Around the world, doctors operate on millions of people every year. Data from the World Health Organization shows that 226.4 million operations were recorded in 2004, and in 2012 their number reached 312.9 million. It is not always an easy task to save the life and health of a patient. We bring to your attention five of the most unusual and complex operations which will show high level development of medicine.
Rotationoplasty: transformation of the ankle into a knee
Most of these operations are performed on children in order to preserve the child's ability to lead an active lifestyle. The surgery is aimed at complete removal malignant tumor. Osteosarcoma or Ewing's sarcoma are diseases that cannot be cured, so doctors are forced to remove the lower part femur, knee and upper part of the tibia. The remaining lower leg is first rotated 180° and then attached to the thigh. - one of those who underwent a similar operation. At the age of 9, doctors diagnosed her with osteosarcoma of the knee. During the year, the tumor was treated with chemotherapy, but there were no changes. Then the parents decided on a surgical intervention. Fortunately, now the girl can not only walk, but also dance.
Osteo-odonto-keratoprosthetics: restoration of vision with the help of a tooth
The Italian professor Benedetto Strampelli performed a similar operation back in the early 1960s. This procedure is used only if it is impossible to otherwise cure the damaged cornea of the eye. The essence of the operation is that the patient is removed the premolar tooth or canine together with the surrounding bone. Next, a plastic lens is mounted in the tooth and it is implanted in the patient's cheek for fouling. blood vessels for several months. Upon completion, the resulting structure is inserted into the eye, thereby returning vision to the patient.
Hemispherectomy: removal of one hemisphere of the brain
This operation is a radical solution. To remove part of the brain, you need good reasons, for example, severe epilepsy, Sturge-Weber syndrome. The most successful completion of the procedure was seen in children, because their brain is still developing and can master the missing functions. The problem with such operations is that later the patient may develop paralysis, or loss of sensation in the limbs. Despite this, all the disadvantages and risks are covered by the potential benefits of the operation.
The 17-year-old was able to undergo such an operation without any problems. Every day the girl suffered from attacks of epilepsy, which had to be constantly monitored. Surgical intervention although it caused a number of side effects, but now the girl can live a full life again.
Heterotopic heart transplant: 2 hearts are better than 1
Heart transplants save more than 2,000 American lives every year. Unfortunately, the body may reject the donor's heart, or someone else's heart may not fully handle all functions. In this case, come to the aid of heterotopic heart transplantation. The operation involves the implantation of a second heart with right side. Surgeons combine both organs so that blood flows from a damaged heart to a healthy one. After that, the donor's heart makes the blood circulate throughout the body without obstacles.
A rare surgical operation was performed in 2011 by doctors from the University of California at San Diego. Patient Tyson Smith suffered from high pulmonary hypertension which made it impossible to replace the heart. And the joint work of two hearts made it possible for Tyson to continue to live.
Head transplant: a possible cure for paralysis
For the first time, the news of such an unusual operation flashed in 2013. Then a neurosurgeon from Italy, Dr. Sergio Canavero, announced that he was going to perform the world's first human head transplant. The operation was named HEAVEN-GEMINI and is scheduled to be completed in 2017.
The essence of the procedure is to cut off the donor's head with an "ultra-sharp blade" without damaging the spinal cord. Each head is placed temporarily in a state of deep hypothermia to avoid injury. nervous system. Next, the head joins the body by "merging" spinal cord. The successful completion of the operation should help in the treatment of paralysis caused by diseases of the nervous or muscular system. The head transplant will require more than 36 hours of continuous work by 150 surgeons and nurses. And the cost of such an operation will be 11 million dollars. The complete fusion of the patient's body and the donor's head will take place in a coma for a month to avoid possible damage to the nerve connections during fusion.
Volunteers have already been found to carry out the operation, one of whom was the Russian Valery Spiridonov. The man was diagnosed with Werdnig-Hoffman disease with complete paralysis from the neck down. The world's first head transplant operation immediately met with many critical statements, but Dr. Sergio Canavero is confident in his success.
These facts are from the category, and, as you know, they are most capable of shocking, so the selection will be impressive, let's get started:
- Let's start with the person who happened to survive the greatest overload and remain alive after that. It's about racing driver David Purley, who in 1977 had an accident on the race track, and his body survived the deceleration from 173 km / h to zero in a segment of 66 centimeters. As a result, he received 3 dislocations and 29 fractures, and his heart stopped 6 times!
- Since we have touched on the topic of cardiac arrest, here we cannot help but recall the Norwegian Jan Revsdal, who was able to survive longest cardiac arrest in the world. He made his living by fishing, and one day in December he accidentally fell overboard, causing his body temperature to drop to 24 degrees Celsius, while his heart stopped for an astonishing 4 hours, and even more incredible that he was able to survive after such by being connected to a heart-lung machine after being taken to the hospital.
- The longest operation lasted 96 hours, during which the patient's weight decreased by 140 kilograms. (The ovarian cyst was removed).
- But most of all, under the scalpel, the American Charles Jensen had to lie down, over the course of 45 years of his life, he underwent 970 operations. (Removed neoplasms).
- Operations are an unpleasant thing, but injections can also cause inconvenience, especially if their number exceeds 78,900! That is how many insulin injections the British Samuel Davidson had to inject.
- But pills are a more humane alternative to injections, but still few people like to repeat the feat of K. Kilner, who swallowed more than half a million pills in 21 years of treatment.
- Let's return to the operations, namely the one during which the heaviest foreign object from the human stomach. It's about a 2.35 kilogram hairball that was extracted from a person suffering from a rare disease that causes them to eat their hair.
- But as for the quantity, there are no equal 42 summer woman, who went to the doctors with "mild pain in the abdomen." As a result, they got 2533 from her foreign bodies Moreover, there were 947 safety pins among them! (The woman suffered from obsessive swallowing of objects).
- As we near the end, I would like to ask you: What do you think, which one was documented without lethal outcome? » The answer is 14 degrees Celsius! It happened on February 23, 1994 with two-year-old Carly Kazolofsky, who was unable to enter the house through an accidentally locked door, and spent 6 hours in the cold -22 ° C.
- Well, now it would be logical to recall the most high temperature body that a person managed to survive. It was in 1980, when Willie Johnson was taken to the hospital, his body temperature at that time was 46.6 ° C. But after 24 days, the patient was safely discharged.
So, now, when you measure body temperature with a cold, don’t be too scared of 37.7 ° C, but remember Willie Johnson and realize that everything is not so scary.
Surgical intervention lasting 4 days, a face transplant or an operation on oneself - the history of modern medicine knows cases that can only be called a miracle. The TOP of the most amazing surgeries included “double birth”, heart transplantation, surgeries on oneself and something else interesting.
96 hours
Gertrude Lewandowski spent so much time on the surgical table. By the time of hospitalization, the 58-year-old patient weighed 277 kg. Half her weight was a huge ovarian cyst.
Chicago hospital surgeons began the operation on February 4, 1951, and completed it 4 days later - on February 8. Doctors slowly removed the giant growth so as not to touch the internal organs and not provoke a drop in pressure in the woman.
This case entered the history of medicine as the longest surgical intervention. Gertrude survived and, as she admitted to reporters after being discharged, her quality of life improved significantly.
Your own surgeon
Second place in today's ranking of the most amazing operations is the experience of Evan Kane. The doctor became famous for operating on himself twice. In 1921, Kane removed his appendix under local anesthesia. He carved it through an incision in abdominal cavity and then neatly sutured. During the manipulations, the surgeon did not lose consciousness - he even managed to joke. Just in case, 3 doctors were on duty in the operating room.
Evan repeated the experiment 11 years later. This time the task was more complicated - it was necessary to remove inguinal hernia. The desperate doctor dealt with it successfully.
In the midst of permafrost
Kane is not the only doctor to have operated on himself. After 30 years, his experience was repeated by the Russian surgeon Leonid Rogozov. He was on a Soviet expedition to Antarctica when he felt weak and sharp pain. Rogozov diagnosed him with acute appendicitis.
Conservative treatment did not help - the next day his condition worsened, and helicopters could not deliver him to the nearest station due to weather conditions.
Then Leonid Rogozov decided to operate on himself. The meteorologist gave him surgical instruments, he also held a mirror near his stomach, directed the light of the lamp.
The search for an inflamed appendix took about 40 minutes: during its removal, Rogozov damaged another internal organ and instead of one wound, he sewed up two.
A unique operation in permafrost, which glorified him, was carried out by a resident of the Leningrad Medical Institute on April 30, 1961. The song "While you are here in a bath with tiles ..." Vladimir Vysotsky dedicated to him.
Limb replantation
Chinese doctors saved the patient's hand by amputating it and sewing it to his leg. They did this to keep the limb alive. Xiao Wei's arm was torn off at work - the local hospital where he was taken was unable to help the patient. They advised me to contact the regional medical center.
The victim was operated on only 7 hours after the accident - all this time he kept the severed hand in the refrigerator. Medics sewed the limb to the patient's left leg to compensate for the blood supply. After 3 months, the brush was sewn back to Wei's hand.
twice born
This miracle is the work of surgeons children's center in Houston. Patient Keri McCartney turned to them for help at the 6th month of pregnancy. The fetus developed a dangerous neoplasm on the coccyx.
The doctors decided to operate future mother. They removed Keri's uterus from the body, opened it, removed the fetus by 2/3 of the size in order to remove the formation. After the manipulations, the fetus was returned to the uterus, and the uterus was returned to the patient's body. 10 weeks have passed - the baby was born at the appointed time and absolutely healthy.
This is one of the most amazing operations on humans, which literally returned the human face to the patient. A resident of France, Pascal Koller was born with rare disease- Recklinghausen's disease. Until the age of 31, the young man led a reclusive life - a huge tumor disfigured his face, made him an object of ridicule, did not allow him to eat and sleep normally.
Professor Laurent Lantieri undertook to help the patient. In 2007, he transplanted the face of a dead donor into Pascal. The transplant lasted 16 hours, resulting in a handsome new face for the man.
New blood after transplant
You will not surprise anyone with a donor organ transplant. And the fact that the patient's Rh factor changed after transplantation is a real miracle. Demi Lee suffered from hepatitis C for several years and has already come to terms with the fact that the virus is slowly killing her liver.
Li hesitated, but nevertheless turned to the clinic for help. After transplantation, the woman was tested - what was the surprise of the surgeons when, instead of negative blood the patient became positive. Demi herself did not feel the change.
Two hearts instead of one
San Diego surgeons have done more than one amazing operation. They were the first to remove the patient's appendix through the mouth and the first to implant a second heart in the patient.
Traditional transplantation was contraindicated in women - the anamnesis included pulmonary hypertension and heart failure, so the risk to life was high. Then the doctors decided to transplant the patient with an additional heart.
The operation went well - the transplanted organ works simultaneously with the native heart.
Over time, surgery has advanced very far and the methods that were treated in ancient times have sunk into oblivion, but some strange and frightening surgical operations practiced to this day, terrifying all who hear of them. Of course, in modern world only the most desperate doctor will prescribe snake tincture to his patients or advise them to take arsenic, as was often practiced in the 19th century, but today's surgeons may recommend that you remove your tongue or drill a hole in your skull.
Tracheal transplant
In 2011, Swedish surgeon Paolo Macchiarini from Karolinska University transplanted a trachea and bronchi into a patient, which he artificially grew from the patient's own stem cells. This operation is considered revolutionary in the world of medicine and opened up the possibility of a wide development of transplantology. Since 2011, the surgeon has operated on 7 more patients, six of whom died, as a result of which the university was involved in a scandal, and the director was forced to resign. Now he has become secretary of the Nobel Committee. The surgeon Macchiarini was condemned and recognized as a charlatan in scientific circles.
Limb lengthening
Distraction osteogenesis known as limb lengthening surgically, was developed thanks to Alessandro Codyville, who reconstructed skeletal deformities. The procedure was carried out on children who at birth had one leg shorter than the other, and dwarfs. Today, distraction osteogenesis is considered a radical cosmetic surgery. This is a very painful, complex and lengthy operation. Only a few surgeons in the US are able to do it, and it costs $85,000 or more. They will be able to increase their height up to 20 cm. The entire rehabilitation process is very painful. The patient's bone is broken, with the help of devices, parts of the bone are pushed apart daily by 1 mm. During this time, the bone builds up naturally.
Removing part of the language
Half tongue resection is the removal of half of the tongue. The operation is performed in the presence of cancer oral cavity under general anesthesia. In the 18th and 19th centuries, this procedure was performed to treat stuttering. The Prussian surgeon D. Dieffenbach believed that resection of half of the tongue would unblock the spasm of the vocal cords. But the treatment did not give the desired results. In addition to resection, shock therapy was also used. electric shock and hypnosis.
Fighting profuse sweating
partly medical, partly cosmetic surgery to remove the parasympathetic nerves is used to treat hyperhidrosis. This operation treats not only wet palms, but also underarms to prevent wet stains on the shirt. As a side effect, muscle pain, numbness, Horner's syndrome, flushing and fatigue can be considered. the most serious side effect Autonomous nephropathy is considered when one of the parts of the body is paralyzed, and the person has the feeling that he has two separate bodies.
Drilling the skull
Craniotomy has been performed since the Neolithic period and was used to treat headaches, seizures, and other brain dysfunctions. In the Middle Ages, the skull was also opened if a person’s behavior was abnormal, since they believed that a person had moved into evil spirit. Skulls with traces of trepanation were found by archaeologists in different parts world: from South America to Scandinavia.
Pelvic floor expansion in pregnant women
A symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure performed to manually expand the pelvic floor in pregnant women. Expand with a saw birth canal so that the baby is born easily. Ireland is the only country where such operations took place instead of cesarean sections between the 1940s and 1980s. The UN Human Rights Committee recognized this method as cruel and violent. In total, more than 1500 women were subjected to this operation, as a result of which they had chronic pain for life.
Lower body removal
Hemicorporectomy or translumbar amputation is a surgical operation to remove the pelvis, urogenital organs and lower extremities. According to Associate Professor plastic surgery Dr. Jeffrey Janis of Southwestern University, this operation is indicated for patients with pelvic diseases that threaten a person's life, such as cancer or trophic ulcers. Such operations were carried out on veterans of the war in Afghanistan, who suffered from injuries of the lower extremities or pelvis incompatible with life. In 2009, an analysis of a 25-year practice of translumbar amputation proved that such operations extended the life of patients by several years.
Removal of part of the brain
cerebellum, most most of brain, bifurcates closer to the middle into two lobes. The removal of one of the two lobes of the brain is called a hemispherectomy. The first surgeon to perform such an operation was Walter Dandy. In the period from the 1960s to the 1970s, such operations were very rare, as they entailed a number of complications, including infection, but today patients with severe forms of epilepsy are treated in this way. Basically, such operations are performed on children, since their brains are still developing, as well. It means it's ready to regenerate.
Osteo-odonto-keratoprosthetics
For the first time, such an operation was performed by the Italian ophthalmologist Benedetto Stampelli. This operation is aimed at restoring vision and repairing damage. eyeball. It takes place in three stages. First, the patient's tooth is extracted. Then, a prosthesis of the cornea of the eye in the form of a thin plate is formed from a part of the tooth. After that, a full-fledged prosthesis is grown from the blank in the cheek area, ready for transplantation.
Uterus transplant
Doctors from Sweden have successfully performed several such transplants. Five out of nine transplants ended in pregnancy and childbirth. All of the women were in their 30s or older, were born without a uterus, or had their uterus removed as a result of diagnosed cancer. In March, a 26-year-old patient received the first uterus transplant in the United States at Cleveland Hospital. Unfortunately, the operation caused a complication, and the uterus was removed.
Surgical operations are of several types:
- Scheduled - operations, the outcome of which does not depend on the execution time. Usually, before them, the patient undergoes a complete diagnostic examination. The operation is performed at the most favorable moment, when there are no other organs. And if there are concomitant diseases, then the planned one is carried out at the stage of their remission. As a rule, such operations are performed in the morning, at a predetermined time, by experienced surgeons;
- urgent - operations also performed in the morning after examination and preoperative preparation. Such operations are not subject to a significant delay, because this may lead to the death of the patient or significantly reduce the likelihood. Usually they are performed after 1 - 7 days from the moment the patient enters the medical institution or the diagnosis is made;
- - carried out immediately after the diagnosis of the disease. Preparation and correction of the patient's condition in this case occurs during the operation.
There are also diagnostic operations, the purpose of which is to clarify the diagnosis and determine the stage of the disease. Such operations are carried out when an examination using additional methods cannot be accurate, and the doctor, in turn, cannot exclude the presence of a serious illness in the patient.
Degrees of complexity of operations
The complexity is determined by the degree of risk of the upcoming operation for the life of the patient. It is affected by: physical state patient, age, nature of the disease, presence concomitant diseases, duration of surgery. Also great importance has the qualifications of a surgeon, the experience of an anesthesiologist, methods of anesthesia and the level of provision of anesthesia and surgical services.
There are the following degrees of complexity of operations:
- the first degree - when the patient is practically healthy;
- second degree - the patient has a mild disease without a violation of basic functions;
- third degree - severe diseases with dysfunction;
- fourth degree - a serious illness of the patient with a threat to his life;
- the fifth - the possible death of the patient twenty-four hours after the operation or without it;
- sixth degree - patients operated on an emergency basis;
- seventh - very serious patients operated on an emergency basis.
