Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and nouns with prepositions. Isolation of circumstances in Russian

What are Special Circumstances?

Special circumstances- these are members of a sentence that are highlighted by intonation and punctuation, acting as various circumstances. They are expressed morphologically; a) gerunds or participial phrases; b) prepositional-case forms of nouns: c) adverbs.

1. An isolated member of a sentence, expressed by a gerund ( participial phrase), often acts as a secondary predicate. An eagle owl hooted nearby, and Laska, shuddering, began to listen (L. Tolstoy) (cf.: ... Weasel shuddered and began to listen). In other cases, various kinds of adverbial meanings are additionally expressed (See gerunds). Then Kuzma Kuzmin, taking a fresh cinder out of his pocket, lit it and sat down next to Dasha (A.N. Tolstoy) (the value of time attached to the value of the additional action). Muromsky, tempted by the good weather, ordered his scanty mare to be saddled (Pushkin) (meaning of the reason). Tchertop-hanov, without stopping and without looking back, walked with long steps (Turg e-n e v) (meaning of mode of action). If you had money, wouldn't you spend it? (Gorky) (meaning of the condition). Ivan Kuzmin, respecting his wife, would never have revealed to her the secret entrusted to him in his service (Pushkin) (meaning concession). The presence of these additional shades of meaning between the action expressed by the predicate verb, and the action expressed by the gerund, gives reason to see in the gerund, in relation to specific cases, not only a secondary predicate, but also various adverbial words, thereby including the separation of gerunds and gerunds into the category of isolated secondary members of the sentence.

2. The isolation of circumstances expressed by prepositional-case forms of nouns is optional: it depends on the semantic load of the isolated member (the combination of several adverbial meanings in it), weakened syntactic connection with a predicate verb, stylistic tasks, etc. Petya, after receiving a decisive refusal, went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, he cried bitterly (L. Tolstoy) (the meaning of time is added to the meaning of the reason: he left and did not cry only after he received a refusal, but also because he received it). As the enemy approached Moscow, the Muscovites’ view of their position not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, became even more frivolous (L. Tolstoi) (the meaning of concession is added to the meaning of time:

it is indicated not only when the observed phenomenon occurred, but also in spite of what). In other cases, the case forms of nouns are usually isolated if the structure includes prepositions or prepositional combinations: due to, as a result of, thanks to, due to, despite, despite, provided, in case, etc. However, due to lack of time, Let us not deviate from the subject of the lecture (Chekhov). In Elena's room, thanks to the thick curtains, it was almost dark (Kuprin). The children, due to their young age, were not assigned any positions (Turgenev). On the shore, despite the twilight, one could see red shirts (Ko-rolenko). We drove during the day, to avoid any road accidents (Prishvin).

3. Circumstances expressed by adverbs and having the nature of a passing comment are less often isolated. The music still reached us (Turg e-n e v). Misha lowered the book and, not immediately, quietly stood up (Gorky). In the spring, the peddler always stops at the gate. Egorka with Tyrolean pies (Kuprin). The next day, in the evening, Alexey (Soloukhin) came running at a trot.

1. Participial phrases, as a rule, are isolated, regardless of their location in relation to the predicate verb.

For example: Reaching for the beams, shaking their heads, schools of horses(Ser.); Without putting on a cap, went out onto the porch(Shol.); Having gotten drunk overnight, the forest sank and fell silent, drooping wet pine branches(Sparrow); Leaning back on a comfortable, soft chair back in a trolleybus, Margarita Nikolaevna was driving along Arbat(Bulg.); Lisa, looking at Nikolai Vsevolodovich, quickly raised her hand(Adv.); After[Anna] pushed off with sticks and ran through the thickets, leaving behind swirls of snow (Paust.).

Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases have the additional meaning of predicativeness, characteristic of gerunds as verb form. Therefore, gerunds and participial phrases are often perceived as additional predicates.

For example: My friend and I returned to our compartment. old lady, putting the book down and trying to ask something, didn’t ask and started looking out the window(Spread) (compare: The old woman put the book down and tried to ask something, but she never did..).

However, gerunds and participial phrases are not always able to be replaced by conjugated forms of the verb. They mean different signs actions and can be replaced by isolated participial phrases with additional adverbial meaning.

For example: Doctor, not being able to talk to crying women , sighed and walked quietly around the living room. “Doctor,” couldn't talk to crying women, sighed and quietly walked around the living room(Ch.).

It is the presence of an adverbial connotation of meaning that functionally brings together adverbial and participial phrases.

Many adverbial participles and adverbial phrases that have adverbial meaning can be compared with the subordinate parts of complex sentences.

For example: Judging by his hesitant movements, by the expression of his gloomy face, which was dark from the evening twilight, he wanted to say something(Ch.) (compare: Judging by his hesitant movements...)

2. Participial phrase after coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word, is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of emphatic intonation(intonationally, the conjunction is included in the turnover).

For example: And Korney turned slightly on the beam and, watching with a thoughtful gaze the flashing horseshoes of the harness, starts talking(Boon.); The prince told me that he, too, would work and that, having earned money, we would go by sea to Batum(M.G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches, Sergei felt shag crumbs and, gently shaking its contents into your hand, rolled up a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow).

Depending on the context, the conjunction a can either be included in the participial construction or connect members of the main sentence.

For example: We must understand the essence of perestroika-consciousness, and having understood this, join in the active struggle for it. – We must understand the essence of the restructuring of consciousness, and, having understood this, we must not be content with just verbal calls for it.

3. When combining adverbial constructions, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence.

For example: He went, staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M.G.).

If adjacent participial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and conjunctions and are not included in their composition, then they stand out as independent constructions.

For example: He stood, leaning against a pile of tea cups, And, looking around aimlessly, drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M.G.) ( he stood and drummed).

Participial phrases located in different parts proposals are prepared independently.

For example: Sergey, after standing for another minute, slowly walked towards the pile of coal and, carefully laying out the overcoat on the floor, sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow) ( Sergei headed... and sat down); Pushing the door with your chest, Sergei jumped from the house and, not paying attention to the dry bushes tearing the body and the pine branches whipping in the face, ran, panting, forward into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow) ( Sergei jumped and ran);Cars, tapping on the rail joints, lazily moved behind the locomotive and, clanking their buffers, became silent again(Sparrow) ( The carriages moved and became silent);Scattering, like a flying witch, smoky braids, crimson illuminated from below, the south-eastern express rushed in the distance, crossing the highway(Boon.) ( The South-Eastern Express was rushing along).

4. Restrictive particles only, only those standing before adverbial constructions, are included in their composition.

For example: So she lived without love, just hoping for her.

The same is true in the presence of comparative conjunctions that begin the adverbial construction. For example: Along the dark stairs... two walked, then three... hesitating and lingering everywhere, as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).

5. Single gerunds are isolated while maintaining their verbal meaning. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for participial phrases.

For example: The waves played, and Shakro, sitting on the stern, disappeared from my eyes, sinking along with the stern, then rose high above me and, screaming, almost fell on me(M.G.); It's charming to lie face up, watching the stars light up(M.G.); Whispering, as if dancing, grandfather appeared(M.G.); At first, even in the car, we moved at walking speed, every now and then we scraped the differential and, backing away, went around stones(Hall.); The doors creaked and closed. Darkness filled the carriage. Only the moon, curious, looked out the window(Sparrow); Having gotten used to it, my eyes made out a pile of bodies on the cement floor(Sparrow).

6. Single gerunds and participial phrases are not isolated:

1) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning.

For example: Horses run slowly among green hilly fields(Boon.); Sergei lay motionless for a long time(Sparrow);

2) if d her participle is included in stable circulation: work tirelessly; run with your tongue out; run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears.

For example: In difficult days, he worked tirelessly with us(Nick.);

3) if adverbial participle or participial phrase is among homogeneous members sentences along with other parts of speech.

For example: He said in a whisper and without looking at anyone; Klim Samgin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M.G.);

4) if the adverbial construction acts as an adverbial modifier of action and is closely adjacent to the predicate verb(its function is similar to that of an adverb).

For example: This exercise do while sitting on a chair; This exercise is done standing. Compare, however, with increased verbosity: The engineer, lying down, read his mining art(Fad.) ( the engineer lay and read).

7. Single gerunds may or may not be isolated, taking into account the context.

For example, when acquiring the meaning of clarification, the gerund is isolated: The children were constantly making noise, never stopping(compare: the children made noise incessantly).

The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on the meaning of the predicate verb (a non-isolated gerund can be replaced by an adverb).

For example: Shel do not stop (walked non-stop); I asked do not stop (the gerund denotes the second action - asked, but did not stop to do so).

The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund is also influenced by its location; compare: He walked along the garden path without looking back. - Without looking back, he walked along the garden path.

8. Isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on its type. Thus, participles ending in -а, -я, more often express the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action and therefore are not isolated.

For example: She came in smiling(compare: Smiling, she entered the room; She came in smiling at your secret thoughts ).

Participles ending in -в, -вшы, convey other shades of adverbial meanings (reason, time, concession), which contribute to isolation.

For example: She screamed, frightened; Frightened, she screamed.

9. Turns of phrases despite, in spite of, despite, based on, starting from, thanks to, after, performing the function of derived prepositions and prepositional combinations, are isolated or not isolated according to the conditions of the context.

Phrases with the words despite, in spite of, are isolated.

For example: Despite the bad weather, we set off; At the meeting they criticized regardless of faces; Sleepy, like a branch drowned in a pond of sleep, Ney carried in her arms a magnificently sleeping son, scattered despite its small size, heroic legs and arms(Color); Despite the doctors' ban, I wrote the story “Colchis” in Maleevka(Paust.); Science must be done with clean hands.

The phrase with the words despite is not isolated only in the case of a close semantic connection with the verb, and in postposition.

For example: He is did it despite doctors' ban (compare: Despite the doctors' ban, he did it).

Phrases with words starting from, depending on, after, acting in the meaning of prepositions, are not isolated.

For example: Let's act depending on the circumstances (compare: act according to circumstances);Starting Tuesday the weather changed dramatically(compare: The weather has changed dramatically since Tuesday); After some time Vesovshchikov came(M.G.).

If these phrases have the meaning of clarification or accession, then they are separated.

For example: We will act skillfully and quickly, depending on the circumstances; Last week, starting from Tuesday, the weather changed dramatically.

A turn of phrase with words based on can have two meanings: with increased verbality, when the action denoted by it correlates with the subject, it is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated.

For example: It turns out that not only we, who suddenly discovered the need for a new science - bionics, strive to learn, understand and make the most advantageous use of the properties of living nature; our ancestors did this long before us, based on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Compare: He developed a house project. – The project has been developed based on planned cost.

The phrase with the word thanks is isolated or not isolated depending on the degree of prevalence and location.

For example: Thanks to the rains the ground was saturated with moisture. - Earth, thanks to the rains, soaked in moisture.

Circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs

1. Circumstances expressed by nouns in forms indirect cases, can be isolated for incidental explanation or semantic emphasis.

For example: And Natasha, with painful surprise, looked at the dressed-up people(Boon.); I walked and walked on the cold and damp sand, trilling with my teeth in honor of hunger and cold, and suddenly, in a vain search for food, going behind one of the stalls, I saw behind him a figure crumpled on the ground in a pathetic dress(M.G.); One of the spots, in the center of the pattern, looked very much like the head of the owner of the chair(M.G.); The small city, immersed in greenery, when looking at it from above, made a strange impression...(M.G.); The rafts sailed on among darkness and silence (M.G.); When evening came, I out of anger at your failures and at the whole world, decided on a somewhat risky thing...(M.G.); At night, against the stronger wind, the detachment was heading to the port to land(Plat.); In eleven years, during daily driving I've probably had a lot of interesting adventures(Ch.).

Such circumstances usually carry additional semantic load and are synonymous with verbal constructions (compare examples: ...because he was angry at his failures and at the whole world; ...as I drove every day).

2. Most often, explanatory adverbial members of a sentence contain derived prepositions and prepositional combinations (in spite of, in view of, in order to avoid, as a result of, on occasion, for the reason of, in the presence of, in accordance with, in contrast to, in contrast to, due to, due to absence, regardless of, etc.), manifesting their specific circumstantial meaning and giving them the form of turns.

For example: A rotten, gray-blue balcony from which, due to the lack of steps, it was necessary to jump, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus (Bun.); Lonely and unnecessary because of this peace, the peaceful sound of chewing horses, due to the desert, imprinted in the darkness and there is silence again(Ser.); Metelitsa silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and with his whole appearance showing that, no matter, what questions they will ask him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy those asking(Fad.); But, contrary to possibility, the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink, turned red(Sol.).

Given the low prevalence of such sentence members, variations in their punctuation are possible, dictated by different word orders.

Phrases with derived prepositions and prepositional combinations are necessarily separated,if they are located between the subject and the predicate : breaking their direct connection and contributes to the release of revolutions. The same thing happens when the natural connection between the controlling and controlled words is broken. In other positions, especially in less common sentences, such phrases do not complicate the sentence with special emphatic intonations and may not be isolated (without a special task for this).

For example: To avoid gas leakage The faucet is turned off. – Disabled, to avoid gas leakage, tap; He did it out of habit. - He, by force of habit, did it; According to the order the group was disbanded. - Group, according to the order, disbanded; In the absence of corpus delicti the case was dismissed. - Case, for lack of corpus delicti, discontinued.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns may be highlighted with a dash if there is a need for special emphasis on such circumstances.

For example: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring a general notebook with hard “crusts” - for taking notes while lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND - at great depths– the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created “Faust”, largely coincide with each other(Paust.); Poor poets - in lightning, in storms and thunder– sang inspired songs about the charm of friendship, noble impulses, freedom and courage(Paust.); Immediately after the birth of the boy, Dyakonov ordered Schwalbe to adopt him and give him the surname Koporsky at baptism - at the place of birth of the boy in the city of Koporye, near Oranienbaum (Paust.).

4. In special cases, for semantic emphasis, some circumstances expressed by adverbs may be isolated (with or without dependent words) . The conditions for their isolation are the same as those for circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases.

For example: He stood in front of me, listened and suddenly, silently, baring his teeth and squinting his eyes, rushed at me like a cat(M.G.); Misha put the book aside and, not immediately, quietly answered(M.G.); And so, unexpected for everyone, I passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.).

Usually, when isolating circumstances expressed by adverbs, commas are used, however, as in other cases, for the purpose of more strong discharge circumstances, dashes are possible.

For example: The boy sniffed in embarrassment and disbelief, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, and everything, on the contrary, was turning out terribly fun, he wrinkled his nose so that his nose turned up, and also - quite childish- burst out mischievously and thinly(Fad.).

Isolated circumstance, expressed by a participial phrase, is always separated in speech by commas and answers certain questions given in this article. There are also exceptions for isolating adverbial phrases in sentences with examples.

What is an isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase?

In russian language isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase, is a minor member of the sentence, represented by a gerund with dependent words. It denotes a sign of action, depends on the predicate verb and is always highlighted in writing with commas. Answers the questions - When? How? How? For what purpose? and etc.

Examples of sentences with isolated circumstances with adverbial verbs:
Moving the furniture, we freed up space (freed up - how? - moving the furniture). Guys, hiding from the rain in a hut, discussed what they saw (discussed - when? - sheltered from the rain). Mom went to bed kissed my son goodnight(went to bed - when? - kissing my son).

Exceptions when isolating adverbial phrases in a sentence

An isolated circumstance can be represented by two homogeneous adverbial phrases or an adverbial phrase with a single participle, which are used through a conjunction And. In this case, commas highlight the entire circumstance, and not each adverbial phrase separately.

Examples: Girl, evoking a song And dancing, walked through the park. Greeting your opponent and shaking each other's hands, the athletes prepared for the match.

In addition, the circumstances expressed by the participial phrase are not isolated:

• If the participial phrase is part of a phraseological expression.

  Examples: They worked tirelessly all day. Worried about her brother, she spent the night without closing my eyes.

• If the participial phrase contains a conjunctive word which.

  Examples: Masha drew up an essay plan, following which she will write interesting story. Seryozha had many friends, communicating with whom he learned a lot of new things.

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Target: deepen the concepts of the syntactic role of gerunds and participial phrases, repeat the morphology of verbs and gerunds, suffixes of gerunds;
further development the ability to see sentences in the text with separate definitions and applications, the ability to highlight them with intonation and punctuation marks;
repeat spelling Not with the sacrament, - n- And - NN- in participles, derivative prepositions.

During the classes.

1 . Separate:(write on the board)

1. distinguish from the general, creating a special position from others;
2. in grammar: to intonationally highlight some semantic segment within a sentence.

S.I.Ozhegov

We continue this topic, consolidating what we have learned about isolated applications and definitions and dwelling in more detail on isolated circumstances, understanding the importance of intonation and semantic highlighting of these phrases and the even greater need correct setting punctuation marks in a sentence.

2. Fragments of the homework are checked on the board (test tasks in the Russian language are used. Author A.B. Malyushkin, Moscow 2007, Sfera Publishing House).

1) The first student enters the correct answers to the tests into the table.

№ 1 2 3 4 5 6
Answers 3 1 2 4 1 1

a) the spelling is explained not with an adjective and participle,
b) analysis is done based on the composition of the word connected,
c) task No. 3 is explained and characteristics of proposal No. 2 are given

(narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, complete, widespread, complicated by a separate circumstance).

2) The second student gives answers to tasks No. 4,5,6,

a) explains the spelling -n-, -nn- in the second task,
b) parses the word according to its composition preserved and analysis of a given word as a part of speech.

3. At this time, work takes place with the class.

a) I remember general character isolation of minor members, which, as a rule, denote some additional action, some additional feature.
b) Isolated secondary members are characteristic primarily of book speech. They are very widely used in fiction.
c) Students give examples from the text homework: (punctuation marks and missing letters) are filled in by students:

Text.

1. Panikovsky and Balaganov rolled silently on the carpet, standing and kicking out their legs.

2. They wandered through the streets, pale, disappointed, dull with grief. 3. Bender walked behind everyone with his head down and automatically purring. In the depths under the canopy the Antelope was yellow. Kozlevich was sitting on the tavern porch. Puffing sweetly, he pulled from the saucer hot tea. He was blissful.

“Adam!” said the great schemer, stopping in front of the driver. - We are out of stock. We are beggars, Adam! Welcome us! We are dying.
Kozlevich stood up. The commander, humiliated and poor, stood before him with his head uncovered. Adam Kazimirovich's bright Polish eyes blurred with tears. He came down the steps and hugged all the Antelopeans one by one.
“Taxi is free!” he said, swallowing tears of pity. - Please sit down.
Panikovsky cried, covering his face with his fists and whispering:
- What a heart! Honest, noble heart! What a heart!

Questions:

Specify all separate members sentences using punctuation marks.
Name the work and its author.
For what purpose do I. Ilf and E. Petrov use separate members?
(They help writers describe the subject in detail in an economical manner)
Explain the spelling of words with missing letters.

4. Let us turn to the texts of A.S. Pushkin and M. Gorky.

Nothing to do. She,
Full of black envy
Throwing the mirror under the bench,
She called the black girl to her place
And punishes her
Hay to his girlfriend,
News to the princess in the depths of the forest...

b) M. Gorky in the story “Childhood” describes his grandmother:
“She tells fairy tales quietly, mysteriously, leaning towards my face, looking into my eyes with dilated pupils, as if pouring strength into my heart, lifting me up...” The author, using separate members of the sentence, emphasizes the main idea - grandmother was the most wonderful thing for Alyosha person. It was she who woke him up, hidden in the darkness, and brought him into the light.
Students identify isolated parts of a sentence by ear (who can name them the most) and draw a conclusion about the need to use fiction in texts.

5. Let's return to the text by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.

a) A diagram for sentence 3 is drawn up on the board and its characteristics are given.
It is determined that with one predicate there can be two participial phrases, i.e. two separate circumstances.
How are punctuation marks used in this case?
(In this case, a comma between isolated circumstances connected by the union And, not set).

b) Such cases should be distinguished from sentences in which isolated circumstances refer to different predicate verbs:
pay attention to the table (each student has it on his desk as a handout) point No. 3, read the sentence.

Isolation of circumstances

Separate themselves	Not isolated
1. Before and after the main word - predicate verb
A)expressed by single gerundsand participial phrases b) expressed by nouns with a preposition c) expressed nouns with prepositionsin view of, as a result of, in order to avoid, contrary to, in accordance with,thanks, etc.with significant spread and intonation emphasis	a) representing stable turnover 2. After the predicate verb a) single gerunds with adverb meanings b) closely related to the predicate c) expressed by an adverbial phrase and included in a group of homogeneous members with an adverb
Distinguish!
homogeneous members- special circumstances	homogeneous members - predicate He quietly changed into his work suit, sat down at the table, and opened a book. (BUT.)

Here we have homogeneous predicate members. Consequently, the punctuation marks will be different. Let's pay attention to the diagram of this proposal in the table.

1. Why is there a comma before the conjunction?
2. Why is it not in the second example?

6. Work continues with the table of isolated circumstances.

1. What circumstances have we not yet talked about?
   (Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition. Left column).
2. What pretexts? (derivatives).
3. What's happened derivative preposition? (The independent part of speech, losing its lexical and morphological meaning, becomes auxiliary).
4. Examples (Who will lead faster?).
5. What is the difference in spelling: during- during; towards - to meet;
   about - on account; in continuation - in continuation; as a result - as a result.

7. Working from the textbook p. 145, approx. No. 2.

What other prepositions can be used with such isolation?

Exercise in progress. No. 333, p. 147.

8. Compose sentences with isolated circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition, and use these words as independent words
parts of speech:

1. option - (as) a consequence...
2. option - thanks.

9 . The circumstance of a concession is always isolated with a pretext despite.

Despite All my suffering, I could not sleep.

10. The isolation of other circumstances depends on stylistic objectives.

Circumstances are especially often isolated causes(due to, thanks to, as a result) conditions(if present, if absent), concessions(contrary to).

11 . After this, we continue to work with the table in the “Non-exclusive circumstances” section

What are the conditions for non-isolation of these circumstances?

a) The circumstance represents a stable turnover, i.e. phraseological turn.

We find example sentences and read them.

Name the phraseological units you know (which row will complete this task faster).
(Listen with your ears open; rush headlong; answer without further ado; shout without remembering yourself; listen with your mouth open;...)
- Compose one sentence at a time, using any phraseological phrase, and write it down as shown in the table.

b) Single adverbial participles or, as they used to be called, adverbs.

Let's pay attention to their place in the sentence.

(they stand after the predicate, answer the questions: how? in what way? in what position?).

c) We work with the textbook note on p. 145 (top).

Name such adverbs.
(Sitting, lying, standing, silently, jokingly, reluctantly, etc.)

These words have firmly become adverbs. When used alone, they are not isolated; they can be replaced with synonymous adverbs. For example, he speaks slowly - slowly; answered reluctantly - sluggishly.

Intonation can be a helper here. There is no pause before or after the adverb, but after a separate participial phrase the pause is observed.
- This rule is confirmed by the example of exercise No. 326.

d) The third case from table (b) is being worked out.

These are single participles, which also appear after the predicate at the end of the sentence and are circumstances of the manner of action; synonyms can also be found for them. Let's look at table examples.
- Replace the adverb with a gerund and make sentences:

1. V. Lightning flashed continuously (without ceasing).
2. V. The cloud was moving slowly (not in a hurry).

12. Quiz.

Task No. 1.

Explain why the gerunds are not isolated in the following sentences:

a) Then the strange man slowly walked around the lower decks.(Cat.) b) The doorman decided to walk slowly.(Paust.) c) The fox turned to the chicken coop and left, slurping unsalted.

a) a single gerund is closer to an adverb, as if merging with the predicate;
b) slowly - adverb;
c) is a phraseological unit.

Task No. 2.

Rearrange the sentences so that isolated circumstances become non-isolated:

1.. Gritting their teeth, they continued to work. 2. Hanging her head low, she left the room. 3. He continued to sit, determined to finish the job.

Task No. 3.

Make up a sentence with phraseological units, indicating which ones stand out:

Headlong, carelessly, heading towards something, without hesitation, taking into accountattention.(in rows, one example at a time).

Task No. 4.

Indicate errors in the use of participial phrases: 1. Having left for the open steppe,they were caught in a snowstorm. 2. Reading the story, a vivid image of the leader appears before uspopular uprising.

13 . Test tasks (attached). The summary of learning new material in the lesson is summed up. The answers are written down by the students on the board. Notebooks are exchanged for verification.

Test.

1. Identify incorrect statements.

1. Isolated members of a sentence are distinguished by meaning using intonation in speech.
   nary speech and using punctuation marks in written speech.
2. Definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated.
3. Applications with the conjunction as are always isolated.
4. Dedicated Applications can be highlighted with a dash.
5. The circumstances expressed by the adverbial phrase are always isolated.
6. Only minor members of a sentence can be clarifying.

2. Find sentences with isolated definitions (no punctuation marks).

1. Carelessly scattered stars sparkled brightly in the sky.
2. The forest, covered with a haze of young greenery, came to life.
3. An overgrown country road hugged the river.
4. Tired of the spring bliss, I fell into involuntary oblivion.
5. Tired of the storm, the captain went down to his cabin.
6. A cloudy and foggy March night enveloped the earth.

3. In which example is it not necessary to isolate a single definition?

1. Invisible, you were already dear to me.
2. Across the blue seas, forgotten, he faded away alone.
3. The fallen poplar is silver and light.
4. The poor thing cries tirelessly.

4. Indicate which sentences have punctuation errors when separating applications.

1. The island was covered in fog - a gray, motionless haze.
2. Fedka, our young director, came out from around the corner.
3. Artillery captain, Maksimov hangs up the phone.
4. Yuri, as a native of the south, found it difficult to get used to the Arctic climate.

5. Everyone knows Alexander Blok as a brilliant poet.

1. Find sentences in which the adverbial phrase is incorrectly isolated.
2. Peace to the aspen trees that spread their branches and gazed into the pink water.
3. After drinking tea, I went hunting before dawn.
4. A young ray of sunshine peeked through the window, playing merrily.
5. There, having left the star round dance, a beautiful star sits on the trumpet.

6. Indicate a sentence in which it is not necessary to isolate a single gerund (no punctuation marks are placed).

1. As they said goodbye, the young people bowed.
2. The father nodded his head without turning around.
3. The uncle looked at the grandmother with narrowed eyes.
4. The boy, startled, dropped the spoon.

7. Find a sentence in which it is not necessary to isolate the highlighted circumstance.

1. There at a coal mine the boy was noticed.
2. On the other side over the river the nightingale sang.
3. We lived then in the Meshchera forests in the village.
4. Turning to follow the sun during a long day almost all flowers.

14 . Words hard work.

Working on task No. 11 (tests) word maneuver(French - manouere, Lat. - manuopera from manus “hand” and opera “deeds”.)
Maneuver - act deftly and cunningly, avoiding troubles; movement of troops with the aim of striking the enemy.

15. Mini-dictation (distributed among columns).

Spreading, spreading, having calculated, not having calculated.
What spelling rules are common to explain the spelling of these words.

16 . Rearrange the sentences so that they contain all possible cases of isolation.

1 row. 2nd row. 3rd row.
Small forest Fruit blossoms The dog got scared
crossed, twisted and filled the trees and barked loudly.
between the trees the air is heady
path. aroma.

17 . Change the sentence into a complex sentence by replacing the preposition despite union although.

Despite the good weather, we managed to walk a short distance that day.
(That day, despite the fact that the weather was good, we managed to walk a short distance).

18. Find isolated circumstances in the poem by A. S. Pushkin.

What can we quickly say to her in poetry?
Truth is dearer to me than anything else.
Without having time to think, I’ll say: you’re the cutest of all.
After thinking about it, I will say the same thing.

19. This is interesting.

1. Remember the lines from I.A Krylov’s fable “Fish Dance”: Here, Lev licked the headmanmercifully in the chest..., set off on his further journey. This is a rare case when the subject took a completely unusual place for itself - it was located inside the adverbial phrase.

2. By the will of the author, the participial phrase can be attributed not to the verb. Here is an excerpt from a poem by Leonid Martynov: Sleeves, islands... This is a river delta! This is what it’s like, it’s starting to get dark! However, this is not the norm, but a property of the individual author's style.

3. Think about the sentence!He wrinkled his forehead, unable to understand what was written.
It does not fit any type of isolation known to you. It turns out that this is a “splinter” of an adverbial phrase being unable to in which the participle played only an auxiliary role and therefore disappeared without prejudice to the meaning.

20 . The lesson is summarized.

1. What new did you learn about the isolation of circumstances in class today?
2. What caused the difficulties?

In subsequent lessons we will continue this topic.

The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, and has an additional effect. If the participle in a sentence is not alone, but has words dependent on it, then this set of words is called an adverbial phrase. The article will tell you how and when to separate gerunds in a sentence.

What is separation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of a sentence that are secondary can be isolated; this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Isolations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely gerunds, but also participle phrases can be isolated.

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated adverbial clause does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always highlighted with commas on both sides.

The location of the gerund in a sentence can be anywhere. Here are examples correct selection single participles separated by commas:

1. Staring, she could not utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you cannot achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were highlighted with a comma:

• staring;
• having returned;
• without training.

In the letter you can find several repeated participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:

1. Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Chuckling and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous gerunds in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separating single gerunds with commas

Isolation of single gerundial participles occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in a sentence. Preserves the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause or time of an action, but not its image. Having run away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
2. If in your mind you can check the sentence by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests, although they did not calm down after the holiday, left.

Isolation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the manner of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya got down silently and took his time.
3. If a single gerund can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Identification of single gerunds depending on their location in a sentence

The separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of the sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on the slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the participle is not separated by commas, since it is represented by a circumstance of the manner of action. It can be replaced with the word “leisurely”.

In the second sentence, the gerund represents the adverbial reason (“since I was in no hurry”).

How is an adverbial phrase formed?

If a sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “by doing what?”, “by doing what?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a participial phrase.

In a sentence, this phrase always performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and relates to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or thing that performs the main actions.

Examples of participial phrases

The separation of gerunds and participial phrases occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For example:

1. All day long, dark clouds walked across the sky, first revealing the sun, then covering it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, while bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I looked at the sunrise without taking my eyes off.
5. Kid watching mother's hand, did the same movements.

What do you need to remember when using gerunds and participial phrases in a sentence?

The basic rules for using participial phrases when writing text are as follows:

1. Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the participial phrase, must relate to one person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, are used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the participial phrase.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participial phrases not separated by commas?

Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the conjunction “and” with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his signs of attention. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances come closer to adverbs. They lose their additional meaning and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

• participles that have become phraseological units(without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, breaking your head, opening your mouth, etc.). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But, rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• participles that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The “adverbiality” of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - gerunds and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. Without being embarrassed- this is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds containing the dependent word “which” in all their variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should we distinguish from gerunds?

Isolating gerunds, many do not think that these could be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• happily;
• sneaking;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying down and others.

The gerunds that are the same as these words retain an additional effect. This occurs during formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do this job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participial phrase in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

Prepositions include: starting from, based on. Commas are not used, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It is snowing starting from the night (goes from the night).

Isolation of participles and gerunds: what is the difference?

Participial and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:

1. A participial phrase or single participle refers to the word (noun or pronoun) being defined. The gerund or participial phrase is closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes according to numbers, gender, cases, has a complete and short form, and the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
2. The participial phrase and the participle serve as a definition in a sentence, and the gerund and participial phrases act as various circumstances.
3. Participles and gerunds are distinguished by suffixes. Participles have such suffixes as -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash)- -vsh-, -sh- y real participles and - om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If a sentence contains a conjunction next to an adverbial phrase, they are separated by a comma. Unions are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. The exception is the conjunction “a”, which comes before the participial phrase. In this case, it is included in circulation. For example: A person needs to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If a sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand and holding the other on her belt.
3. If one sentence contains several participial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The participial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Isolating participles will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How to help your child consolidate the material he has learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be encouraged to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children must work orally with sentences and learn to find participial phrases and single gerunds in them. After this, students should be asked to write sentences and place them. In addition, the child should explain his choice in placing commas.

After children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding an adverbial phrase or a single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.

Complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammar basics and homogeneous participial phrases.