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Nutrition and digestion Food is a source of energy and building material. Food is necessary to maintain life. Each cell of the body draws the necessary components from nutrients. The main components of a normal diet are represented mainly by three classes of chemical compounds: carbohydrates (including sugars), proteins and fats (lipids). Nutrition supports plastic and energy exchange with the environment.

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As a result of plastic metabolism, parts of nutrients are absorbed. From them new proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are built, which the body needs for growth and development. The other part of the nutrients is used for energy metabolism. Together with food, organic substances enter the body, the molecules of which contain a reserve of potential chemical energy accumulated by plants as a result of photosynthesis. In the cells of the animal and human body, organic substances undergo biological oxidation: carbohydrates and fats - up to carbon dioxide and water, proteins - to carbon dioxide, water, ammonium salts, phosphorus and other simple compounds. As a result of this process, which occurs in every cell of the body, energy is released, which is needed for the creation of new substances, heat generation, muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, for the functioning of the heart and other internal organs.

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In addition to proteins, fats and carbohydrates, which provide the body with fuel in the form of calories (hence why they are called “energy nutrients”), food also supplies the body with other important compounds, such as organic compounds, such as vitamins and other biological compounds. active substances, and inorganic, for example water, mineral salts.

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DIGESTION is the process by which ingested food is converted into a form suitable for use by the body. As a result of physical processes and various chemical reactions, occurring under the action of digestive juices and enzymes, nutrients, i.e. carbohydrates, proteins and fats are changed in such a way that the body can absorb them and use them in metabolism. The digestion process consists of the following stages: 1) mechanical processing of food in the mouth and stomach, its crushing and mixing with digestive juices; 2) the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats by enzymes of digestive juices to elementary organic compounds; 3) absorption of these compounds into the blood and lymph 4) removal of undigested residues from the body.

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Digestive organs The digestive organs consist of: the digestive canal; digestive glands. The alimentary canal is formed by the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Digestive glands are those glands that are located in the inner wall of the digestive canal (for example, the glands of the stomach and intestines), and those that are connected to the digestive canal by ducts: three pairs of salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas.

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Digestive enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts that help break down food. They are proteins of complex structure. They show the greatest activity at a temperature of 37-39°C. The substance on which the enzyme acts is called the substrate. Each enzyme is specific, that is, it acts on a strictly defined substrate. Enzymes work strictly under certain conditions. Salivary enzyme amylase – in a slightly alkaline environment; stomach enzyme pepsin – in an acidic environment; pancreatic enzymes trypsin and amylase in a slightly alkaline environment. When boiled, enzymes, like other proteins, coagulate and lose activity.

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Digestion in the oral cavity Oral cavity - primary department the digestive tract, the functions of which are testing the taste and quality of food, grinding it, beginning to break down carbohydrates, forming a bolus of food and pushing it into the next section. Mechanical processing involves crushing food and grinding it between the teeth during chewing. At the same time, the food is mixed and moistened with saliva. IN oral cavity The ducts of three pairs of salivary glands open: parotid, submandibular and sublingual.

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Language - muscular organ, in the mucous membrane of which taste buds are located, making it possible to sense the taste of food. It is also involved in mixing food and pushing it down the throat. Taste is a complex sensation. It occurs when food is perceived simultaneously with smell. Taste buds are located on the surface of the tongue - on the taste buds. Different parts of the tongue sense taste differently: the tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweet, the back of the tongue to bitter, the sides to sour, the front and sides of the tongue to salty. Signals travel through nerve fibers to certain parts of the brain. During normal perception of food, all taste buds of the tongue work.

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The structure of teeth is related to the functions performed. A person has two sets of teeth: milk and permanent. The first milk teeth (they do not have roots) erupt at six months of age. Their number is 20 - 10 on each jaw. An adult has 32 permanent teeth: 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 small molars and 6 large molars on each jaw. The incisors and canines are used for biting, and the molars are used for crushing and chewing food. Newborns have no teeth. Around the sixth month, baby teeth begin to appear. By the age of 10-12 years, baby teeth are replaced by permanent teeth. Adults have 28-32 permanent teeth. The last teeth - wisdom teeth - grow by 20-22 years.

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Each tooth has a crown, a neck, a root and consists of a dense bone substance - dentin. Inside the tooth there is a cavity filled with dental pulp - pulp - consisting of connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves. The crown of the tooth protrudes above the gum and is covered with bone tissue, enamel, which is stronger than dentin. The root of the tooth lies in the dental alveolus.

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Dental disease The most common dental disease is caries - softening and destruction of hard tissues with the formation of a cavity. Caries develops as a result of dysfunction different systems body, with poor nutrition: consumption large quantity sugar-containing products (sugar, sweets, etc.) and a decrease in the content of protein, dairy products, etc. in food, lack of raw vegetables and fruits in the diet, lack of calcium and phosphorus. The destruction of hard tooth tissues during caries occurs with the participation of microorganisms, therefore, if caries is not cured, inflammation of the pulp gradually develops - pulpitis, and then inflammation of the tissues surrounding the tooth root (periodontal). The cause of periodontitis can be trauma to the periodontium when biting hard food, a fracture or dislocation from an impact, as well as infection through the canal of the tooth with untreated pulpitis. With insufficient dental care, soft deposits on the teeth turn into tartar, causing inflammation of the gums - stomatitis.

Food contains high-molecular compounds proteins, fats, carbohydrates; substances rich in energy. Proteins are the main building material for the body; they consist of 20 types of amino acids, from which our body synthesizes its own proteins. Ten amino acids are essential. The bulk of carbohydrates and fats are oxidized, providing the body with energy. Along with food, the body should receive sufficient quantities of water, mineral salts, and vitamins. Mechanical and chemical processing, breakdown and absorption of breakdown products occurs in the digestive system and is called digestion. The importance of food A building material, necessary for plastic metabolism (assimilation, anabolism) - a set of biosynthesis reactions. Energy material required for energy metabolism (dissimilation, catabolism) - a set of decomposition and oxidation reactions.

Structure digestive system. The digestive system has several sections: the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Average length small intestine an adult is on average 3-3.5 m. The initial section of the small intestine is the duodenum, into which the ducts of the pancreas and liver open. In the large intestine, which is about 1.5 m long, there is a cecum with an appendix and a rectum ending in an anus.

The oral cavity is delimited above by a hard and soft palate, on the side with the muscles of the cheeks, below with the mylohyoid muscle. By the age of 12, baby teeth are replaced by permanent teeth. An adult has 32 teeth in the oral cavity: in each jaw there are 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 small molars and 6 large molars. Dental formula: Milk Constants in the numerator shows the number of teeth in upper jaw, in the denominator in lower jaw. Digestion in the mouth

The eruption of baby teeth begins at 6-7 months and ends by 3 years of age. The child has 20 baby teeth. From 6-7 years to deciduous teeth are replaced by permanent teeth. Dental formula: Deciduous Permanent Digestion in the oral cavity

Each tooth consists of three parts: a crown protruding into the oral cavity, a neck covered by the gum, and a root located in the dental alveolus. Teeth consist of a variety bone tissue dentin, covered with enamel on the outside, inside the tooth there is a cavity in which the loose pulp is located connective tissue, containing blood vessels and nerves. Cementum and ligaments secure the teeth in the alveoli. Hygiene? Digestion in the mouth

With the help of the tongue, food moves during chewing; taste buds are located on numerous papillae. There are receptors for sweets at the tip of the tongue, for bitters at the tip of the tongue, and for sour and salty on the side surfaces. Three pairs of large salivary glands open into the oral cavity. The tongue is the organ of human speech. Digestion in the mouth

Saliva (2 liters/day) contains enzymes. The mucous protein substance mucin is involved in the formation of the food bolus. The environment in the oral cavity is slightly alkaline. Salivation occurs as a reflex when food enters the oral cavity. Digestion in the mouth

It is not typical for the oral cavity: 1. Food is crushed. 2. The mucosa contains many salivary glands. 3. Enzymatic breakdown of polysaccharides begins. 4. Enzymatic breakdown of proteins begins. 5. Emulsification of fats occurs. 6. The food becomes saturated with mucus and a food bolus is formed 7. The enzyme lysozyme destroys bacteria. 8. Monosaccharides are absorbed. 9. The medium is slightly alkaline. 10. Medium is medium alkaline. 11. The medium is slightly acidic. 12. Milk teeth begin to appear at the age of 5-7 months.

Food is swallowed, enters the pharynx and then into the esophagus, which is about 25 cm long. Through the esophagus, the food bolus enters the stomach. The stomach volume is about 2-3 liters. There are folds in the mucosa that increase the surface and there are three types of glands that form up to 2.5 liters per day gastric juice. Digestion in the stomach

The main glands produce enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus. An acidic environment (HCl concentration 0.5%) activates enzymes and has a bactericidal effect. Under the influence of pepsin, the main enzyme of gastric juice, proteins are digested; gastric lipase breaks down milk fats, carbohydrates continue to be digested by salivary enzymes until the food bolus is saturated with acidic gastric juice. Chymosin curdles milk. Water, salts, glucose, and alcohol are absorbed in the stomach. Digestion in the stomach

To study the secretion of juice in the stomach, I.P. Pavlov used a gastric fistula, but in this case the gastric juice was contaminated with food. Pavlov developed a technique of “imaginary feeding”, placing a fistula on the stomach in combination with cutting the esophagus. Despite the fact that in this case the food did not enter the stomach, gastric juice secretion was observed. Digestion in the stomach

To study the secretion of juice when the walls of the stomach are irritated by food, I.P. Pavlov developed an operation in which an isolated “small” stomach was formed from the bottom of the stomach to collect pure gastric juice through a fistula. Using this method, it was possible to show that most gastric juice is secreted for protein foods, less for carbohydrates and very little for fats. Nervous regulation. Unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex secretion of juice in the stomach was shown. Humoral regulation carried out due to the hormone gastrin, produced by the glands of the stomach. Digestion in the stomach

From the stomach, food enters in small portions into the small intestine, which is 5 m long. The environment in the intestine is slightly alkaline. The initial section of the small intestine, cm long, is the duodenum, into which the ducts of the liver and pancreas open. Three digestive juices act on the food gruel: liver bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal gland juice. The liver is the largest gland in humans, located in abdominal cavity, on the right, under the diaphragm. The weight of the liver averages 1.5 kg. Digestion in the duodenum

The liver has two lobes, the larger right and smaller left. Liver cells (hepatocytes) are collected into lobules, which are the structural and functional unit of the liver. There are about such lobules. The formation of bile occurs continuously, and it accumulates in gallbladder. Functions. Bile does not contain enzymes; it enhances the work of the pancreas, activates its enzymes, and emulsifies fats (increasing their surface by several times). The most important function of the liver is a barrier; harmful and toxic substances that enter the blood from the intestines are neutralized. Digestion in the duodenum

Storage function of the liver. The liver stores excess glucose in the form of glycogen, vitamins, and iron, which is released when hemoglobin is destroyed. The liver is involved in all types of metabolism: carbohydrate, participating in the regulation of blood sugar, protein, converting ammonia into urea, fat, participating in the breakdown of fats. Excretory. Bile removes hemoglobin breakdown products (bilirubin and biliverdin) into the intestinal lumen. The liver synthesizes blood plasma proteins, in particular prothrombin, which is involved in blood clotting. Digestion in the duodenum

From duodenum food gruel enters the jejunum and then the ileum. Due to the fact that the intestinal mucosa has numerous folds, villi and microvilli on the villous cells, the surface of membrane digestion and absorption is very large. The villus includes nerves, capillaries and lymphatic vessels. Digestion in the small intestine

There are no villi in the large intestine, the glands produce juice that is poor in enzymes, but there are a large number of bacteria there: some hydrolyze fiber; others cause protein rotting, the toxic substances formed during this process are neutralized by the liver; still others synthesize vitamins K and B vitamins: - B 1, B 6, B 12. Water is absorbed (up to 4 l/day), and feces. Digestion in the large intestine

Repetition Oral secretions: amylase, maltase, lysozyme, mucin Stomach secretions: pepsin(ogen), gastric lipase, gelatinase, chymosin (rennin) Pancreatic secretions: amylase, maltase, lactase, trypsin(ogen), chymotrypsin(ogen), lipase , nucleases Liver secretions: bile (bile acids, bilirubin, biliverdin) Small intestinal secretions: enterokinase, amylase, lactase, sucrase, erepsin, lipases Large intestinal secretions: peptidases, amylase, lipase

Review 1.What is digestion? 2.Name two essential functions nutrients. 3.What digestive glands are located outside the digestive tract? 4.What are the names of the tissues that form the tooth wall and fill the tooth cavity? 5.Which gland ducts open into the oral cavity? 6.What organic molecules begin to break down in the oral cavity? 7.What conditions are necessary for digestion in the oral cavity? 8.What enzymes are contained in salivary fluid? 9.How is salivation regulated? 10. The dog saw the food and began salivating. What kind of reflex is this? 11.Which glands of the stomach produce enzymes, hydrochloric acid, mucus?

Review 14.What organic molecules are broken down in the stomach? 15.What substances are absorbed in the stomach? 16.What is the importance of bile for digestion? 17.What is the barrier role of the liver? 18.How does the liver participate in carbohydrate metabolism? 19.How does the liver participate in protein metabolism? 20.What enzymes does the pancreas secrete? 21.What hormones does the pancreas secrete? 22.What sections are distinguished in the small intestine? 23.What is the length of the human small intestine? 24.What sections are distinguished in the large intestine? 25.In which cavity and on which side are the cecum and appendix located? 26.What's inside intestinal villi? 27.Which organ and through which vessel does blood enter from the digestive system? 28.What vitamins are produced by the intestinal microflora?

Human digestive system

Teacher:
Melnikova Irina Viktorovna

The human digestive system provides the human body with the substances it needs and the energy obtained from food.

Functions of the digestive system

Motor-mechanical (grinding, moving, excreting food)
Secretory (production of enzymes, digestive juices, saliva and bile)
Absorption (absorption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water)

Organs of the digestive system

Oral cavity

The mouth is a bodily opening in animals through which food is taken and, in many cases, breathing occurs.
Salivary glands (lat. gladulae salivales) are glands in the oral cavity. Salivary glands secrete saliva. In humans, in addition to numerous small salivary glands, in the mucous membrane of the tongue, palate, cheeks and lips there are 3 pairs of large salivary glands: parotid, submandibular and sublingual.

The pharynx represents that part of the digestive tube and respiratory tract, which is the connecting link between the nasal cavity and mouth, on the one hand, and the esophagus and larynx, on the other. The cavities of the pharynx: upper - nasal, middle - oral, lower - laryngeal. The nasal part (nasopharynx) communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae, oral part It communicates with the oral cavity through the pharynx, and the laryngeal part communicates with the larynx through the entrance to the larynx.

The esophagus is part of the digestive canal. It is a hollow muscular tube flattened in the anteroposterior direction, through which food from the pharynx enters the stomach.
The esophagus of an adult is 25-30 cm long. It is a continuation of the pharynx and begins in the neck at level VI-VII cervical vertebra, then passes through chest cavity in the mediastinum and ends in the abdominal cavity at the level of the X-XI thoracic vertebrae, flowing into the stomach.

The stomach is a hollow muscular organ located in the left hypochondrium and epigastrium. The cardiac foramen is located at level XI thoracic vertebra. The pyloric foramen is located at the level of the first lumbar vertebra, at the right edge of the spinal column. The stomach is a reservoir for ingested food and also carries out the chemical digestion of this food. In addition, it secretes biologically active substances and performs the function of absorption.

The stomach is a significant extension of the digestive tube, which is located between the esophagus and the duodenum. Food from the mouth enters the stomach through the esophagus. From the stomach, partially digested food is excreted into the duodenum.

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Small intestine

The small intestine is a section of the intestine in vertebrates, located between the stomach and large intestine. The small intestine performs the main function of absorbing nutrients from chyme in the animal body. The relative length and structural features of the small intestine largely depend on the type of nutrition of the animal.
The small intestine is divided in humans into the duodenum (lat. duodenum), jejunum (lat. jejunum) and ileum (lat. ilium), with the jejunum forming 2/5, and the ileum 3/5 of the entire length of the intestine, reaching 7 - 8 m

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Duodenum

Duodenum (lat. duodénum) - initial section small intestine in humans, next immediately after the pylorus of the stomach. The characteristic name is due to the fact that its length is approximately twelve diameters of a finger.

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Jejunum

Human jejunum (lat. jejunum) is the middle section of the small intestine, coming after the duodenum and before the ileum. The name “skinny” comes from the fact that when dissecting a corpse, anatomists found it empty.
Loops of jejunum are located in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The jejunum is covered on all sides by peritoneum. The jejunum, unlike the duodenum, has a well-defined mesentery and is considered (together with the ileum) as the mesenteric part of the small intestine. It is separated from the duodenum by the duodenojejunal L-shaped fold of Treitz.

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Ileum

Human ileum (lat. ileum) is the lower section of the small intestine, coming after the jejunum and before upper section colon - the cecum, separated from the latter by the ileocecal valve (Baughner's valve). The ileum is located in the lower right part of the abdominal cavity and in the region of the right iliac fossa.

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Colon

The large intestine is the widest part of the intestines in mammals, particularly in humans, consisting of the cecum, or coecum, colon, and rectum.

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Cecum

The cecum, sesitis (Caecum (from the Greek typhlon, hence inflammation of the cecum - typhlitis)) is an appendage at the junction of the small intestines into the large intestines in vertebrates.

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Colon

Colon (lat. colon) is the main section of the large intestine, a continuation of the cecum. The continuation of the colon is the rectum.
The colon is not directly involved in digestion. But it absorbs a large amount of water and electrolytes. The relatively liquid chyme that passes from the small intestine (via the cecum) into the colon is converted into harder feces.

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Rectum

The rectum (lat. rectum) is the final part of the digestive tract, so named because it runs straight and has no bends. The rectum is the segment of the large intestine below sigmoid colon and to the anus (lat. anus), or otherwise the anus, anus.
The lower, narrow part of the rectum, passing through the perineum, and located distally, closer to the anus, is called the anal canal (Latin canalis analis), the upper, wider, passing in the sacral area is the ampullary part of the rectum, or simply the ampulla of the rectum (lat. ampulla recti, part of the intestine between the ampulla and the distal part of the sigmoid colon - supramullary section.).

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Functions of the digestive system:

Motor function, which consists in mechanically grinding food, moving it along the digestive tract, and removing waste products;
- secretory function based on the production of enzymes and digestive juices;
- absorption function, consisting of the absorption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water.

Oral cavity 1-parotid gland; 6-cheek glands; 10-anterior lingual gland; 17-hyoid gland; 1-parotid gland; 6-cheek glands; 10-anterior lingual gland; 17-hyoid gland; 20-submandibular gland; gland; 23rd posterior lingual gland with

Salivary enzymes Amylase - breaks down carbohydrates into disaccharides (maltose) Amylase - breaks down carbohydrates into disaccharides (maltose) Maltase - breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides (glucose) Maltase - breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides (glucose) Lysozyme - enzyme that dissolves the membrane of bacteria Lysozyme - enzyme that dissolves membrane of bacteria

Composition of gastric juice pH = 0.9-1.5 V = 1.5-2.5 l. Hydrochloric acid – 0.5%; Hydrochloric acid – 0.5%; Water – 99.4%; Water – 99.4%; Inorganic substances Inorganic substances (chlorides, sulfates, carbonates); (chlorides, sulfates, carbonates); Organic matter Organic substances (proteins, non-protein substances); (proteins, non-protein substances); Mucus (mucin). Mucus (mucin).

Enzymes of gastric juice Pepsin break down proteins Pepsin break down proteins into large particles - up to large particles - Gastricsin polypeptides Gastricsin polypeptides Lipase breaks down milk fats into Lipase breaks down milk fats into glycerol and fatty acids glycerol and fatty acids

Phases of gastric juice secretion smell of food, sight, talking about food, chewing and swallowing smell of food, sight, talking about food, chewing and swallowing Brain when food enters the stomach when food enters the stomach Gastric when gastric contents enter the intestines when gastric contents enter into the intestines Intestinal

Composition of pancreatic juice pH = 7.3-8.7 V = 1.5-2 l. Amylase, maltase Amylase, maltase – carbohydrates to monosaccharides; Lactase Lactase – lactose (milk sugar) to monosaccharides; Nuclease Nuclease – nucleic acids down to nucleotides; Trypsin Trypsin – peptides to amino acids; Lipase Lipase – fats to glycerol and fatty acids.

Functions of the microflora of the large intestine Destroys the remains of undigested food; Substances toxic to the body (phenols) are formed, which are neutralized in the liver. Destroys the remains of undigested food; Substances toxic to the body (phenols) are formed, which are neutralized in the liver. Breaks down cellulose (fiber) and pectins, the products are absorbed and used by the body. Breaks down cellulose (fiber) and pectins, the products are absorbed and used by the body. Synthesizes vitamin K and B vitamins. Synthesizes vitamin K and B vitamins. Neutralizes pathogenic microorganisms. Neutralizes pathogenic microorganisms.
Literature 1. Dubrovsky, V. I. Sports physiology [Text] / V. I. Dubrovsky. - M.: Vlados, – 462 p. 2. Sapin, M. R. Human Anatomy and Physiology (with age characteristics child's body). Textbook manual [Text] / M.R. Sapin, V.I. Sivoglazov – M.: Academy, p. 3. Farfel, V. S. Human physiology: textbook. [Text] / V. S. Farfel, Ya. M. Kots. - M.: Physical education and sports, - 344 p. 4. Fedyukovich, N. I. Human anatomy and physiology. Textbook manual [Text] / N.I. Fedyukovich - Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, p.

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As a result of plastic metabolism, parts of nutrients are absorbed. From them new proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are built, which the body needs for growth and development. The other part of the nutrients is used for energy metabolism. Together with food, organic substances enter the body, the molecules of which contain a reserve of potential chemical energy accumulated by plants as a result of photosynthesis. In the cells of the animal and human body, organic substances undergo biological oxidation: carbohydrates and fats - to carbon dioxide and water, proteins - to carbon dioxide, water, ammonium salts, phosphorus and other simple compounds. As a result of this process, which occurs in every cell of the body, energy is released, which is needed for the creation of new substances, heat generation, muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, for the functioning of the heart and other internal organs.

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Transformation nutrients during plastic metabolism They enter the human body In the digestive canal, they disintegrate and are absorbed into the blood and lymph In the human cell they are created Food proteins Amino acids Human’s own proteins Dietary fats Glycerin and fatty acids Human’s own fats Complex dietary carbohydrates(starch, etc.) Glucose and other simple sugars Human own carbohydrates: glycogen, etc.

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In addition to proteins, fats and carbohydrates, which provide fuel to the body in the form of calories (hence why they are called “energy nutrients”), food also supplies the body with other important compounds, both organic, such as vitamins and other biologically active substances, and inorganic eg water, mineral salts. Composition of food Nutrients Minerals Vitamins Water Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Salts containing ions Fe, Na, K, Ca, Cl Water-soluble: C, B1, B6, etc. Fat-soluble: A, D, etc. Necessary for dissolving most chemical compounds found in in organism.

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The importance of food nutrients Organic substances Mineral salts Vitamins Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Salts Na, K, P, Ca A, D, C, E, K, B vitamins Construction of a growing organism, renewal of cells, tissues Providing the body with energy Providing the body with energy, building membranes cells, participate in thermoregulation. Participate in the formation of the skeleton, of hydrochloric acid, ions are part of enzymes and hormones, in the conduction of nervous stimulation Regulate metabolism, ensure the growth of the body, provide resistance to disease

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DIGESTION is the process by which ingested food is converted into a form suitable for use by the body. As a result of physical processes and various chemical reactions occurring under the influence of digestive juices and enzymes, nutrients, i.e. carbohydrates, proteins and fats are changed in such a way that the body can absorb them and use them in metabolism. The digestion process consists of the following stages: 1) mechanical processing of food in the mouth and stomach, its crushing and mixing with digestive juices; 2) the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats by enzymes of digestive juices into elemental organic compounds; 3) absorption of these compounds into the blood and lymph 4) removal of undigested residues from the body.

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Digestion in the oral cavity The oral cavity is the initial section of the digestive tract, the functions of which are testing the taste and quality of food, grinding it, beginning to break down carbohydrates, forming a bolus of food and pushing it into the next section. Mechanical processing involves crushing food and grinding it between the teeth during chewing. At the same time, the food is mixed and moistened with saliva. The ducts of three pairs of salivary glands open into the oral cavity: parotid, submandibular and sublingual.

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Saliva is a clear, slightly viscous liquid with a slightly alkaline reaction. It consists of water (98-99%), inorganic salts (1-1.5%) and organic substances: mucin protein and ptyalin and maltase enzymes. The mucous, viscous mucin makes the food bolus easy to swallow. Lysozyme contained in saliva performs a bactericidal function by dissolving the cell membrane of bacteria. Saliva contains enzymes that help digest starch. There are no enzymes that break down fats and proteins in saliva. The amount and composition of saliva depends on the nature of the food. On average, about 1-1.5 liters of saliva are secreted per day. Composition and functions of saliva Inorganic substances 98–99% Organic substances 1–2% Water Enzymes Sticky substance Bactericidal substance - lysozyme Dissolution of saliva substances Partial breakdown of starch to glucose Formation, gluing of a food bolus, facilitating swallowing Partial destruction of bacteria

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The tongue is a muscular organ, in the mucous membrane of which taste buds are located, making it possible to sense the taste of food. It is also involved in mixing food and pushing it down the throat. Taste is a complex sensation. It occurs when food is perceived simultaneously with smell. Taste buds are located on the surface of the tongue - on the taste buds. Different parts of the tongue sense taste differently: the tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweet, the back of the tongue to bitter, the sides to sour, the front and sides of the tongue to salty. Signals travel through nerve fibers to certain parts of the brain. During normal perception of food, all taste buds of the tongue work.

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Dental care In case of dental disease, digestion is disrupted, since in this case food that is insufficiently chewed and not prepared for further chemical processing enters the stomach. This is why it is important to constantly take care of your teeth. Nicotine released during smoking causes great harm to teeth and gums; in no case should you chew hard objects, and you should not drink cold water or eat ice cream immediately after eating hot food. This leads to the appearance of cracks in the enamel, through which microorganisms penetrate into the tooth cavity. Microorganisms cause inflammation of the pulp, accompanied by toothache and subsequent destruction of the entire tooth. If cracks or damage to a tooth are detected, you should immediately contact your dentist, who will take all necessary measures to prevent tooth decay and loss. Dental disease The most common dental disease is caries - softening and destruction of hard tissues with the formation of a cavity. Caries develops as a result of dysfunctions of various body systems due to poor nutrition: consumption of large amounts of sugar-containing products (sugar, sweets, etc.) and a decrease in the content of protein, dairy products, etc. in food, lack of raw vegetables and fruits in the diet, lack of calcium and phosphorus. The destruction of hard tooth tissues during caries occurs with the participation of microorganisms, therefore, if caries is not cured, inflammation of the pulp gradually develops - pulpitis, and then inflammation of the tissues surrounding the tooth root (periodontal). The cause of periodontitis can be trauma to the periodontium when biting hard food, a fracture or dislocation from an impact, as well as infection through the canal of the tooth with untreated pulpitis. With insufficient dental care, soft deposits on the teeth turn into tartar, causing inflammation of the gums - stomatitis.