Predicate category of state. General characteristics of words in the state category. The general meaning of all impersonal predicative words

Historical reference

Selection problem state category words How separate part of speech does not have a clear solution. Some researchers said that such words are similar to names nouns And adverbs, others suggested words to -O(type fun, chilly) Attributed to impersonal verbs(L. X. Vostokov, F. I. Buslaev, etc.). L. V. Shcherba was the first linguist who introduced the term “state category words”, identified this class of words as an independent part of speech and named their main features: semantic – state, syntactic – predicate, morphological – immutability In the category of words of the state category, Shcherba included three groups of formations: 1) unchangeable words (bad, sickening etc.); 2) words that are considered as short adjectives (glad, intends, sad etc.) and change according to gender and number; 3) nouns with prepositions (no memory, no feelings and so on.). Prepositional case forms can also act as adverbials (fell unconscious and etc.).

The theory of L.V. Shcherba was continued by V.V. Vinogradov. He claimed that condition category- This Part of speech; spoke about the correlation with in different parts speech: some of the words came from nouns (it’s time, reluctance); part - from short adjectives neuter and adverbs on -o (his face is cheerful, he speaks cheerfully, he is having fun). Words of the state category were understood by scientists wide; words to -o (impersonal predicative adverbs – possible, difficult and etc.); forms short: adjectives, which have lost their relevance to full forms (glad, willing, intends, must etc. - they always act as predicate); short passive participles in impersonal use (smoky, ventilated etc.); adverbial phraseological units(some adverbs in the role predicate two-part sentence - crazy, out of sorts, out of sorts, married, tipsy and so on.); nouns based on state category words (sin, fear, laughter, shame, time, time and etc.) .

V.V. Vinogradov justified half-speech status words of the state category in that this heterogeneous part of speech is united grammatical category – analytical form of time, adding to my theory impersonal syntactic usage. Groups nouns in combined with infinitive act as modal-expressive components, compare: sin, shame, disgrace, laughter, fear, horror, horror, torment etc. (moral and ethical meaning); it's time, time(meaning obligation).

State category words– is an independent part of speech, including significant unchangeable personalized And adverbial words with lexico-grammatical meaning state or his grades, capable of being combined with a ligament ( abstract or semi-distracted), most often used in functions predicate an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive) or a two-part sentence with a subject expressed by an infinitive. These include words expressing:

– mental and physical state Living creatures;
- state of nature, environment;
– state with modal coloring;
– assessment of the state in terms of extent in time and space.

State is thought impersonally(cf.: to kid hurt (to me hurt),child is ill,child sick).

Modern scientists are of the opinion that syntactic function(consisting of impersonal predicate), as well as the emotional-evaluative and modal-expressive semantics of words of the state category “cannot be considered a sufficient argument for “excommunicating” these words (and many similar ones!) from the category of a noun”, since the tense form of the impersonal connective (was, will be and zero connective) belongs everything predicate. In such words, the connotation of “objectivity” is not completely lost, and sometimes even intensified or emphasized by a consistent indicator of gradualism that arose as a result of intensification - the particle how, which, most. For example: What a shame and disgrace; What a horror; It's time to part ways; What a pity it was to leave(word it's a pity only compatible with How) .

To the "special" part of speech condition category highlight I. I. Meshchaninov, A. V. Isachenko, II. S. Pospelov, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, V. V. Babaytseva, G. A. Zolotova, P. A. Lskant and others. Among those who recognize words of the state category "special" part of speech, there is no consensus on its name. The following names for this part of speech are used: predicative adverbs(this term can be considered less successful, since adverbs and predicate functions are not correlated) and state category words , impersonal predicative words And condition category, predicates, status words And state names , rating category And evaluation predicates .

There is no consensus on the vocabulary of this category of words. In 1969, V. M. Panfilov published the “Dictionary of predicates (words of the category of state) in the Russian language,” where an attempt was made to compile a dictionary state category words How one of the parts of speech. The dictionary included the most common predicates(there are more than 700 of them).

A clear opinion regarding the composition of this part of speech and its name has not been formed even today. For example, in academic

Grammar (1980 (2005)) words of the state category are not identified as an independent part of speech, and some modern school textbooks either consider the “state category” as a part of speech or do not consider it at all.

1) lack of declension and conjugation ( immutable words);
2) the presence of a suffix -O in words formed from adjectives and adverbs (coldO, hungryO, frostyO, offensiveO);
3) ability to express meaning time And moods(from the linking verb with which words of the state category are combined (wouldl-oh sad, bud-no sad, hundredl-oh it's cold, stan-no Cold));
4) saving forms of degrees of comparison words have state categories on -O, formed from short names of adjectives and adverbs (it was cold (it hurt) – it will get coldher (sickher));
5) the ability of words of the state category to correlate with those parts of speech from which they originated (sad – sad, sick – hurt). This sign not common to all words of the state category, for example the word ashamed does not correlate with an adjective in modern Russian conscientious, you can- With possible.

Words have state categories that are most clearly defined syntactic signs – predicate V impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive - It was hard and sad to seehim in this state) or in two-part sentence with infinitive subject ( Arguewith him difficult,almost impossible). State category words do not agree And not controlled can be combined with a ligament - abstract or semi-abstract (to be, to become, to become, to be done), express time And inclination (to me I became sad). Words of the state category are capable of being distributed by forms of names nouns And pronouns in the dative case without a preposition, in the genitive or prepositional case - with prepositions, i.e. manage these forms; combined with indicators of measure and degree(adverbs of measure and degree, particles, etc. (To me it was a lot of funat yesterday's party)). When using words, state categories are often used dependent infinitives (I it was painful to watchon him). Unlike adverbs and adjectives, state category words no words do not define (She was sad). This causes state category words to be highlighted in special lexico-grammatical group - part of speech.

Depending on the values state category words are divided into quality And modal. Quality state category words mean:

a) the mental or physical state of living beings, the state of nature, the environment, the situation; in particular:
- – mental condition person (annoying, pathetic, offensive and etc.);
- - volitional state of a person (hunting, laziness, captivity and so on.);
- – physical state of living beings (painful, stuffy, disgusting etc.);
- – state of nature, environment and situation (cold, rainy, sunny, spacious, free and so on.);
b) assessment of condition or position:
- – relative to extent in time and space (late, time, far, low etc.);
- – psychological and moral and ethical (convenient, bad, sin, good, shame and so on.);
- – assessment of visual or auditory perception (seen, heard and etc.).

Modal state category words indicate a state with modal coloring, i.e. contain the meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation ( Can, maybe you need etc.).

Cm.: Shcherba L.V. About parts of speech in Russian. pp. 74–75.
Cm.: Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. pp. 320 ff.
Cm.: Lekant P. A. Grammatical categories words and sentences. P. 25.
On the category of state in Russian studies of the 19th – early 20th centuries. cm.: Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. M., 1972. pp. 319–320. Don. cm.: Meshchaninov I. I. Members of a sentence and parts of speech. L., 1978; Isachenko A.V. On the emergence and development of the “category of state” in Slavic languages// Questions of linguistics. 1955. No. 6. P. 48–65; Pospelov N. S. The relationship between grammatical categories and parts of speech: (Based on the material of the modern Russian language) // Questions of grammatical structure: collection. Art. M., 1955. S. 74–91; Galkina-Fedoruk E. M. Impersonal sentences in modern Russian. M., 1958; Babaytseva V.V. Phenomena of transitivity in the grammar of the Russian language. M., 2000. P. 322; Zolotova G. A. On the category of evaluation in the Russian language // Communicative aspects of Russian syntax. M., 1982. S. 274–281; Migirin V.I. State category or subjectless adjectives? // Research on the modern Russian language: collection. Art. M., 1970. S. 150–157; Lekant P. A. Part of speech predicate// Grammatical categories of words and sentences. M., 2007. pp. 47–50.
See: Russian Grammar. Part I: Phonetics and morphology: textbook for grades 5–6 / ed. L. V. Shcherby; Modern Russian language. Morphology / ed. V.V. Vinogradova M., 1952. P. 394; Russian Grammar-80 (2005). P. 705.
Cm.: Shcherba L.V. About parts of speech in Russian. pp. 74–75; Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. P. 320.
Cm.: Galkina-Fedoruk E. M. Adverbs in modern Russian language. M., 1939; Modern Russian language. Morphology / ed. V. V. Vinogradova. P. 397; Galkina-Fedoruk E. M., Gorshkova K. V., Shansky N. M. Modern Russian language. Lexicology, phonetics, morphology: textbook, manual. 3rd ed. M., 2009. P. 379.
Cm.: Panfilov V. M. Dictionary of predicates (words of the state category) in the Russian language. M., 1969. Wed. modern research By predicates(short adjective): Lekant P. A. Part of speech predicate // Grammatical categories of words and sentences. M., 2007. P. 47–50; Degtyareva M. V.
Wed: Babaytseva V.V. Phenomena of transitivity in the grammar of the Russian language. M., 2000. P. 322 ( state names –"syncretic" part of speech); Hers. Russian language. Collection of assignments: grades 10–11: a manual for schools and advanced classes. studying the Russian language... 2nd ed. M., 2000 ( state names); Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5th–9th grade. M., 2002. P. 160 ( status words).
Cm.: Zolotova G. A. O categories of assessment in the Russian language // Communicative aspects of Russian syntax. M., 1982. pp. 274–281. Wed: Zolotova G. A., Onipenko N. K., Sidorova M. Yu. Communicative grammar of the Russian language. M., 1998.
Wed: Modern Russian literary language / ed. V. G. Kostomarova, V. I. Maksimova. M., 2003. P.487 (“A special subgroup is formed by predicative adverbs (predicates) denoting a state (emotional, physical or other). Unlike other subgroups of adverbs, they act not as circumstances, but as the main member one-part sentence– predicate ( Everyone was bored in the evenings: The room was cold). Denoting a state, predicative adverbs are also called a category of state"); Modern Russian language. Theory. Analysis of linguistic units / edited by E. I. Dibrova. M., 2001. Part 2. P. 174–175 (in the section "Category states" the terms are used at the same time state category, predicative, state category words."The category of state (predicative) is a significant part of speech, denoting dynamic state and expressing this meaning in the categories of analytical tense, mood and impersonality" (P. 174); "Words of the category of state must be distinguished from homonymous forms of adverbs and short adjectives" (P. 175)). Compare studies where short adjective (predicate) is considered as a “hybrid” part of speech expressing "quality condition"; Lekant P. A. Part of speech predicate; Degtyareva M. V. Partial status of the predicate. M., 2007.
Russian Grammar-80 (2005) predicative adverbs And predicates refers to qualitative adverbs. Quote paragraph 1653: “Qualitative adverbs include predicative adverbs and predicatives - words that act as the main member of a one-component sentence. Predicative adverbs mean a state - subjective or non-subjective, and this meaning brings them closer to short forms of adjectives and passive participles" (P. 705) .
See: Russian language. 7th grade: textbook for general education. organizations / M. T. Baranov, T. A. Ladyzhenskaya, L. A. Trostentsova [and others]; scientific ed. N. M. Shansky. M., 2014. P. 127.
See, for example: Russian language: a textbook for students. prof. schools, institutions / ed. N. A. Gerasimenko. M., 2003. pp. 217–225 (“Adverb”). There is no information about this part of speech in reference books for schoolchildren, for example: Lekant P. A., Samsonov I. B. Student's Guide to the Russian Language. Grades 5–11 / ed. P. A. Lekanta. M., 2005.

Condition category

For example:

You need to leave;

It's cloudy outside;

The room is quiet

In school grammar, words of the state category are considered as a type of adverb. Indeed, impersonal predicative words are often homonymous with adverbs in -O(and corresponding short forms of adjectives).

Exercise:

Compare:

The dress was beautiful(adj.);

The student drew beautifully(adv.);

The room was beautiful(cat. condition).

However, L.V. Shcherba and V.V. Vinogradov showed that these coincidences are purely external, that the category of state is a special part of speech. Adverbs have the partial meaning of a sign of an action or a sign of another sign; Impersonal predicative words have the meaning of state. In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb, and the word of the state category is the main member of the sentence. Impersonal predicative words have analytical tense forms formed using copula and copular verbs to be, become, do etc., including zero form present tense of the verb be.

For example:

It's quiet here

1) words starting with -o (fun, quiet, warm, funny etc.), correlative with qualitative adverbs and short forms
adjectives;

2) words time, laziness, hunting, sin and others, which are correlative with nouns, but unlike them they denote
what they look for is not an object, but a state.

For example:

It's time for us to leave;

3) words necessary, possible, ashamed, ashamed, afraid, impossible,
it's a pity, which do not find correspondence in other parts of speech
modern Russian language.

Lexico-grammatical categories of words

(sad, happy, scary), (hungry, sick, sick) (cozier, more/less dark) and superlativa (worst of all).

decomposition hunting and etc.).

Exercise:

Parse morphologically the words of the state category according to these schemes for parsing the part of speech “state category” (see Appendix 6 “Procedure for parsing independent and auxiliary parts of speech”) from the following sentences:

Yesterday it was cold, but tomorrow it will be warm;

It's quiet here

1.2.7.3 Test questions for consolidating the material

2. What lexical and grammatical categories of words of the state category do you know?

Dictionary on the topic

Condition category(impersonal predicative words) are a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of the state of living beings, nature, the environment in the grammatical form of the main component of impersonal constructions - its predicate.

Qualitative impersonal predicative words denote the state of living beings and the environment: the emotional and mental state of a person (sad, happy, scary), physical or physiological condition of a person (hungry, sick, sick) physical and meteorological state of the environment (dry, light, cloudy, cozy, deserted) etc. From qualitative impersonal predicative words it is possible to form forms of degrees of comparison - comparative (cozier, more/less dark) and superlativa (worst of all).

Modal impersonal predicative words express a modal assessment of the subject’s state, i.e. they have the meaning of desire, readiness, necessity, ability to perform this or that action (it is necessary, it is necessary, it is possible, it is necessary, it is impossible, laziness, decomposition hunting and etc.).

Unchangeable parts of speech

In the modern Russian language, along with the previously discussed seven changeable independent parts of speech, which have a more or less developed inflectional paradigm (including adverbs and words of the state category, many of which change according to degrees of comparison), there are also five unchangeable parts of speech, with zero morphological paradigm. These are modal words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections.

For scientific schools, who set themselves the task of describing exclusively the inflectional characteristics of a word within the framework of morphology (this was the “formal” school of F.F. Fortunatov in Russia), all unchangeable words were not of special interest; they were often combined within one part of speech. However, if we do not reduce the grammatical properties of a word to its inflection (L.V. Shcherba and V.V. Vinogradov vigorously objected to the identification of the concepts of the grammatical form of a word and inflection), all of the listed classes of unchangeable words reveal significant grammatical differences, forming different parts of speech.

Unchangeable parts of speech belong to different (from those identified by V.V. Vinogradov) structural-semantic types of words. Modal words and interjections themselves constitute special structural-semantic types of words. Prepositions, conjunctions and particles form a structural-semantic type of auxiliary parts of speech.

Functional parts of speech

Topic plan

1. Preposition.

3. Particles.

Functional parts of speech call the relationships that exist between the phenomena of reality. They have no substantive lexical meaning and are not members of the proposal; have grammatical meanings. Functional parts of speech include particles, prepositions and conjunctions. The opposition between independent and auxiliary parts of speech forms the basis of the category partiality.

TO service parts of speech relate:

- prepositions,

- particles,

- unions,

- ligaments ( they are used to connect nominal predicate with subject (He was my friend. The grove became denser and shady.)

Pretext

Pretext- this is an auxiliary part of speech, used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns (as well as pronouns) with other words in a sentence and phrase (house by the road, cross the street, first in class).

Expressing relationships, prepositions in their grammatical meaning are comparable to case endings, therefore, they act together with them in a single functional complex, forming a prepositional-case construction that is integral in meaning. It is no coincidence that the prepositional case form often expresses the same grammatical meaning as the prepositional case construction. Wed: tell a friend- contact a friend(a type of object value addressee); go through the forest- walk through the forest(spatial meaning).

In my own way structure prepositions are divided into:

1) non-derivatives , or antiderivatives (in, without, to, on, with and etc.);

2) derivatives , or non-primitive, i.e. formed from other parts of speech (toward, through, despite etc.) or by adding two primitive prepositions (due to, over) and etc.).

By meaning many prepositions (especially spatial ones) are correlated with corresponding prefixes; compare: enter the forest, drive down the mountain, crawl under the sofa; voiceless - without a voice; sing and dance at the same time- dance.

Like other words, many prepositions are ambiguous. Pretext above, for example, has spatial significance (fly over the river) and object (think about the question). Derivative prepositions are usually unambiguous (thanks to- only causal meaning).

Union

Union- this is an auxiliary part of speech that is used as a means of expression syntactic connection between sentence members, parts complex sentence, text components.

By structure unions differ:

- derivatives, or primitives (A, yes, and, or, but);

- derivatives, or non-derivatives (but, why, because, and and etc.).

Many of the non-primitive prepositions are compounds, the parts of which are separated from each other by parts of the sentence.

For example:

In addition, Mikhail Semyonovich drove both military and civilian vehicles...(Bulg.)

Some of the compound conjunctions are repeating - they repeat the same primitive or non-primitive conjunction component (and...and, neither...nor, then...that, either...either); other compound conjunctions are a combination of different conjunction components (as...so and, if...then, not only...but also).

By meaning and grammatical functions unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating .

Coordinating Conjunctions form a grammatical class of function words used to express coordinating (homogeneous) relationships between parts of a sentence. Depending on the nature of the meaning, there are several groups coordinating conjunctions, the main ones of which are:

1) connecting : and, yes(in meaning And), as well as repeating connecting conjunctions(and...and, neither...nor, both...so and);

2) adversative : but yes(meaning "but"), however, a,
but;

3) dividing : or, either, then...that, not that...not that, then
either...or;

4) connecting : and, yes and, also and etc.;

5) explanatory : namely, that is;

6) gradational : not only...but also, not that...a/but, not so much...as much.

Subordinating conjunctions is a grammatical class of function words used to express a subordinating relationship between parts of a complex sentence or (less often) between parts of a simple sentence.

For example:

Don't worry you told the truth(Gonch.);

Amber- what's the sand like in the river?(P.)

By meaning subordinating conjunctions are distributed into the following groups:

1) temporary : when, while;

2) causal: because, because, since,
book for;

3) consequences : So;

4) conditional : if, if, outdated if, decomposition once, if only;

5) concessional: although, despite the fact that;

6) target: so that, in order to, in order to;

7) comparative : than, as, as if, exactly, as if;

8) explanatory: what to(meaning that).

Particles

Particles usually called the auxiliary part of speech, conveying shades of lexical and syntactic meanings, clarifying and specifying the meaning of lexical and syntactic units.

By meaning and role in a sentence particles are divided into ranks :

- formative;

- negative;

- modal,

- word-forming;

- syntactic.

Shaping particles (let it be, let it be, let it be) are particles that serve to form the conditional and behavioral mood of the verb.

For example:

would come

I would put it on

long live,

let's go,

let him go

write

Negative particles are particles Not And neither. Particle Not can give a sentence or individual words not only negative, but also positive values with double negative.

Two grammatical classes of particles are contrasted: particles modal and amodal (i.e. non-modal).

Modal particles introduce into the sentence the meanings of reality/irreality, reliability/unreliability, interrogative/affirmative, etc. Particles of this class include:

1) modal-volitional : if only, well, give me [Bread!; Well
How not to please your loved one!..(Gr.); Let me tell you!;
Go ahead!; Go quickly];

2) persuasive (with the value of reliability/unreliability): decomposed. tea, yeah, supposedly, hardly, hardly, decomposition I guess And
etc. [He tea will arrive soon; They will do everything that is supposed to be done to her; They supposedly know nothing about it];

4) interrogative : really, really, really, and I'm sorry, what,
They have already left?);

5) negative : don't kick;

6) emotional-evaluative : too (Also a student!), here
also, so (and), where, where, what, here, and yes, like that and etc.

Amodal particles are also divided into several functional-semantic groups:

1) index fingers : there, there;

2) excretory-restrictive : at least, only, only,
only (only), solely, exclusively;

3) definitive and clarifying : almost, almost, just
exactly, exactly, almost, exactly, directly, exactly, truly,

precisely;

4) intensifying-emphasizing : Well, well, after all, even. (What should we do?; He knows what he’s saying).

They are not particles, i.e. function words, the following affixes (included in words):

a) return postfix -sya/-s V verb forms (studied, laughed);

b) pronominal word-forming affixes - prefix some and postfixes -that, -either, -something (someone, somewhere, some).

Some independent parts of speech can act instead of particles in a sentence. Inflectable words synonymous with particles should also not be called particles, namely: pronominal adjective most in a definitive and clarifying meaning (cf.: on the very holiday- just in time for the holiday; straight into the heart- right in the heart) numeral with adjective features one in an exclusive-restrictive meaning (cf.: Only bears live here- only bears).

Word-forming particles(something, -either, -something)– serve to form indefinite pronouns

Syntactic particles(even, even, after all, only, only, precisely, just, here, this, whether, really, etc.) - give different shades of meaning to a sentence.

Test questions to reinforce the material

1. Name the functional parts of speech.

2. Talk about a preposition. Give examples.

3. Tell us about the union. Give examples.

4. Tell us about particles. Give examples.

Topic 2

I.general characteristics state categories as part of speech

II. Lexico-semantic categories of words of the state category

III. Morphological features of state category words. Their syntactic functions

In the first half of the 19th century. in the works of domestic linguists, a category of unchangeable words is consistently identified, which in form coincide with nouns, adjectives, adverbs, but have the meaning of state and are used as a predicate in impersonal offer (laziness, pity, possible, shameful, funny, fun, stuffy, etc.). Such words began to be called either a state category, or predicatives, or impersonally - predicative words. Their place and composition in the system of parts of speech was determined ambiguously.

In modern linguistics, two approaches to words of the state category predominate.

The first approach recognizes the category of state independently, but as a significant part of speech (L. V. Shcherba, V. V. Vinogradov, etc.); the second - denies that the category of state belongs to an independent part of speech and includes it with special rights in the composition of adverbs (A.B. Shapiro and others).

The grammatical meaning of words in the category of state is associated with the expression of state in its broadest sense (sad, painful, cold, etc.).

II. Lexico-semantic categories of words of the state category

According to their lexical semantics, words of the state category are divided into the following groups:

denoting the physical state of a person, animal (him chilly, dog hurt);

denoting the physical condition of a person (for a child funny, adult sad);

· denoting a modal assessment of the subject’s state (necessary, impossible, possible, laziness, lack of time);

· indicating an assessment of the state of nature and the environment (windy, cold, dark, stuffy);

· denoting an assessment of the state of the environment in terms of temporal and spatial relationships, auditory and visual perception of objects (seen, heard).

III. Morphological features of state category words. Their syntactic functions

· lack of inflection forms;

· presence of analytical forms of time ( warm, it was warm; it will be warm).

· presence of analytical forms of mood (warm, it would be warm);

· the ability of some words to form degrees of comparison ( coldest was in the house);

· the possibility of a number of words having forms of subjective assessment ( a bit chilly, chilly);

· some linguists believe that some words of the state category can, in combination with auxiliary verbs, form forms of the form ( it became warm, it became warm).

· short neuter adjectives,

· adverbs on -O (quiet, pathetic, funny, simple, loud, hot, etc.),

· nouns (leisure, lack of time, sin, laziness, time, hunting, pity, etc.).

When moving into the state category, adjectives, adverbs and nouns lose their general grammatical meanings and acquire the function of the main member of an impersonal sentence. (The sky was purely(cr. adj.). Washed the dishes purely(adverb). In the house purely(state category).

State category (state name)- this is an independent part of speech, which includes unchangeable words denoting the state of an object (living beings, nature, environment) and answers the question how?, what?: You won't have much boring… There is another name - predicates.

This is a relatively new part of speech. In some textbooks, words of the state category are not recognized as an independent part of speech and are considered as special group adverbs - adverbs of state. Some scientists also include short adjectives ( glad, agree, must), and adverbial expressions ( be alert, be married).

The words of the state category include only those words that are the main member of impersonal sentences (predicate) or are part of it:To me no time to argue with you; We have to hurry; It's a sin to laugh I'm above people.

General grammatical meaning words of the state category - state.

Morphemic features(similar to adverbs) : there are no specific signs, but most words of the state category have -O-: boring O, cheerful O.

Morphological feature - immutability (similar to adverbs).

Syntax function: predicate in a one-part impersonal sentence (in a sentence without a subject):Sad(predicate) .

An object (noun and pronoun) is often used in the dative case without a preposition: To him sad ( cat.condition . sad - predicate, To him - addition, D.p. );
noun and pronoun in genitive and prepositional cases with prepositions: Easily on the heart from a cheerful song; Wonderful In the woods.
Words of the state category may be accompanied by an infinitive, which is part of the predicate: Boring we should stay at home . (it's boring to sit- predicate).
Words of the state category are used with a connective be indicating the time: It was stuffy. Sometimes verbs act as connectives to become, to become, to appear: It's stuffy became; Suddenly it got dark.

Words starting with -o, correlated with adverbs and short forms of adjectives (up to 90% of all words in the condition category): fresh, pleasant, cool, stuffy, hot, fun, comfortable, pleasant, beautiful, sad, etc.
State category words formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison(like adverbs and adjectives). The methods and means of forming degrees of comparison for words of the state category, adjectives and adverbs usually coincide.
- The comparative degree (simple) is formed using suffixes -ee (her) And -e(sometimes with the addition By-): By the evening be quieter became; More fun And more pleasant was to go to the river.
- The superlative degree (usually a compound) is formed using the word everyone, added to comparative degree: The most offensive thing became a mother; To him sickest of all captive.
words formed from nouns: time, time, sin, shame, hunting and etc. For example,
To me laziness get up early. Sin laugh. No joke time. It's time home.
Unchangeable words that do not find matches in other parts of speech: necessary, possible, impossible, no, sorry. For example, To you it is forbidden be late.

Quality express:
- state of nature: hot, sultry, cool, sunny, windy, gloomy, cold, dusty, etc. It was dry and dusty;.
- environmental condition: dirty, damp, dark, dewy, dry, light, etc.: Golo And unfriendly In the woods;
- physical condition of humans and animals: painful, sick, chilly, ticklish, sickening, stuffy, heavy, hot, cold, etc.: Warm he felt it.
- mental (emotional) state of a person: fun, sad, offensive, creepy, annoying, bitter, joyful, funny, pathetic, pleasant, ashamed, afraid, sad, ashamed, easy, hard, boring: Again alarming,hurt it became heartbreaking.
  State category words denoting physical and state of mind person are necessarily associated with the dative case of the person. If dative is absent, then the state acquires a generalized meaning: Ivan felt annoying. Annoying when they don't notice you.
- intellectual state of a person: interesting, clear, understandable, known, characteristic, etc.: Clear it was that we were late for the train;
Modal express:
- assessment of any condition, situation: easy, good, beautiful, true, correct, difficult, etc.: Fine In the woods; Was Nice look at their work.
- temporary relationships: late, long, early: Not yet late, something needs to be done.
- spatial relations: far, close, high, low, narrow, etc.: I was far to home.
- possibility (impossibility), obligation, necessity, assessment various situations and states: it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it must, it is necessary, etc. It is forbidden read other people's letters.

List of used literature.

School Student's Handbook, ed. V. Slavkina, “The Word”, 1994
Babaytseva V.V. Russian language. Theory 5-9 grades, M.: Bustard, 2208, - 414 p.
Panova E.A., Pozdnyakova A.A. Reference materials on the Russian language for preparing for exams. - M.: - Astrel Publishing House LLC, 2004.-462 p.

TYPE OF LESSON: LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

GOALS: TO INTRODUCE THE CATEGORY OF STATE AS A PART OF SPEECH; CULTIVATE INTEREST IN YOUR NATIVE LANGUAGE; TO DEVELOP SKILLS THAT ALLOW YOU TO DISTINCTION A CATEGORY OF STATE FROM OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:TABLES, CARDS WITH TEXT.

DURING THE CLASSES

ORGANIZING TIME.
DICTIONARY WORK.

Front garden, panorama, politics, president, presidium.

Spelling work with these words;
Etymological analysis of words;
Lexical analysis of these words;
Making phrases with these words different types subordinating connection

SYNTAX FIVE MINUTES.

Ducks scared sudden appearance hunters, rose noisily and, tumbling in the air, slowly and heavily flew away.

Conduct parsing offers;
Conduct punctuation analysis offers;
Write out phrases from this sentence with subordinating connection– adjacency;
Write out the participle from this sentence and define it morphological characteristics;
What morphemes help determine the morphological features of participles and gerunds?

REPETITION.

Remember in what parts of speech N – NN can be written? What determines the choice of this spelling? Remember the words - exceptions.

EXPLANATORY DICTANT.

Organized holiday, leather sofa, ordinary person, spicy smell, pig tail, tin soldier, windy day, weathered crust, copied text, gilded domes, forged chest, gilded buckle, items gilded by craftsmen, special day, slow step, purchased gift.

STUDYING NEW MATERIAL.

The topic of our lesson: “Category of state as a part of speech.” There is a special group of words that answers questions How? what? These words denote the state of weather conditions, nature, people, animals, etc.

Sad and cold sometimes in autumn. sad think about the upcoming cold weather. Tempting dream of a warm summer. Us too lazy to study lessons.

These words are very similar to adverbs; they also consist of one stem - they have no endings. Many words denoting a state have the suffix - o. For example, the words “cold”, “sad”, “warm”, “boring”.

Status words can be formed from nouns and adjectives:

Adjective noun

Sad trouble

Terribly melancholy

Damp fear

Wet sadness

State words, like qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison. For example, cold - colder, coldest, coldest. State words in an impersonal sentence are predicates and can be combined with connective verbsbecome, be, be done, etc.

Remember that condition words are different from adverbs. Adverbs in a sentence are circumstances that indicate a sign of action.

To learn how to distinguish between words of the state category, adverbs and short adjectives, let's fill out the table.

CONSTITUTION OF NEW MATERIAL.

Complete textbook exercises 346, 347.
Compose sentences so that the word “cold” acts as grammatical homonyms: adverb, state category, short adjective.
Find the words of the state category, determine which members of the sentence they are:

And boring and sad. and no one to give a hand

In a moment of spiritual adversity...

Desires!.. what is the benefit of wishing in vain and forever?

And the years pass - all the best years!

I sit silently under the window of the dungeon;

I can see the blue sky from here:

All the free birds are playing in the sky;

Looking at them, I feel both painful and ashamed.

Working with cards. Find state category words.

Spring was coming. It was getting warmer. It's already dawning earlier. In the evenings I wanted to sleep. We are destined to suffer. Oh. How not to be late. At this time it is already quite warm. It was a little bit dawn. My heart was happy. We are not destined to be together. Time to go home. It would soon be dawn. The room is hot. I'm a little cold. Doesn't sit at home. I'm upset.

Listen to the text, then retell it using words from the state category.

There was nothing to think about going for a walk that day. True, in the morning we still wandered for several hours along the paths of the leafless garden, but after lunch the cold winter wind caught up with gloomy clouds and poured such piercing rain that there was no question of any attempt to go out again.

Well, so much the better: I generally did not like to walk for a long time in winter, especially in the evening. It seemed simply terrible to me to return home in the chilly twilight, when my fingers and toes were numb from the cold, and my heart was squeezed with anguish from the eternal grumbling of Besya, our nanny, and from the humiliating consciousness of the physical superiority of Eliza, John and Georgiana Reed over me.

SUMMARY OF THE LESSON.

What significant part of speech did we learn about in class today?

Define words in the state category.

What words are they formed from?

What role do state category words play in the text?

8. HOMEWORK:learn the rule, compose the text " In early spring", using state category words.