XVII century was very difficult for Russia in foreign policy terms. He spent almost all of his time in long wars.
The main directions of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century: 1) providing access to the Baltic and Black Seas; 2) participation in the liberation movement of the Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples; 3) achieving security of the southern borders from the raids of the Crimean Khan.
Russia was significantly weakened at the beginning of the century by the Polish-Swedish intervention and the socio-political crisis within the country, so it did not have the opportunity to simultaneously solve all three problems. The primary goal of Moscow in the 17th century. was the return of lands that were torn away from Russia by Polish-Swedish troops. Particularly important for Russia was the return of Smolensk, which ensured the security of the country’s western borders. A favorable situation for the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the return of Smolensk developed in the 30s. At this time, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was at war with the Ottoman Empire and Crimea, and the main European powers were drawn into the Thirty Years' War.
In 1632, after the death of Sigismund III, kinglessness began in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Russia took advantage of the situation and started a war with Poland for the liberation of Smolensk. But at this stage it was not possible to return Smolensk. The Russian campaign proceeded extremely slowly, as the government feared an attack by the Crimean Khan on the southern districts. The siege of the city dragged on, which allowed the Poles to prepare a response. The attack of the Crimean Tatars on the Ryazan and Belevsky districts in 1633 demoralized the government troops, which consisted for the most part from poorly trained serfs and peasants mobilized into the army.
Ukrainian and Belarusian lands were under the authority of the Polish state. The Cossacks who inhabited these lands were the main force of anti-Polish protests. The Cossacks, dissatisfied with the domination of the Poles, organized their center - the Zaporozhye Sich.
In 1648–1654 There was a liberation movement of the Ukrainian people under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky. This movement has also developed in Belarus. B. Khmelnitsky placed great hopes on help from Russia. But only in 1653 The Zemsky Sobor in Moscow decided to include Ukrainian lands into Russia and declare war on Poland.
In 1654 The Ukrainian Rada took the oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not accept this. From 1654 to 1657 passed new stage Russian-Polish war. According to the new peace treaty, Left Bank Ukraine, together with Kiev, went to Russia. Right-Bank Ukraine and Belarus came under Polish rule.
Russia also received Smolensk, Chernigov, and Seversk land. IN 1686 An eternal peace was concluded between Russia and Poland, which consolidated Russia's conquests.
The end of the war with Poland allowed Russia to repel the aggressive policy of the Ottoman Empire and its vassal, the Crimean Khanate.
Russo-Turkish War (1677–1681):
1) August 3, 1677 Ottoman-Crimean troops began the siege of the Chigirin fortress, located in Right Bank Ukraine;
2) in the battle of Buzhin, Russian-Ukrainian troops completely defeated the Crimean-Ottoman army, the siege of the fortress was lifted;
3) in July 1678 The Ottomans again besieged Chigirin. Russian troops desperately resisted. After the siege and capture, the fortress remained in ruins. Russian and Ukrainian troops retreated to the Dnieper;
4) campaign of 1677–1678. greatly weakened the Ottomans. On January 13, 1681, the Treaty of Bakhchisarai was concluded, which established a 20-year truce.
Domestic politics of Russia in the 17th century
All R. In the 17th century, during the reign of the second Romanov, Alexei Mikhailovich the Quiet, tax oppression increased and the living conditions of peasants and townspeople worsened. This causes a deep social crisis, which resulted in numerous riots. In the 17th century There are more than 20 uprisings, for which it received the name “rebellious” century. The largest uprisings include: the “Salt Riot” of 1648, the “Copper Riot” of 1662, the Solovetsky Uprising of 1668-1676, the uprising led by S. Razin.
The largest was the uprising of the 17th century. under the leadership of S. Razin (1670-1671). The uprising forced the government to look for ways to strengthen the existing system. The power of local governors was strengthened, the tax system was reformed (a transition to household taxation was made), and the process of spreading serfdom to the southern regions of the country intensified.
Happening further development order system. The number of orders began to reach 80 (of which 40 were permanent).
In 1648-1649 The largest Zemsky Sobor in the history of Russia takes place. 340 people took part in it, most of whom belonged to the nobility and the top of the settlement. The Zemsky Sobor adopted the “Council Code”, which regulated the performance of various services, the ransom of prisoners, customs policy, the position of various categories of the population, increased responsibility for speaking out against the tsar, boyars, governors, churches, established an indefinite search for fugitive peasants and prohibited peasant transfers from one owner to another. This meant the legalization of the serfdom system. Serfdom extended to the black sowing and palace peasants. In cities, “white” settlements were included in the settlement; now the entire urban population had to bear the tax on the sovereign. The “Conciliar Code” was the first Russian legislative act published in printing.
Since 1652, to strengthen order, discipline and moral principles of the clergy, establish uniformity of church service, unify church books church reform Patriarch Nikon. He took Greek rules and rituals as a model. There is a schism in the Russian church. Adherents of the old order - the Old Believers (schismatics) - refused to recognize Nikon's reform and advocated a return to the pre-reform order. Archpriest Avvakum stood at the head of the Old Believers. The split became one of the forms of social protest of the masses. Thousands of peasants and posad residents fled to the outskirts of the country, where they founded Old Believer settlements.
Foreign policy Russia in the 17th century
In foreign policy, the main task was the return of the Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky lands lost during the Polish-Swedish intervention. The solution to this problem became aggravated in connection with the struggle of the Ukrainian people against Polonization and Catholicization by Poland. Bogdan Khmelnitsky became the leader of the national liberation movement in Ukraine. In 1654, the Great Rada was held in Pereyaslavl, which decided to reunite Ukraine with Russia. Ukraine was granted significant autonomy within the Russian state. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not recognize the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. The Russian-Polish War began (1654-1667). It was marked by the success of Russian and Ukrainian troops. Russian troops occupied Smolensk, Belarus, Lithuania; Ukrainian troops - Lublin, a number of cities in Galicia and Volyn. However, after the death of B. Khmelnytsky, frequent changes of hetmans led to the fact that Ukraine switched either to the side of Poland or to the side of Russia. These years in Ukraine became a time of ruin and strife. The grueling Russian-Polish war ended with the signing of the Andrusovo Truce, according to which Russia abandoned Belarus, but retained Smolensk and Left Bank Ukraine with the city of Kiev.
During the Russian-Polish War, Alexey Mikhailovich conducted fighting against Sweden (1656-1658). Russian troops took Dinaburg, Dorpat, and besieged Riga. But the complicated situation in Ukraine and its transition to the side of Poland under Hetman I. Vyhovsky forced him to conclude peace with Sweden. Russia returned the conquered territories. The Baltic remained with Sweden.
Thus, during the period of the estate-representative monarchy, there was a significant expansion of the territory of Russia. The Lower and Middle Volga regions, as well as Siberia, became part of Russia. The increase in Russian territory in the West occurred due to the annexation of Ukraine.
Socio-economic development of Russia in the 17th century
Population of the country by the end. XVII century amounted to 10.5 million people. (4th place in Europe). Agriculture remained the leading sector of the economy.
A new phenomenon in its development was the strengthening of connections with the market. Nobles, boyars, and especially monasteries became increasingly involved in trade and fishing activities. In the 17th century there was a development of crafts into small-scale production. It, in turn, prepared the basis for the emergence of manufactories. In the 17th century in Russia there were approx. 30 manufactories, mainly in metallurgy, tanning and salt making. The peculiarity of Russian manufacture was that it was based not on civilian labor, as was the case in Europe, but on serf labor (peasants were either bought or assigned to the manufacture).
In the 17th century The all-Russian market begins to form. Great importance acquired the constantly gathering fairs: Makaryevskaya, Svenskaya, Irbitskaya, in Arkhangelsk, etc. Foreign trade through Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan grew.
The social structure of Russian society was quite complex. The highest class was the boyars, they served the king and occupied leadership positions in the state. The nobles made up the upper layer of the sovereign's service people in the fatherland. This layer of feudal lords included persons who served at the royal court (stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles, etc.). The lower stratum of service people included military service people - archers, gunners, coachmen, etc. The rural peasant population consisted of two categories: landowners (belonged to boyars and nobles) and black-footed peasants who lived on state land and bore taxes in favor of the state. The top of the urban population were merchants. The bulk of the urban population were called townspeople. Urban artisans were united along professional lines into settlements and hundreds. A significant number of slaves lived in cities and rural areas. A special class was the clergy. There was a category of free and walking people (Cossacks, hired workers, wandering musicians, beggars, tramps).
Foreign policy events XVII century.
The foreign policy of Mikhail and Alexei Romanov can be divided into two stages:
Istage (1613-1632) - the main task is to conclude and maintain peace with Sweden and Poland in order to solve internal problems.
IIstage: (1632-1667) - task - to reconsider the difficult conditions of the Stolbovo peace and the Deulin truce, to return the lost lands.
Smolensk War1632-1634
War
with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1654-1667
Russian-Swedish War 1656-1661
Russian-Turkish War 1676-1681
Causes of the war
During the Time of Troubles, Vasily Shuisky asked for help from Sweden in 1609 to fight against False DmitryII. After the fall of Shuisky, Swedish troops occupied Novgorod (1611).
Causes of the war:
1) plans of the Swedish king to become the Russian Tsar
2) capture and looting of Russian cities by the Swedes
In 1609, the Polish king began intervention against Russia. The Seven Boyars, who seized power, proclaimed the son of the Polish king Vladislav the Moscow Tsar. In 1612, the Poles were driven out of Moscow. Russia lost Smolensk and the Seversky lands.
Causes of the war: Polish troops plundered Russian lands. King Sigismund refused to recognize Mikhail Romanov as Russian Tsar. He himself was aiming for the Russian throne.
Russia sought to return Smolensk and the Seversky lands captured by Poland.
Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
Reluctance of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
share with Sweden the fruits of their victories in Poland.
In 1672, the Ottomans and Tatars ( Ottoman Empire And Crimean Khanate) attacked Ukraine and Poland. Poland ceded the southern regions of Ukraine to them. The Ottomans could go to the Left Bank Ukraine.
This alarmed Moscow.
Causes of the war:
Fears of loss of Left Bank Ukraine.
Main events
In 1613, the Swedes tried to capture Tikhvin.
In 1614, the Swedes captured the Gdov fortress.
In the summer and autumn of 1615, Pskov was besieged.
In 1617, Prince Vladislav began a campaign against Moscow.
On October 1, 1618, the Polish army attacked Moscow. It was forced to retreat.
1632 – march on Smolensk by the Russian army led by M.B. Shein.
Attack of the Crimean Tatars.
1633 siege of Smolensk.
Attack of the Crimean Tatars.
Battles with Polish troops. Encirclement of Russian troops.
In February 1634, Voivode Shein signed a truce.
September 1654 - Russian troops took Smolensk.
Entry into Lithuania, capture of Lithuanian cities. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich had plans to conquer all of Poland.
But then Sweden entered the war against Poland, which disrupted the tsar’s plans. In 1656, a truce was signed with Poland.
In 1658, Polish-Lithuanian troops launched an offensive in Belarus.
In 1657, the new hetman of Ukraine, Vygovsky, announced the return of Ukraine to Polish rule. Together with Crimean Tatars he tried to capture Kyiv. At the beginning of 1660, the Polish king made peace with Sweden and threw all his strength into the fight against Russia. Moscow troops were driven out of Belarus and Lithuania.
At first the war was successful. But in the fall of 1656 they could not take Riga by storm.
At this time, hostilities resumed with Poland, which regained control over Belarus and Lithuania.
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich decided to urgently make peace with Sweden.
In 1674, Moscow regiments and Cossacks of the “Russian” Hetman Samoilovich besieged the Chigirin fortress, but were forced to withdraw their troops.
In the summer of 1676, by order of the Tsar, the Moscow army occupied Chigirin, the capital of the “Turkish” Hetman Doroshenko.
1677, 1678 - Chigirinsky campaigns.
In the summer of 1677 - battle with the Turks and Crimean Tatars near Chigirin. The Turks retreated.
1678 - the Turkish army took Chigirin.
Results-conditions of peace treaties
The failure at Pskov forced the Swedish king to begin negotiations with the Moscow government.
1617 Peace of Stolbovo (eternal peace): Novgorod, Staraya Russa and Porkhov were returned to Russia for 20 thousand rubles. silver But some of the Russian cities remained with Sweden. Russia was completely cut off from the Baltic Sea.
Peace negotiations resumed. In December 1618, the Deulin Truce was concluded for a period of 14 years and 6 months. Smolensk and Seversk land went to Poland.
In the summer of 1634, the Peace of Polyanovsky was signed. Smolensk and the Chernigovo-Seversk land remained with Poland.
1664-1667 – peace negotiations between Russia and Poland. In 1667 the Treaty of Andrusovo was signed. Poland recognized Smolensk and Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv as Russia. Zaporozhye was recognized as a joint possession of Poland and Russia.
1661 Peace of Cadiz between Sweden and Russia. All lands conquered by the Russians were returned to Sweden.
In January 1681, the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty was concluded. The border between the Ottoman Empire and Russia was established along the Dnieper.
Historical significance of the war
Peace in the Baltic states allowed us to fully concentrate on the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The Deulin truce allowed Russia to focus on solving internal political problems
The Polish king Vladislav renounced his claims to the Russian throne.
Russia returned Smolensk.
The heroic defense of Chigirin saved Left Bank Ukraine from the Ottoman invasion.
Convinced of the high fighting qualities of the Russian troops, the Ottomans began peace negotiations with Russia.
Test.
1.What foreign policy tasks did Russia face?
in the first years of the reign of the new Romanov dynasty?
1) Return lost during the Livonian War and
Time of Troubles territory;
2) Focus on solving acute internal political problems
problems
3) Achieve access to the Baltic Sea
2. Who commanded the Russian troops during the Smolensk War?
1) Yu.A. Dolgorukov 2) A.N. Trubetskoy 3) M.B. Shein
3. What was the consequence of the Deulin truce?
1) Russia's loss of Smolensk
2) Annexation of Courland to Russia
3) creation of an anti-Swedish coalition
4. What was the consequence of the Andrusovo truce?
1) Russia's loss of Smolensk
2) Accession of Left Bank Ukraine to Russia
3) Annexation of Azov to Russia
5. As a result of what war, the Polish king Wladislav renounced his claims to the Russian throne?
1) Smolensk War of 1632-1634.
2) Russian-Swedish War 1656-1661.
3) Russian-Turkish War 1676-1681.
6. As a result of what peace treaty did Sweden return Novgorod to Russia?
1) Peace of Cadiz 1661
2) Peace of Stolbov of 1617
3) Polyanovsky peace of 1634
7. What tasks in foreign policy did Russia face in 1632-1667?
1) Strengthen the position in the Black Sea region
2)Destroy the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
3) Reconsider the difficult conditions of the Deulin truce and the Stolbovo peace.
8.The reunification of Ukraine with Russia took place in
1)1634 2)1654 3)1667
Answers:
Answer no.
Have a good day everyone! We continue our immersion in the history of Russia. Foreign policy of the 17th century is a topic that needs to be understood very well. Of course, it differs from the complexity and diversity of directions. However, it is worth remembering that the main directions have remained unchanged. This topic is important. You can't imagine how many guys trip over it during the exam. Therefore, I recommend reading this article to the end.
Episode of the Smolensk War
Directions
In the 17th century, the traditional main directions of foreign policy were relevant to the Moscow state:
The Western direction included several tasks
- Reunification with the Old Russian Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, which had been under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the 14th century. Since the beginning of the century, Poland began to actively pursue a policy of Polishing the Orthodox Ukrainian population, imposing Polish (the most severe) serfdom, enter Polish language And Catholic faith. Such violent actions caused protest, first passive, when people united into brotherhoods and did not accept the new order, and then active, which resulted in the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. As a result, the matter ended with the fact that in 1654, left-bank Ukraine with Kiev on the right bank of the Dnieper recognized the supremacy of Muscovy and became part of it with the rights of autonomy. This led to the long Russian-Polish war of 1654 - 1667, about which read more.
- The struggle for access to the Baltic Sea. You must remember that in the 16th century there was a long Livonian War for access to the Baltic states in order to establish trade through the Baltic Sea. But nothing worked out for Ivan the Terrible. Why, . Of course, the problem required solutions. As a result, under Alexei Mikhailovich, Muscovy began a war with Sweden from 1656 to 1658. The conflict ended with the Peace of Kardis, according to which Muscovy renounced all its acquisitions during the war in this region. There was no war on two fronts!
South direction
In the south, the key opponents of the Muscovite kingdom were the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. The Crimeans continued to attack the south of the country, capture people and create all sorts of lawlessness. Turkey generally had imperial plans to conquer Poland, Austria, and expand its territories in the Balkans.
When the war with Poland began in Ukraine, Turkey decided to take advantage of the situation and attack it. Hetman of the Right Bank Independent Peter Doroshenko recognized the power of the Sultan, who, in turn, soon promised the hetman the acquisition of Kyiv, as well as other lands east of the Dnieper.
And as we said above, these lands were already behind Muscovy. Therefore, the Russian-Turkish war of 1672 - 1681 was inevitable. It ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, according to which the border between the countries now ran along the Dnieper, the Ottomans recognized Kyiv and Left Bank Ukraine as Moscow; the Cossacks could now fish, and the Crimeans could roam near the Dnieper. Thus, the Muscovite kingdom conquered Ukraine not only from Poland, but also from Turkey.
East direction
I am sure many of you are asking yourself the question: what could be east direction, after all, back in the 16th century, Moscow annexed the Kazan Khanate (1552), the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), and began annexing the Siberian Khanate in 1581! Where further to the East? After all, the country had a small population.
The answer will be quite simple! The fact is that here we have the so-called spontaneous colonization. Many peasants fled from serfdom, wars and devastation, and turmoil to the East. Here they conveyed Russian to the locals, Orthodox faith. There were also various adventurers like Khabarov, Dezhnev, Poyarkov and others who wanted to find out what was next in the East!
Dezhnev's expedition
As a result, in 1689, the Treaty of Nerchinsk was concluded between Muscovy and China, according to which the border between the states passed along the Amur River. In fact, central Siberia and Far East was not mastered at all by the Russian people. These were distinctive areas where the local population lived and obtained food traditional ways. If you think about it, even now in a number of regions of these territories the way of life has practically not changed.
So the Japanese could have easily captured Kamchatka, if only they had not been too carried away by slaughtering each other, and then had not protected themselves from the whole world with a policy of self-isolation. They had a great chance! And now they are forced to live on their islands, waiting for a new eruption of deadly volcanoes!
As you can see, there were a lot of events in the 16th century. And we haven't sorted them all out. In my training courses I give everything necessary materials to study this topic in the form of my own video lessons, author’s tables, presentations, and auxiliary webinars. Our guys also solve tests on this topic in Unified State Exam format. It is not surprising that 90 points is the average result of our guys. So I invite you to join us while all the places are not yet filled. Otherwise it will be too late!
Best regards, Andrey Puchkov
By the middle of the 17th century, the severe consequences of the Time of Troubles had largely been overcome. There was a further increase in large landholdings (mainly estates). Its connections with the market developed, specialization increased Agriculture, small-scale production took shape, the number of cities grew (by the end of the century - 300). The exchange of goods between individual regions of the country expanded, and a unified economic system. However, the country's economy continued to develop within the framework of the serfdom system, which was reflected in the Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich adopted by the Zemsky Sobor. It also contained articles about the prestige of royal power and crimes against it. The power of the tsar increased, the state began to turn from an autocratic zemstvo into an autocratic bureaucratic one. The number of orders increased (up to 80), and the size of the bureaucracy increased. Attempts have been made military reform- regiments of the “new order” were created.
The growing influence of the church in the state in the first third of the 17th century was complicated by intra-church disagreements and led to a split in Russian Orthodox Church(1650-1660). At the same time, Patriarch Nikon (since 1652) began to lay claim to state power. The struggle continued for eight years, ending with the overthrow of Nikon in 1666. The Church compromised with the secular authorities.
From the middle of the 17th century, the country experienced an increase in social activity, developing into a series of uprisings and riots, the most significant of which were:
1648 - Salt riot in Moscow;
1650 - Bread riot in Novgorod and Pskov;
1662 - Copper riot in Moscow;
1670-1671 - uprising led by Stepan Razin.
Expansion of Russia's borders in the 17th century
Class, national and religious contradictions caused mass protests by the population of Ukraine and Belarus, which were annexed to Poland under the Union of Lublin in 1569. The population of Ukraine, led by the Cossacks, repeatedly rose up to fight the Poles. In 1648, a new uprising began, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Forced to remain on the sidelines for some time, Russia only in 1653 at the Zemsky Sobor decided to reunite Ukraine with Russia. A delegation was sent to Ukraine, headed by the boyar Buturlin. On January 8, 1654, the Rada (council) assembled in the city of Pereyaslavl spoke in favor of Ukraine joining Russia (it should be noted, however, that only Left Bank Ukraine became part of Russia).
In the 17th century, the process of development of Siberia continued. By 1620, the cities of Berezov, Verkhoturye, Narym, Turukhansk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk were founded in Western Siberia. In 1632, the Yakut fort was founded. By 1640, Russian pioneers found themselves in Transbaikalia. The cities of Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk, and Selenginsk were built. The expedition of Ivan Moskvin (1639) reached the Pacific Ocean. Further expeditions of Semyon Dezhnev, Vasily Poyarkov, Erofey Khabarov significantly expanded the ideas of Russian people about Siberia.
Foreign policy
The main directions of foreign policy by the middle of the 17th century were: Western - the return of those lost in Time of Troubles lands and the south - achieving security from the raids of the Crimean khans.
The fighting against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1632-1634 ended unsuccessfully for Russia. According to the Polyanovsky Peace Treaty (1634), the cities captured at the beginning of the war were returned to the Poles. A new clash began in 1654 and continued with varying success until 1667, when the Truce of Andrusovo was signed (Smolensk and all lands east of the Dnieper were returned to Russia). In 1686, the “Eternal Peace” was concluded with Poland, which assigned Kyiv to Russia. During these military operations, Russia conducted unsuccessful military operations against Sweden. In 1661, the Treaty of Kardis was concluded, according to which the entire Baltic coast remained with Sweden.
On South greatest danger represented the Crimean Khanate. In 1637, the Don Cossacks managed to capture the Turkish fortress of Azov, which they held for five years. In 1681, the Peace of Bakhchisarai was concluded. The Dnieper was recognized as the border between Russia and Crimea. The Crimean Khanate promised not to attack Russia or help its enemies for 20 years. However, in 1686 the peace was dissolved by Russia, which united with Poland to fight against Turkish-Tatar aggression.
Development of Russia in the last quarter of the 17th century
After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, 14-year-old Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682) became tsar. In the years 1670-1680 there was a continuous struggle for power between the court groups of the Miloslavskys and Naryshkins. After the death of the childless Fyodor Alekseevich, taking advantage of the support of the archers, Princess Sophia came to rule the country, whose relationship with the growing Tsarevich Pyotr Alekseevich gradually worsened. An armed conflict took place in August 1689. Peter, supported by the “amusing” regiments and part of the archers, came to power.
