A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object.
At night the weather became noisy, the river became agitated, and a torch had already burned out in the man’s smoky hut. The children are sleeping, the housewife is dozing, the husband is lying on the bed, the storm is blowing; suddenly he hears: someone is knocking on the window. (P.)
Words: knocks, howls, makes noise, gets excited, burns out, listens-denote the actions of an object. Words: sleeping, dozing, lying- indicate the condition of the item. The verb answers the questions: /i>what does the object do? what is being done with it? The student (what is he doing?) is reading a story. The story (what is being done with it?) is read by the students.
Changing the verb.
A verb, denoting an action, can also indicate the time when the action is performed. The verb has three tenses: present, past and future.
I knock (present tense), knocked (past tense), I will knock, I will knock (future tense).
The verb has 3 persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and two numbers: singular and plural.
In the past tense, the verb has no special personal endings, and the person is expressed only by a personal pronoun.
For example: I knocked, you knocked, he knocked. In the past tense, the verb changes according to gender and number: brother knocked ( masculine), sister knocked ( feminine), something knocked (neuter gender), we knocked (myoj. number).
Changing the verb according to persons, tenses and numbers is called conjugation.
Verbs can end with the particle -sya or Verbs ending t-sya(-s), are called returnable. After consonants and th used -xia, and after vowels -s: washes - washes, soap - washed, wash - wash, my - wash, mine - wash, washed - washed.
The role of the verb in a sentence.
In a sentence, the verb is usually predicate. The predicate-verb denotes the action or state of an object that is the subject of a given sentence, and agrees with the subject in number and person, and in the past tense - in number and gender.
We boldly rush towards the enemy; after us the red cavalry rushed into battle; the enemy hastily retreats.
We rush. Predicate let's rush agrees with the subject we in person and number.
The cavalry rushed. Predicate rushed agrees with the subject cavalry in gender and number.
Indefinite form, or infinitive
The verb has a special form, which only names the action, does not itself indicate time, number, or person and is therefore called an indefinite form, or infinitive; read, cherish, carry, come. The infinitive form of the verb answers the question: what to do? what to do?
The infinitive form of the verb ends in -t, -ti: build, carry. Eat special group verbs with infinitive form -ch. Verbs have -whose the stem in the present tense ends in G or to: I can, I can, I bake, I bake, I take care, I take care. Here we find the alternation G And To with sound h.
Letter b remains in an indefinite form in front of the particle -xia: build - build, take care - take care.
Note. The indefinite form of the verb is derived from the verbal noun. That's why she doesn't indicate the time and person. Our language still retains several words that can be both nouns and verbs, for example: hot oven (noun), bake pies (verb); big leak (noun), water stopped flowing (verb); old noble nobility (noun), wants to know a lot (verb).
Types of verbs.
Verbs can be imperfect and perfect form.
1. Verbs imperfect form show an unfinished action or a repeated action: work, scream, sleep, buy, take, throw, look in.
Verbs of the imperfect form form the future tense using an auxiliary verb: I Will work.
Note. Verbs that denote only a repeated action are said to be of the multiple type if there is a verb with a continuous meaning nearby: read (when reading), walk (and walk), sit (when sitting).
2. Perfect verbs show the completeness of the action: buy, take, bring, leave, read, write.
Perfective verbs cannot have the present tense; the form of the present tense has the meaning of the future for them: I will buy, I will take, I will start, I will bring, I will leave, I will read, I will write, I will speak.
Note. Verbs of the perfect form, which denote an action that happened only once, are said to be of the one-time type. These are especially the case with verbs with the suffix -path, which preserve it in the past tense: jump when jump (cf. jumped), spit, spit (cf. spat), shout when scream (cf. shouted).
Formation of verb types.
Majority simple verbs refers to the imperfect form: to carry, write, work. However, give, lie down, sit down, stand, child and a number of verbs: buy, throw, finish, let, forgive, decide, captivate, deprive, etc. will be of the perfect form.
Note. Some simple verbs have both perfective and imperfective meanings: to wound, to marry.
This also includes many verbs in -irate and -ovate: telegraph, organize, attack.
Complex verbs with prefixes in the vast majority of cases belong to the perfect form: bring, leave, read, sign, speak, sketch, throw. However, verbs are complex, formed from verbs wear, drive, carry, walk, run, fly, will be mostly imperfect. For example: bring, take away, bring in, enter, leave, etc.; take out, bring out, take out, go out (but in&carry, take out, go out etc. will be perfect); bring in, take down (but putting in a shirt, taking off boots, etc. will be perfect).
I. Almost every perfective verb can be used to form an imperfective verb with the same meaning: give-give, start-start, bring-bring, etc.
The main way of forming imperfective verbs from the corresponding perfective verbs is the suffix -yva or -two, and often the root o alternates with a, and the final root consonant of a number of verbs alternates according to: read-read, smear - lubricate, sign - sign, rise - scoot, jump - jump, push - push, smooth - smooth, hang - hang, freeze - freeze, ask - ask, manure - manure, nip - nip, feed - feed, accumulate - accumulate etc. etc.
Another way to form imperfective verbs is to change the suffix -And- to suffix -I-(or -A- after sibilants) with the same changes in final root consonants as in the previous case: meet - meet, peel - peel, give birth - give birth, illuminate - illuminate, design - design, get ahead - get ahead, load - load, finish-finish, decide-decide, surround - surround and so on.
The third way of forming verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -A-, and the root e or I (A after hissing ones) often alternates with and: erase - erase, die - die, subtract - subtract, light - light, hush - hush, begin - begin.
2. The fourth way to form verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -va-, used in cases where the root of the verb ends in a vowel: break-break, ripen-ripen, give (ladies) - give (I give), find out (learn) - find out (know).
Notes
II. From simple verbs of the imperfect form, the perfect form is formed either by means of a suffix -Well-(single verbs): jump - jump, scream - shout etc. or through so-called “empty” prefixes that do not change the basic meaning of the word: o- (about-), po-, s-, na-, etc.: to grow stronger - to grow stronger, to please - to please, to destroy - to destroy, to do - to do, to write - to write, etc.
However, most simple verbs of the imperfect form do not form the perfect form: bite, sit, sleep, lie down etc. This also includes verbs welcome, be absent, participate and some others.
Alternation of vowels in the formation of species.
Sometimes the formation of species is associated with the alternation of vowel sounds in the root: die - die, lock up - lock up, throw away - throw away, light up - light up.
Table of alternation of vowels in verb roots during the formation of species.
Verb tenses.
The present tense of a verb means that the action occurs simultaneously with the moment of speech, that is, when it is spoken about.
1. The wind blows across the sea and propels the boat. He runs in the waves on swollen sails. (P.) 2. And caravans of ships sail under a scarlet flag from the midday seas along a concrete channel.
The present tense is also used to denote an action that is performed constantly, always. 1 The plant reaches towards the light source. 2. A person breathes with his lungs. 3. The northern shores of the USSR are washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
Past tense means that the action took place before the moment of speech. They defeated the atamans, dispersed the governors, and ended their campaign on the Pacific Ocean.
The future tense means that the action will take place after the moment of speech. 1. And if the enemy wants to take away our living joy in a stubborn battle, then we will sing a battle song and stand up for our Motherland. 2. We beat the enemies of the Soviet regime, we beat them and we will beat them.
Two verb stems.
The verb has two stems: the indefinite stem and the present tense.
To highlight the base of the indefinite form, it is necessary to discard the suffix from the verb of the indefinite form -t, -ti, for example: carry a piss.
The present tense stem is highlighted if the personal ending is dropped from the present tense or future simple verb, for example: write-ut, bear-ut, say-ut.
All verb forms are formed from these two stems.
Changing verbs according to persons and numbers.
Verbs in the present and future tenses change according to persons and numbers.
The first person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself: I work, read, study.
The second person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one to whom the speaker is speaking: you work, read, study.
The third person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one about whom they speak: he, she works, reads, studies.
In the plural, all these forms show that the action refers to more than one person: we work (we), work (you), work (they).
Present tense.
Personal endings.
Verbs with endings: -eat (-eat), ~et (-et), -eat (-et), -ete (-ete)3 -ut (-et) are called first conjugation verbs.
Verbs with endings -ish, -yga, -im, ~ite, -at, (-yat) are called verbs of the second conjugation.
U reflexive verbs a particle is added to the personal ending -sya (s). I study, I study, I teach, I study, I teach, I study, well, I swim - I swim, I swim - I swim, I bathe - I swim,
Note. When conjugating some verbs, there is an alternation of consonants preceding the personal endings: shore - you take care (g - g); flow - flow (k - n) - in verbs of the first conjugation; I wear - you wear (w - s); I drive - you carry (f - h); I’m sitting - sitting (w-d); twist - twist (h - t); sad? - sad (w - st): love - love (6l-“6); catch - catch (ate - in); sculpt - sculpt (pl - p); feed - feed (ml - m); graflu - grafish (fl - f) - in verbs of the second conjugation.
Spelling personal verb endings.
At the end of the 2nd person singular of the verb after w letter is written b: you carry, you give, you hurry, you stand.
The letter b is retained in the 2nd person singular and in cases where a particle is added to the ending of the verb -running around, studying, swimming.
3. It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs into -tsya from the 3rd person singular and plural present tense to -tsya. We must remember that b written only in the indefinite form: he can(what to do?) work(indefinite form), but He(what is he doing?) works(3rd person).
Spelling of verbs of the first and second conjugation.
Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations differ in hearing if the stress falls on the personal endings.
You go, you go, you go, you go, you go-1st conjugation.
In a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry-:2nd conjugation.
If the stress falls on the stem, then the personal endings of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations are almost the same by ear. For example: you prick - you saw, you prick - you saw. In such cases, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its indefinite form.
Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, the 2nd conjugation includes:
1. All verbs with unstressed personal endings, having an indefinite form in ~it, for example: build - you are building, they are building; to love - you love, they love (except for the verb shave - you shave, they shave).
2. Seven verbs per -to: watch, see, depend, hate, offend, endure, twist.
3. Four verbs per -at: hear, breathe, hold, drive.
These verbs in the 1st singular form do not have present tense suffixes -e-, -a-: look - I look, see - I see, breathe - I breathe, hear - I hear. Compare: blush - blush(1st conjugation verb, suffix -e- exists at the base) and answer - answer(also 1st conjugation, with the suffix -o- at the base).
All other verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.
Note. Verbs with a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the unprefixed verbs from which they are formed: If you get enough sleep, you sleep, if you endure it, you carry it. (I. Utkin.)
Variably conjugated verbs.
Verbs want and run are called heteroconjugated. They are conjugated partly according to the 1st, partly according to the 2nd conjugation;
Singular Plural.
I want to run we want to run
do you want to run do you want to run
he wants to run they want to run
Verbs are specially conjugated eat and give:
I eat I'll give you we eat we'll give you
you eat you give you eat you give
he eats will give they eat will give
Verbs derived from these verbs are also conjugated: eat, eat, give out, give away, etc.
Note. In the Old Russian language, the auxiliary verb to be was also conjugated in a special way: I am, we are, you are, you are, he is, they are
In modern literary language, only the 3rd person forms have been preserved: there is also less of a point.
Past tense.
The verb in the past tense has no personal endings: I read, you read, he read (compare with the endings of the present tense: I read, you read, he reads).
Verb in past tense singular varies by gender: The steamer has sailed, the boat has sailed, the ship has sailed.
IN masculine there is no generic ending, c. feminine the generic ending is -A, average -o: took, took-a, took-o.
In the plural, the past tense verb does not change according to gender and has the ending -i. Compare: students read-and - students read-and.
The past tense is formed by adding the suffix -l to the stem of the indefinite form: run-bezyua-l, walk-walk-l, build-build-l. Before the suffix -l the vowel that comes in an indefinite form before -t: see - saw, hear - heard.
In the masculine gender, after the consonant sound at the end of the word, the suffix -l drops out: crawled - crawled, carried - carried, carried - carried, wiped - wiped.
Reflexive verbs in the past tense have a particle at the end -xia or -s: took care, took care: took care, took care; took care, took care; took care, took care.
Notes
Later auxiliary verb be they started to miss. The past tense began to be denoted by one word, that is, a verbal adjective that retained its generic endings.
Verbal adjectives in -l in the Old Russian language they could be not only short, but also complete. The remainder of the complete ones are adjectives such as former (compare the verb was), mature (compare mature), skillful (compare could), etc.
Future
The future tense can be simple and complex. Verbs of the perfect form have a simple future tense: to do - I will do, to decide - I will decide. The future is complex for imperfective verbs: do - I will do, decide - I will decide.
The future simple consists of one word and has the same personal endings as the present tense: to do, to decide - I will do, I will decide; you will do it, you will decide; will do, decide.
The future complex is formed from the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb: I will do it, I will decide. Verb be, with the help of which the future tense is formed, is called in this case an auxiliary verb.
Use of tenses.
In our speech, we sometimes use one tense to mean another.
1. The present tense is sometimes used to mean the past: the past is told as if it were now passing before one’s eyes. This helps to vividly imagine what is being said. I was returning home from the station last night, walking along a dark street. I'm in a hurry. Suddenly I see: near the nearest lantern something is getting dark.
2. The present tense is used to mean the future. To make things more vivid, we talk about the future as if it were already happening. I often paint myself a picture of my future life: I finish school, go to university, study in the winter, and in the summer I certainly go on an excursion.
3. We use the future simple tense to mean the past when we talk about something that has been repeated several times.
I remember that my old friend would come to me in the evening, sit down next to me and begin to talk about his travels to the distant north.
The future tense in the meaning of the past is also used in combination with the word it happened. In winter, it used to be that in the dead of night we would lay down a daring troika... (P.)
4. We use the future simple in the meaning of the past when we talk about something that happened unexpectedly. I came closer to the girl, and she screamed.
Impersonal verbs.
A special group of verbs consists of impersonal verbs.
Impersonal verbs mostly denote natural phenomena (it's getting dark, it's freezing) or various states and human experiences (fever, unwell, remember, think).
In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, but they represent an action without an agent. With them there is not and cannot be a subject.
Impersonal verbs do not change according to persons and numbers. They have in the present and future tense only one form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense only a neuter form: It's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting feverish - it's getting feverish.
Note. Impersonal verbs like feverish, chilly, freezing, were once personal. This was in those distant times when people did not yet know how to fight nature, they believed in the existence of supernatural forces, good and evil, and explained the action of these mysterious forces and various natural phenomena and the human condition. When they spoke feverish, freezing, they thought that both fever and frost were the effects of some special mysterious power, some kind of supernatural creature.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Verbs, according to their meaning and how they are connected in a sentence with other words, are divided into two groups: transitive and intransitive.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition: I take (what?) a book and see off (who?) my sister.
The remaining verbs are intransitive: I lie down, sleep, walk, run, do (what?), hope (for what?).
Notes
The meaning of reflexive verbs.
Reflexive verbs formed from any transitive verb are intransitive: lift (transitive) - rise (intransitive), wash (transitive) - wash (intransitive), meet (transitive) - meet (intransitive).
Note. There are verbs that are not reflexive: I walk, I sleep, I sing. On the contrary, there are also verbs that are used only as reflexives: I'm afraid, I laugh, I admire, I work.
Particle -xia in reflexive verbs has several meanings. The most important of them are the following.
a) Particle -xia denotes only the intransitivity of an action, i.e. an action that is not directed at any object: the dog bites, the horse rushes, the sea is rough, the fog rises.
b) Particle -xia gives the verb its own reflexive meaning: it indicates that the action returns to the actor himself. Compare: bathe (who?) a child and bathe (i.e. bathe oneself).
c) Particle -xia gives the verb a reciprocal meaning: it indicates that the action occurs between two or more characters or objects. With these verbs you can ask a question with whom? with what? For example: meet(with whom? - with a friend), fight, fight.
d) Particle -xia gives the verb a passive meaning.. With these verbs you can ask questions by whom? how? For example: Rocks(subject) are washed away (by what?) with water. Compare: Water erodes rocks.
e) Particle -xia gives the verb impersonal meaning. At the same time, she indicates that the action is performed as if by itself, against anyone’s will. With these verbs you can ask questions to whom? what? For example: I can’t sleep (who?) (compare: he doesn’t sleep), he doesn’t want to, I think.
Note. Origin of verbs -xia. In Old Russian, after transitive verbs it could be used short form wine pad. units including the reflexive pronoun sya (i.e. yourself). For example, wash(i.e. wash yourself). Previously, xia was a separate member of the sentence and could stand in different places sentences, i.e. in Old Russian one could say: I want to wash myself (I want to wash myself).
Later, the pronoun xia turned from an independent word into a particle, began to be used only after the verb, and finally merged with it into one word. In this case, the verb changed from transitive to intransitive. ¦
Compare: wash (who? or what?) and wash (yourself), dress (who? or what?) and dress (yourself).
Inclinations.
The verb has three moods - indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
The indicative mood of a verb denotes an action that has happened, is happening, or will actually happen: read - read - will read; I read it - I'll read it. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, past and future.
The subjunctive (or conditional) mood denotes an action that is possible or desirable. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would: You should have come home earlier. If the weather had been good yesterday, we would have gone boating.
The particle can appear either after or before the verb, and can also be separated from the verb in other words: If the best rider on the fastest horse galloped along our borders, he would spend about two years on this unprecedented run in the world.
The imperative mood denotes an order, command, as well as a request, a wish. Verbs in the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person singular and plural: carry - carry, work, work, cook - cook.
Formation of the imperative mood.
The imperative mood is formed from the present tense stem in two ways.
Some verbs add an ending to the base of the present (future) tense -and: go-ut-go, sit-yat - sit, take-out-take out, shout-ut - shout.
In other verbs, the imperative mood is formed without an ending and is equal to the present tense stem. The stem of such verbs in the imperative mood ends:
1) to a soft consonant (in writing b): throw (kin-ut), throw (throw-yat), hit (hit-yat), prepare (ready-yat);
2) to hissing (in writing b): cut (rez-ut), hide (hide-ut), console (console-at);
3) on -th; read, throw, draw.
In the 2nd person plural. ending is added to the number -those: go-go, throw-throw, read-read, hide-hide.
The imperative mood of reflexive verbs on the code has a particle -sya or -sya: Look after - look after, look after; take a closer look, take a closer look. Throw - throw, throw; rush - rush, rush. Throw-throw, throw; rush - rush, rush.
Sometimes the particle is added to the imperative mood -ka. This particle usually softens the order and gives it the character of a friendly address. Let's go and pick some chestnuts in the garden. Come here
Note. For the expression of the 1st person plural. numbers of the imperative mood, the usual forms of the 1st person plural are used. numbers of the present or future tense with imperative intonation: Let's go. We'll decide. Let's sit down. These forms are also used with the ending -te: Let's go. Decide. Let's sit down. They then either indicate that the command is addressed to several persons, or indicate a polite address to one person.
To express the 3rd person imperative mood, the usual form of the 3rd person is used in conjunction with particles let, let, yes: Long live the muses, long live the mind! (P.) Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! (P.) Let your face glow like the dawn in the morning.
Replacing inclinations.
In Russian, one mood can be used to mean another.
The imperative mood is often used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood and the conjunction if. The subject can be in any number and person and usually comes after the predicate. If he had told us earlier, everything could have been arranged. (Compare: If he had said earlier...) If we were five minutes late, he would have left. (Compare: If we were five minutes late...)
In other cases, on the contrary, the subjunctive mood has the meaning of the imperative mood. You should rest a little. Someone should sing for us. Such phrases express a request, advice, a polite offer.
Often, in the meaning of the imperative mood, the indefinite form of the verb is used. Be silent/Sit still! Keep quiet/ This use of the indefinite form expresses a persistent and strict command.
Verb suffixes.
From nouns, verbs are formed using suffixes -oe- (at), -ev- (at). In the present tense these suffixes are replaced by the suffixes -yes, -yu-: conversation-conversation - talking, grief - grieving - grieving.
Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix -e-(t) (in the present, tense -e-yu): white - turn white - turn white (with the meaning of becoming white), gray-gray - turn gray (with the meaning of becoming gray), beast - become wild - beast (with the meaning of becoming beast) or using the suffix -i-(t) (in the present tense -/o): white - whiten - whitewash (with the meaning of making white), litter - litter-litter (with the meaning of making litter).
Verbs are also formed from nouns using a suffix -a-(t): carpenter - to do carpentry; smart guy - to be smart (with a change from k to h).
The suffixes -ir-(at), -izir-(at) occur mostly in verbs of foreign origin: telegraph, register, agitate, collectivize, organize.
Spelling verb suffixes.
To distinguish unstressed suffixes -ov-(at), -ev-(at) from the suffixes -iv-(at), -iv-(at), it is necessary to form the 1st person singular. numbers of the present (future) time.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. numbers of the present tense end in -yu-, -yu-, then th is in an indefinite form, and in the past tense it is necessary to write -ovat (-oval), -evat (-eval): advise, advised, advise; I'm grieving, grieving, grieving.
If the verb is in the 1st person singular. the number of the present tense ends in -Ivayu, -Ivayu-, then in an indefinite form", and in the past tense you must write -yat (-yval), -iv (-ival): showing - showing, showing; arrange-arrange, arrange
Notes
Spelling particles ns verbs
Negation Not written separately with the verb.
The exception is those verbs that are not used without no. For example: to be indignant, to hate.
If verbs missing and lacking indicate a lack of something, they are written together: My friend lacks (that is, he does not have) the ability to get down to business right away. He lacks (that is, he does not have) endurance in his work.
Verb not enough- in the sense of not reaching for something - written separately: The child cannot reach the table with his hand:
Verb lacks-in the sense of not taking it, it is written separately: Our dog barks at strangers, but doesn’t grab anyone’s legs
April 21, 2017An infinitive is the indefinite or initial form of a verb. It would seem what simple thing! But this linguistic phenomenon also has its own characteristics and even “pitfalls,” which will be discussed later in this article.
Brief description of the infinitive in Russian
An infinitive verb is what we see written in a dictionary entry. It has no mood, person, number, time, that is, it is not changed depending on who performs the action, since there is simply no such subject. However, such a verb still has some characteristics - aspect (perfect or imperfect) and conjugation (first or second). In addition, it is characterized by recurrence or irrevocability, as well as transitivity or intransitivity.
How to understand that a verb is in the infinitive
To determine that a given form of a word denoting an action is actually an infinitive, you need to ask questions about the infinitive form of the verb. These include: " what to do?" (for example, "read" or "talk") or " what to do?” (for example, “give as a gift” or “drink”). If the verb answers them, then it stands in initial form.
In addition, the infinitive in Russian always has suffixes: -t-, -ti-, -who-, -est- and -sti-. It is worth noting that some linguists argue that these are the endings of indefinite verbs, since this morpheme is subject to change. However, the controversy still does not subside.
Video on the topic
What is the indefinite form of the verb used for?
The Russian language is quite rich in various possibilities for using the infinitive. The indefinite form of a verb can be the subject, predicate, attribute, object, and also be an integral part of a sentence verb predicate, express the imperative mood or the future tense. Next, we will take a closer look at each of the listed cases using examples.
Specific syntactic roles of the verb in the initial form
So, a verb in an indefinite form is a subject if it is characterized in any way. For example:
- Drawing was the meaning of his life.
- Being a mother is the meaning of Svetlana’s life.
In these sentences " paint" And " to be (mother)"are subject because they are separate, independent actions.
In addition, a sentence can contain two infinitives, one of which characterizes the other:
- To live is to love.
Then here " live" is the subject, and " be in love" - predicate. In this case, the member of the sentence is easily determined: the subject comes before the predicate. Also instead of " Means" there may be a dash or the words “ this", "is"and the like.
An infinitive can be a modifier if it stands in this form, for example:
- He went to bed with a firm decision to read a book tomorrow.
It turns out that the verb “read” here answers the question “in what way?” With what decision did he go to bed? Read (a book tomorrow). That is, an indefinite verb is a definition if it refers to a noun that means necessity, decision, desire, expression of will, and the like.
The infinitive form of a verb can also be an object if, for example, it is used in the following phrase:
- Dad asked Lena to pick up her pencil.
That is, the verb “asked” has a full meaning here. lexical meaning. Both verbs refer to different people (« asked" - to dad, and " raise" - to Lena).
The infinitive is an integral part of the verbal predicate if it is used with a verb that denotes the beginning, continuation or completion of an action, that is, it has an auxiliary meaning. For example:
- The puppy quickly began to fall asleep.
- The teacher continued teaching the lesson.
"Began" And " continued" are precisely such verbs, therefore " fall asleep" And " lead" will be parts of the predicate.
The infinitive expresses the imperative mood if used in a commanding tone. For example, a squad leader may order: “ Be silent!", and the captain of the ship shouted: " All hands on deck!»
The initial form of the verb expresses the future tense in sentences like this:
- Yes, Ivan should not be a pilot!
That is, it should contain some shade of annoyance or regret.
Common spelling mistakes
Most of the time, the indefinite verb is an easy thing to spell, but sometimes people still get confused. This happens when the verb is reflexive. Simply forgotten soft sign before the suffix - Xia-, so it turns out that the verb is in the third person and singular. And sometimes this makes it very difficult to understand when reading.
In order to avoid mistakes and write suffixes (or endings of indefinite verbs) correctly, you need to mentally ask them questions each time: “h what to do?" or "h what to do?“If the verb clearly answers them, you need to put a soft sign. For example, in last word in a sentence " Petya is going to get some sleep today." a soft sign is given, since Peter going what to do? Get some sleep.
Thus, the indefinite verb is a rather interesting and important part of the language that can be used in different cases, the main thing is to master them well.
The indefinite or initial form of a verb (and strictly in the language of science - it is called an infinitive) is what linguists call its form, which denotes the actual action, regardless of such grammatical categories, as a person and a number, and answering the question “what to do?” The word "do" itself is an example of an infinitive, or indefinite form of a verb.
This answers the question, what is the peculiarity of the indefinite form of the verb.
In Russian schools, the topic of the infinitive is usually discussed in the middle classes.
Formal features of the infinitive
In Russian, the signs of the infinitive are the suffixes “t” or “ti”: go, run, stand, crawl, find, determine, etc. After vowels, “t” is used, after consonants - “ti”: run, but go.
It also matters that the infinitive always answers one question - what to do?
The group of verbs that ends in “ch” stands out in particular: lie down, bake, take care, burn, etc. Initially in the Old Russian language they also had the suffix “ti” after “g” at the end: lie down, bake, take care, burn. This archaic form has been preserved to this day in others closest to Russian Slavic languages- Ukrainian and Belarusian. In Russian, “gti” gradually transformed into “ch”.
In English, the indicator of an indefinite form is the particle to used before the verb: to go, to love, to run, etc. The infinitive has its own formal features in every language, but it is not possible to consider them all within one publication, and it is not makes sense. Everyone who has studied English knows this, and it doesn’t matter whether it was taught in the first grade or in higher grades.
In the Russian language, a verb in an indefinite form is characterized by such constant features as transitivity, reflexivity, and type of conjugation. All this is also studied in middle school, which can be easily remembered.
The indefinite form usually determines the conjugation of those verbs whose endings in other forms are unstressed. We have all heard about this more than once in school Russian lessons.
Features of the syntactic role of the infinitive
If various options conjugated forms of the verb in a sentence most of all gravitate towards the role of the predicate, and other cases of their use are rather an exception to the rule, then the infinitive can be used as any member of the sentence: subject, object, determiner.
In a sentence, it is usually used together with a predicate, in the role of which a noun, an adverb, an indefinite form of another verb, or a full adjective in the instrumental case with a linking verb is used.
Look to have a positive outlook on the world is an important skill.
Believe the deceiver is stupid (option: no sense).
Save- this means making money.
Come in the area has become unsafe in the evenings.
Don't make mistakes- means doing nothing.
Predicate
There are two cases of using the infinitive form of a verb as a predicate:
- As part of a compound predicate of a two-part sentence.
- In a one-part impersonal sentence.
Examples of two-part sentences:
- I have to do it.
- I really want you help.
- The worker has finished grind detail.
- He dreams go abroad.
- He continued intensely work on the project.
- The new employee soon adapted to the team and stopped set unnecessary questions.
Examples of impersonal one-part sentences:
- Well, why not? be in love this city!
- Impossible pass the!
- How could we meet.
Definition
How inconsistent definition An infinitive verb is used when explaining a noun.
We often tend to strive (for what?) hug immensity.
Usually in such cases the infinitive form of the verb is combined with abstract nouns expressing desire, desire, intention, habit, inclination, ability, readiness, etc.
Circumstance
Usually in this role the indefinite form appears with a verb of movement or other action and explains why this action was taken. Between the predicate and such a circumstance, the goals can be put “so that.”
For example:
- I went to drink some water.
- The major went out to check the posts.
- They came to Sochi to relax by the sea.
Addition
The infinitive acts as a complement when it refers to the subject to whom the action expressed by the predicate is directed. So, in the sentence “I want to help you” it is part of a compound verbal predicate. But if we say “I asked a colleague to help me,” “help” already acts as an addition. This nuance must be taken into account in order to determine the role of the infinitive in such sentences.
Here are a few more examples in which the indefinite form acts as an object:
- We asked a friend meet us at the station.
- The authorities persuaded him take vacation later.
- The boss asked me come in to him as soon as I show up at work.
Stylistic nuances of using the infinitive form of the verb
Verbs in the indefinite form are often used in official instructions, instructions, written and oral orders. Speeches addressed by officers to soldiers are especially often full of them.
The infinitive conveys an indication of the rigidity of a particular order or requirement and the strictness of its observance. For example: “Provide results no later than July 20.” It sounds even stricter than the imperative form - “provide.” Although the imperative itself, especially if it is not accompanied by the word “please,” carries a considerable similar load.
It is not surprising why their use is so popular in the army, where great value is given to discipline, diligence and subordination, and even in civil structures with a rigid management vertical, for example, government agencies.
And various prohibitions, formulated as a combination of the infinitive and the particle “not,” serve the same function: do not smoke, do not litter, etc.
After all this, it’s unlikely that you have any doubts about what an indefinite form of a verb is.
In contact with
Indefinite verbs are used in dictionaries. What is an infinitive? Features are as follows:
- Verbs in the indefinite form answer the questions “what to do?” and “what to do?”
- Endowed with grammatical features of the form (perfect or imperfect).
- It can be returnable or non-refundable.
- Saved.
- When forming, suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb are used -т, -ти, -ч. For some verbs it is -st, -sti.
Important! Any verbal word form can be put into initial form using the question “what to do?” or “what should I do?”
Such word forms are called indefinite because it is impossible to determine their basic grammatical features: tense, person, mood, gender and number, which is how they differ from the rest.
Infinitive form of the verb: signs
Signs of the infinitive form of the verb
The main features are the endings of verbs in -ti, -t and -ch. Questions “what to do?” will help determine this. and “what to do?”
Examples of education
The infinitive ends with the suffix –ti if it is preceded by a consonant: come, crawl, shake. The suffix –т is used after vowels: write, fly, shoot, pull.
In some words ending in -ch, there is no ending in the initial form, and -ch is included in the structure of the root. For example, attract, bake, preserve, grind.
How to use the infinitive form of a verb
The infinitive is necessary to form other verb forms and spell checking.
Often the endings of verbs in personal word forms are unstressed, which raises doubts about their writing. To check your spelling, you need to know how to put a verb into the indefinite form.
For example:
- You are building - What to do? build. This means that the correct ending is -ish.
- Gluing, gluing - What to do? glue. The correct spelling is -it and -il.
- I hated it - What should I do? hate. Correctly write the vowel -e.
An unstressed suffix in an infinitive indicates its writing in the past tense, in the adverbial and participial form.
Gluing - gluing - gluing - gluing - gluing.
What is a reflexive or non-reflexive verb?
Sometimes after the word-forming suffix –ть, -ти, -ч, an additional postfix – ся or –сь is used. For example, pray, take care, ask, take shelter.
Postfix allows you to determine returnable and non-returnable forms.
The rule explains that word forms with -sya (-s) are considered reflexive and mean the action of someone or something directed towards oneself, contact or the position of an object. For example, capsize, deteriorate, equip, make your way.
Irreflexive infinitives express an action towards someone or something. For example, reeling, eavesdropping, stroking.
Reflexive verb
Signs of transitive and intransitive infinitive
Transitivity in an indefinite form allows us to identify an additional word indicating an object or phenomenon involved in the action.
The following is used as an additional word:
- A noun or pronoun used in the accusative case and without a preposition. For example, putting on a coat, preparing lunch.
- Noun (accusative or Genitive), expressing an attitude or share of something and used without a preposition. For example, pouring tea, waiting for guests.
- A negative expression with an infinitive uses a genitive noun or pronoun. For example, not to have a chance, not to hurt her.
Additional words give meaning to the infinitive, and without them the essence of what is happening is lost. Some part of the action is transferred to objects or circumstances, they acquire a clear meaning.
In an intransitive infinitive, the action denotes one word.
Perfect and imperfect types
Verb words are classified into perfect and imperfect.
Imperfects characterize an action that lasts without a specific time reference. These actions can be called eternal; there is no indication of their completeness or incompleteness. They are approached by the question “What to do?”
- I'm going on a trip.
- The street lights began to go out.
Perfect infinitives indicate completed action or something that will definitely happen. The result can already be observed or is still expected. The question “What to do?” is used.
- After opening the can, the contents must be transferred.
- Have you received instructions on what to report?
Known a small part of ambiguous infinitives. They are used in both forms in one word form. They are defined by meaning. A standard question can be asked about dual verbs in the infinitive.
- The entire area should be cleaned tomorrow. - "What to do?".
- Remove trash from your desk and room. - "What to do?".
- You need to explore the city. - "What to do?".
- They were to explore the city at dawn. - "What to do?"
Perfect and imperfect appearance
A verb in its initial, or indefinite, form is called an infinitive. The infinitive always answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” You can never ask questions in relation to the initial form: “what is he doing?”, “What will he do?”, “What will he do?”, “What did he do?”, “What did he do?” " etc. That is, the infinitive, by definition, has a minimum number of morphological features.
Examples. The verb “go” answers the question “what to do?” Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological characteristics- persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.
Another example. The verb “write” answers the question “what to do?” and is an infinitive. From this initial form verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.
In other words, a verb in the infinitive is always a zero (indefinite) form, from which it is always possible to form different shapes the same word in various persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.
What signs of a verb can be determined by the initial form
If the infinitive is initial, zero, indefinite form verb, is it possible to determine from it any signs of this part of speech, or morphological signs? Yes, you can define constant signs of a verb.
Firstly, by the indefinite form you can determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question “what to do?” and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfective verb in the infinitive answers the question “what to do?” and denotes a completed, completed action. For example, “take a walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.
Secondly, you can determine by the infinitive. There are two conjugations – the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in –et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and several exception verbs end in –it. The second conjugation refers to most of verbs ending in –it, as well as some exception verbs ending in –at, -yat and –et.
