum is a box, a small box made of birch bark.
Bouchenye - from the word “boil” - soak, whiten canvases.
Buyava, buyovo - cemetery, grave.
Bylitsa is a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka - a story about evil spirits, the reliability of which is not doubted.

Vadit - to lure, attract, accustom.
It's important - it's hard, it's hard.
Shafts are waves.
Vandysh - smelt, dried fish like ruff
Vargan (“on the mound, on the vargan”) - perhaps from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowed, open place in the forest.
Varyukha, Varvara - a Christian saint, whose day was celebrated on December 4 according to Art. Art.
A sergeant major is a senior non-commissioned officer in a cavalry squadron.
Vashchet is your grace.
Introduction - introduction, Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin Mary (November 21, O.S.).
Suddenly - again, again.
Vedrina - from the word “bucket” - clear, warm, dry weather (not winter).
Vedro - clear, calm weather.
Politeness - good manners, courtesy, politeness.
Vekoshniki - pies seasoned with meat and fish leftovers.
Maundy Thursday - Thursday on last week Lent (before Easter).
Veres - juniper.
Veretye ​​is a coarse hemp fabric.
Vereya (belts, rope, vereyushka) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
A versten is a verst.
A spit is a rod on which meat is fried by turning it over the fire.
Nativity scene - cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slits in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were performed.
A top is a fishing implement made of twigs.
Vershnik - horseman; riding ahead on horseback.
Veselko is a stirrer.
Vechka is a copper pan.
Evening - last night, yesterday.
Hanged (mushrooms, meat, etc.) - dried.
Viklina - tops.
Guilt is a reason, a reason.
Vitsa, vichka - twig, twig, whip.
Vlasno - exactly, actually.
The driver is the leader of the bear.
Voight is a foreman in a rural district, an elected elder.
Wave is wool.
Vologa - meat broth, any fatty liquid food.
Portage - from the word “drag”, a path on a watershed along which cargo and boats are dragged.
Volosnik is a women's headdress, a net made of gold or silver thread with trim (usually not festive, like kika, but everyday), a type of cap.
Volotki - stems, straws, blades of grass; top part sheaf with ears.
Vorovina - shoe polish, also rope, lasso.
Voroguha, vorogusha - sorceress, fortune teller, evildoer.
Voronets is a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Voronogray - fortune telling by the cries of a raven; a book describing such signs.
Votchina is the family estate of the landowner, passed on by inheritance.
In vain - in vain.
The enemy is the devil, the demon.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state thanks to personal closeness to the monarch.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved a high position thanks to chance.
Vskaya - in vain, in vain, in vain.
In pursuit - after.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
As a stranger - from the outside, without being in a close relationship.
Elected - elected by voting.
I will take it out - always, at all times, incessantly.
Vyray (viriy, iriy) - a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Howl - meal time, also a share of food, part of a meal.
Vyalitsa is a blizzard.
Greater - greater, higher.

Gai - oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.
Galun - gold or silver tinsel braid.
Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.
Garchik - pot, krinka.
Gattki, gat - a flooring made of logs or brushwood on a swampy place. To shit - to spread dirt.
Gashnik - belt, belt, lace for tying pants.
Guard - selected privileged troops; military units serving as guards for sovereigns or military leaders.
Gehenna is hell.
General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth class according to the Table of Ranks.
Lieutenant General is a general rank of the third class, which under Catherine II corresponded to the rank of lieutenant general according to Peter the Great's Table of Ranks.
George - Christian saint George the Victorious; Yegory-Spring (April 23) and Yegoryev (Yuryev) Day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.
To perish - to perish, to disappear.
Glazetovy - sewn from glazet (a type of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).
Glezno - shin, ankle.
Goveyno - fast (Mrs. Goveyno - Assumption Fast, etc.)
To fast is to fast, to abstain from food.
Speaking is speech.
Gogol is a bird from the diving duck breed.
Godina - good clear weather, a bucket.
Suitable - to marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.
Years go by - years live, from the word “godovat” - live.
Golbchik - golbchik, a fence in the form of a closet in a hut between the stove and the floors, a stove with steps for access to the stove and floors, and with a hole in the underground.
To be golden, to be golden - to talk noisily, shout, swear.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - leather mittens without wool lining.
Dutch - chervonets struck at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golomya is the open sea.
Gol - ragamuffins, naked people, beggars.
Grief is upward.
Gorka is a graveyard, a place where church ministers lived.
Gorlatnaya hat - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; The shape is a tall, straight cap with a crown that flares upward.
Upper room - a room usually located in top floor Houses.
The upper room is the clean half of the hut.
Fever, delirium tremens; fever is a serious illness with intense fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of painful delirium during high temperature or temporary insanity.
Gostika - guest.
Letter - writing; official document, a decree giving someone the right to do something.
Hryvnia - ten-kopeck piece; in Ancient Rus' currency unit- a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
Grosh is an ancient coin worth two kopecks.
Grumant is the old Russian name for the Spitsbergen archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.
Grun, gruna - a quiet horse trot.
A bed is a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying down, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.
Guba - bay, backwater.
Governor is the ruler of a province.
Spongy cheeses - curd, whipped with sour cream.
Gudok is a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, barn for compressed bread; threshing area.
The tug is a loop that holds the shafts and the arc together.
Guzhi with garlic - boiled rolls.
Threshing floor - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, a covered threshing floor.
Gunya, gunka - old, tattered clothes.

Yes, recently.
The janitor is the owner of the inn.
Brother-in-law is the husband's brother.
Maiden's room - a room in manor houses where serf courtyard girls lived and worked.
Devyatina - a period of nine days.
Deja - dough dough, kneading bowl; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Actors are actors.
Business - division.
Delenka is a woman constantly busy with work and needlework.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Denga is an ancient coin in denomination of two half or half a kopeck; money, capital, wealth.
Gum, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten - ten times.
Divyy - wild.
An officer's diploma is a certificate of merit for an officer's rank.
Dmitry's Saturday is the day of remembrance of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.
DNA - diseases internal organs, aching bones, hernia.
Today - now, now, today.
Dobrohot - well-wisher, patron.
Dominates - follows, should, must, decently.
To suffice is to be sufficient.
Argument - denunciation, denunciation, complaint.
Enough, enough - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.
Boredom is an annoying request, also a boring, annoying thing.
To top up is to overcome.
Dolon - palm.
Share - plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, fate, fate.
Domovina is a coffin.
Dondezhe - until then.
The bottom is a board on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow are inserted.
To correct - to demand filing, debt.
Dor is rough shingles.
The roads are very fine oriental silk fabric.
Dosyulny - old, former.
Dokha - a fur coat with fur inside and outside.
A dragoon is a warrior of cavalry units operating both on horseback and on foot.
Dranitsa are thin planks chipped from wood.
Gruss is coarse sand that is used when washing unpainted floors, walls, and benches.
Drolya - dear, dear, beloved.
A friend is a wedding manager invited by the groom.
Oak - a young oak tree, an oak tree, a shelf, a staff, a rod, a twig.
Dubnik is an oak bark necessary for various household works, including tanning leather.
Smoky furs are bags made from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).
Smokey smell.
Drawbar - a single shaft attached to the front axle for turning the cart when harnessed in pairs.
The sexton is the sexton's wife.
An uncle is a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.

Eudokei - Christian St. Evdokia, whose day was celebrated on March 1 according to Art. Art.
When - when.
A one-child is the only son of his parents.
Eat - food.
Hedgehog - which.
Everyday - every day, every day.
Elias - olive oil, which was used in church services.
Elen is a deer.
Eliko - how much.
Fir tree - a fir branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.
Eloza is a fidget, a weasel, a flatterer.
Elets - different types shaped cookies.
Endova - a wide vessel with a toe for pouring liquids.
Epancha is an old long and wide cloak or blanket.
Jeremiah - Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian Apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.
Ernishny - from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
It snarls across the belly - from the word “yarl” - to swear, to use foul language.
Eating - food, food.
Eating is food.
Nature is nature.
Etchi - yes.

Zhalnik - cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Iron - shackles, chains, shackles.
Pretense - lack of simplicity and naturalness; mannerism.
Lot - lot.
Lives - it happens.
Belly - life, property; soul; livestock
Stomachs - living creatures, prosperity, wealth.
They live - they happen.
Lived - a residential place, premises.
Fat is good, property; a good, free life.
Zhitnik - baked rye or barley bread.
Zhito - any bread in grain or standing; barley (northern), unmilled rye (southern), all spring bread (eastern).
Harvest - harvest, harvesting of grain; strip after squeezed bread.
Zhupan is an ancient half-caftan.
Grumpy - grumpy.
Jalvey, zhelv, zhol - an abscess, a tumor on the body.

Continuation