In this chapter:
§1. The main parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
Subject
The subject is the main member of a sentence, independent of other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions of the IP: who? What?
The subject of a sentence is expressed in different ways.
What is the subject expressed by?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: patient, manager, greeter, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, no one, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has the meaning:
a) togetherness: husband and wife, duck and ducklings, me and my friend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar appeared in the distance. One of the guests closed the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers various questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like? Who is he? what is this? what is the subject? All these questions are variations of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of a sentence: its grammatical meaning.
Grammatical meaning- this is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
Reality-irreality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are characteristic of statements that reflect the real situation: It’s raining, It’s getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and conditional moods are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! I wish it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by verb forms of present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple or compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can be in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows poetry by heart.
indicative mood, present time
He knew the poems by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn poetry by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will learn these verses by heart.
imperative
In a circle you would learn poetry by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound predicate they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
He stopped singing and started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call the action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of an action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able to, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intends.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
If the auxiliary word is a short adjective, then it is used with a connective. The connective is the verb to be. Here are relevant examples with the copula in the past tense:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense the word is is not used, it is omitted: the connective is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the connective be is put in the future tense. Example:
I'll be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. Yesterday she was beautiful. In the present tense the copula is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs become, become, become, appear, be considered, appear, be called, introduce themselves: The house from afar seemed like a dot.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie, stand: The mother returned from work tired. The mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
The mother sat thoughtful, sad. Synonymous: The mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of meaning are not conveyed. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of linking verbs with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two is four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody will become everything (“International”),
5) participle: The essay turned out to be lost., The daughter was completely cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right. The trousers were just right.
The nominal part can contain not only individual words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
It is impossible to say: She ran in with a face., She sat with eyes., because the phrases with a cheerful face and with thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Which parts of the sentence are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: me and my friends?
What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it successfully.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate whose lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always considered serious.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Twice two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
Predicate.
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? Who is he?
The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).
Types of predicates:
Simple verb predicate. Compound verbal predicate - SGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS
Simple verb predicate (PGS)
Ways to express a simple verbal predicate
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1. Verb in some mood |
A gloomy morning is coming. |
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2. Independent infinitive |
To live is to serve the homeland. |
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3. Interjections verb forms(truncated verb forms like bam, grab, jump) |
Each friend here quietly pushes her friend. |
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4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form |
The team won the championship. |
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5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just etc.) |
Let me go with you. |
Compound predicates.
Compound verb predicate
Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.
Wed: He started singing(PGS). – He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). – He was sick for two months(SIS).
A compound verb predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part (verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part (infinitive form of the verb) expresses the lexical meaning.
SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started singing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.
However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:
The auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.
Wed: Istarted- what to do?; IWant- what to do?.
If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.
Wed: Shesat down(for what purpose?) rest.
The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.
Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing– compound verbal predicate ( I want - I, sing will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested– simple verbal predicate, sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she).
Auxiliary verb meanings
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Meaning |
Typical verbs and phraseological units |
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1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action) |
start, become, start, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop etc. |
He began to prepare to leave. |
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2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional assessment of an action, etc.) |
Can, be able to, wish, want, dream, intend, refuse, try, strive, count, be able to, contrive, strive, assume, get used to, hurry, be embarrassed, endure, love, hate, be afraid, be afraid, be cowardly, be ashamed, set a goal , to burn with desire, to have the honor, to have the intention, to make a promise, to have the habit etc. |
I can sing. |
Compound nominal predicate
Compound nominal predicate (CIS)consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part - the copula (verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.
SIS = copula + nominal part
For example: Hewas a doctor; Hebecame a doctor; Hewas sick; Hewas sick; Hewas wounded; Hecame first.
Types of linking verbs
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Type of connective by meaning |
Typical verbs |
Examples |
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1 . Grammatical connective – expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning. |
Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense the connective be usually stands in zero form(“zero copula”): the absence of a copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood. |
Hewas a doctor.
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2 . The semi-nominal copula not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning). |
a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; |
Hebecame sick.
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3. The nominative connective is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate). |
a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; |
Shesat tired.
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Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:
He haswasthree sons; He haswasa lot of money.
Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:
Heturned out to bein the city center; Hebecameagainst the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: Hesatby the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( Hesat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what He sat and not stood or lying).
For the combination “nominal verb + name” to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:
He sat tired- He was tired; He was born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was first;
the link can be made null:
He sat tired - He tired ; He born happy - He happy ; He came first - He first .
If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!
Ways to Express the Nominal Part
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Form |
Examples |
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1. Noun |
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1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case |
He's mineBrother.
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1.2. noun in indirect case with or without preposition |
Navigatorwas in oblivion.
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1.3. Whole phrase with the main word - a noun in genitive case(with qualitative assessment value) |
Son-in-lawwas a silent breed.
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2. Adjective |
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2.1. Short adjective |
Hecheerful.
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2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case |
Hefunny.
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2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective |
Here's the sound of musicwere more audible.
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3. Communion |
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3.1. Short Communion |
Hewounded.
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3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case |
Glasswere broken.
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4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun |
All fish -yours.
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5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case |
Their hut -thirdfrom the edge. |
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6. Adverb |
Iwas on guard.
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Pay attention!
1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero connective), it is always a compound nominal predicate;
2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
3) nominative and instrumental cases – the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;
4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.
If the subject is expressed by a collective noun (youth, students), then the predicate is put in singular: “Youth are singing a song of friendship.”
The simple verb is generally expressed by the verb in all its forms, including the future tense of verbs imperfect form. For example: “My sister sings in the choir”; “The letter arrived on time”; “We will insist on our own”; “Please, would you eat some soup.”
In all of these verbs: “sings”, “came”, “we will insist”, “would eat” - are a simple verbal predicate.
Predicate compound
In a compound nominal predicate, the nominal part can be expressed by a noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun, as well as a short and full participle.
A compound nominal predicate consists of 2 parts - the connective and the nominal part. Verbs act as connectives, which by themselves cannot convey the entirety of the message. They indicate only (time, person, number, gender).
a) to be in the role of a connective in a compound nominal predicate has lost its lexical meaning and carries only grammatical information. For example: “He was an athlete.” Here, in the predicate “was an athlete,” the copula “was” indicates (past tense, singular, m.r.). And in “Your daughter will be famous” (future time, 3rd sheet, singular).
b) the verbs “to become”, “to become”, “to seem”, “to appear”, “to be considered”, “to appear” have not completely lost their lexical meaning, but cannot be used without a nominal part. For example, in the sentence “The children have become adults,” the nominal predicate is “they have become adults.” Here the connective “steel” without a nominal part is not used by “adults”.
c) the verbs “come”, “return”, “stand”, “sit” have a full lexical meaning; in some contexts they can play the role of a connective, since the main meaning is transferred to the nominal part. For example, in the sentence “He came late,” the verb “came” is a simple verbal predicate. And in the sentence “He came tired” - the compound nominal predicate “came tired.” The basic lexical meaning of what is reported about the subject is expressed by the nominal part.
The next type of predicate is a compound verbal predicate. It also consists of 2 parts: a copula and an infinitive. The connective in this type of predicate also does not contain all the information about the subject, since it calls:
a) phases of action (beginning, continuation, end). For example: “The children stopped telling stories and started playing.” This sentence has 2 compound verbs: “they stopped telling”, “they started playing”.
b) ability, readiness to act, emotional state. “Science can captivate a person who is trying to understand the world.” It is not enough for construction to say: “Science can...”. An infinitive is needed to express the basic lexical meaning of the predicate. Infinitive ( indefinite form) “to captivate” conveys the main meaning of the compound verbal predicate.
A compound predicate is a combination of the components of a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate. For example, in the sentence “She knows how to seem modest, if necessary,” the complex predicate “knows how to seem modest.” Here, only in aggregate do all parts of a complex predicate provide the necessary information about the subject.
The concept of a sentence occupies a central place in the syntax of the Russian language. Identifying the subject and predicate helps to distinguish a sentence from other syntactic units. This often causes difficulties, because in the Russian language predicates are divided into three types: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal.
The grammatical basis of a sentence
The secondary members in a sentence rest on a foundation consisting of a subject and a predicate. The predicative basis is the determining factor in the characteristics of a sentence: simple or complex, one-part or two-part.
It is by the presence of a subject and predicate that one judges what a syntactic unit is: a sentence has them, a phrase does not. For example, I'm walking down the street. Is a proposal because has a grammatical basis: I'm coming(subject and predicate respectively). Beautiful table- phrase, because there is no predicative basis.
A sentence does not always have all the grammatical basis. There are often cases when the subject or predicate is highlighted, then the sentence will be called one-part.
When analyzing a sentence, the problem of determining the predicate and its type causes the greatest difficulties.
What is a predicate
The predicate is part of the predicative basis of the sentence and forms a connective with the subject in gender, person and number. Thanks to the predicate, the sentence relates to reality and allows native speakers to communicate with each other. It is the bearer of the grammatical meaning of a syntactic unit: it indicates the reality and time of the narrative. The predicate answers questions regarding the actions of the subject, what he is like, what happens to him, who he is and what he is.
There are two ways to determine the type of predicate:
- Morphological. Predicates are distinguished according to their relevance to one or another part of speech: verbal (expressed by a verb) and nominal (expressed by a noun or adjective). For example, The lights are dimly lit.(predicate are burning verb). We've been friends all our lives(predicate were friends nominal, expressed by a noun with a verb link).
- Composite. Simple and compound predicates, consisting of one grammatical whole and several words, respectively. For example, Which one of you will betray me?(predicate will betray- simple). I was embittered(predicate was embittered- compound).
These two principles for determining predicates formed the basis of their type:
- Compound verb predicate.
- Compound nominal predicate
Types of predicates: simple and compound
All predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. This affiliation is determined by the number of words in the predicate. If there is more than one word, then the predicate is compound. The presence or absence of a linking verb in their composition will help to distinguish between a simple and a compound verbal predicate.
The role of the connective is performed by verbs indicating:
- stages of action (beginning, development, continuation);
- duty;
- desirability;
- state
These can also be short adjectives, state category words and the verb to be.
There are two types compound predicates: nominal and verbal. Both of them contain an auxiliary linking verb. The verb predicate includes the infinitive, and the nominal predicate includes the nominal part.
If in a sentence the role of the predicate is played by a verb or its grammatical form, then it will be called a simple verbal predicate.
Simple verbal predicate (SVP): definition of the concept
Consists of a verb in one of three moods: indicative (Inside the house there was emptiness - the predicate reigned), subjunctive (Inside the house there was emptiness - the predicate would reign) or imperative (Let emptiness reign inside the house - let the predicate reign).
As can be seen from the last example, ASG is not always one-word. There are cases when there are several of them, but the words are grammatically related: this can be a verb form (for example, imperative or future tense), an indivisible stable combination, or increasing expression by repeating the word.
Ways of expression
Methods of expressing a simple verbal predicate are divided into two groups: single-word and non-word.
| One-word | Ambiguous |
| Verb in one of the moods (indicative, imperative, conditional). | A verb form that contains two words:
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| Infinitive. | A stable combination (phraseologism) in the meaning of a single action ( to be lazy - to be lazy) |
| Interjections in verb form. | Verb reinforced by a modal particle ( a little Not fell). |
| The verb to be if has the meaning of presence or existence. | Repetition of cognate verbs in order to give expressive coloring ( waits and waits). |
ASG can be consistent with the subject if it takes the form of one of the moods. There are cases when the subject and predicate are not consistent - then the PGS has the form of an infinitive.
One-word ASG
Most often in the Russian language there is a one-word simple verbal predicate. Examples of sentences are presented below:
- I hear the trampling of horses.(PGS I hear- expressed by a verb in the indicative mood)
- Daughter, come with me.(PGS let's go- expressed by the imperative mood of the verb)
- Not going today means waiting until morning.(PGS wait- expressed by a verb in the initial form)
- And the glass bam - and on the floor.(PGS bam- expressed by verbal interjection)
- In the morning there was dew everywhere.(PGS was- expressed by the verb “to be” in the meaning of “presence”)
Ambiguous PGS
Such a predicate causes great difficulty for those who study Russian. A simple verbal predicate, consisting of several lexical units, can be characterized by the fact that the words in it are grammatically related. Sentences with a simple verb predicate that is not single-word:
- We will argue heatedly about what happened.(PGS we'll argue- expressed by an indicative verb in the future tense)
- I would go with you, but I need to go somewhere else.(PGS I would go- expressed by a conditional verb)
- Let everything be your way.(PGS let it be- expressed by an imperative verb)
- Everyone on the farm worked except Stepan. He, as always, was kicking ass.(PGS - was kicking ass- expressed by phraseological units meaning “lazy”)
- Let me do this work for you.(PGS let's do it- expressed by a verb with a modal particle)
- I can't wait for the cold weather to end.(PGS I can't wait- expressed by repetition of cognate verbs)
Coordination of the ASG with the subject
Consider sentences with a simple verbal predicate that agrees with the subject:
- Agreement in numbers: The car is driving along the new highway.(PGS rides- singular) - Cars are driving along the new highway.(PGS are going- plural).
- Gender agreement: The tractor was driving.(PGS was driving - masculine) - The car was moving.(PGS was driving- feminine).
- If the subject includes a word that has the meaning of quantity, then the PGS can be expressed in singular or plural: Two clouds float lonely across the sky.(subject two clouds, PGS float used in plural) - Most students did not miss class.(Subject most students, ASG did not miss the use in the singular form).
- If the subject is in the form of a noun with a quantitative or collective meaning (for example, people, youth, society, majority, minority), PGS can only be used in the singular. Youth build the future.(PGS builds used in singular) - The majority agreed with the director's proposal to improve production.(PGS agreed used in the singular).
There are cases when the ASG does not formally agree with the subject. In such cases it is expressed:
- Infinitive: He dances - and Vera laughs. PGS laugh expressed by a verb in its initial form.
- Verb interjection: I look and there is no bag. PGS lo and behold- an interjection that resembles a verb in form.
- The imperative mood in some forms: If she broke the vase now, things would end badly. PGS break it in the imperative mood.
Highlighting ASG in a sentence
The problem of how to define a simple verbal predicate is related to its possible ambiguity. Unlike a compound PGS, it contains words of the same grammatical form. It is this feature that distinguishes a simple verbal predicate. Example sentences are given below:
I started working last week. - I will work from tomorrow. In the first sentence, a compound verbal predicate containing an auxiliary verb started and infinitive work. The picture in the second sentence is completely different. Here ASG I'll work- form of the future tense.
Use of PGS in speech
To give artistic speech dynamics, a simple verbal predicate is used. Examples: The soldiers, stationed around their cannon, were each busy with their own business. Some wrote a letter, some sat on a gun carriage, sewing a hook to their overcoat, some read a small army newspaper. (V. Kataev)- in this passage, the ASG adds dynamics to the events described.
PGS is used in a conversational style of speech. In the case when it is expressed by an infinitive that does not formally agree with the subject: Senka dances, Varka laughs.(PGS laugh in the form of an infinitive, conversational style).
To give speech expressive coloring, a simple verb predicate is also used. Examples: I bam - and broke it!(PGS bam indicates a conversational style); Thunder banging into the tree!(PGS fuck-crackers indicates the extreme degree of emotionality of the author).
The predicate is an integral part of almost any sentence. Regardless of how it is expressed and whether it is expressed in principle, it defines the subject. This member of a sentence can denote both an action and some attribute of an object, answer various questions (from the banal and well-known “what did you do?” to the more difficult to perceive “which one?”). All this shows that there are different ways predicate expressions. So what are they, and what influences the division of predicates into different types?
Ways of expression
As you know, the ways of expressing the subject and predicate can be different. The first, for example, can be expressed:
- noun or pronoun ( Man/He appeared);
- infinitive ( Working is our direct responsibility);
- phraseological unit (The Augean stables are the most precise definition this room) etc.
The same can be said about the predicate. Limiting this member of the sentence to only a verb would be a huge mistake. It can be represented:
- noun ( Knowledge is power);
- numeral ( Three times five is fifteen);
- adjective, and even in comparative form (Beneath him is a stream of lighter azure);
- and verbs in all their manifestations - in different moods and types, verbs in combination with particles, infinitives, and so on.
That is, in principle, it is already clear that the diversity here is colossal. The table below will help you better imagine the ways of expressing the predicate:
Ways to express the verb predicate |
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Simple verb | Compound verb | Compound nominal |
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Infinitive Phraseologism Interjection | Auxiliary verb + inf | Nominal part |
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Verb of the beginning and end of an action Verbs of intention, will, desire Verbs of emotions Impersonal verbs Short adjectives Nouns Possible/not possible Phraseologism | Lexically weakened verb | Noun Adjective Pronoun Phraseologism Numeral, number combinations Communion Interjection |
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Simple verb predicate
Let's start, perhaps, with the first type. The simple verb predicate is probably the most common. It is expressed by verbs in any form, namely:
Simple verb predicate - nuances
There are certain nuances here. Very often, the future tense of the indicative mood is not perceived as a simple verbal predicate - it also consists of two words. But this would be the same mistake as not considering PGS (this is how the name of this type of predicate is abbreviated) as a verb in combination with a particle.
Another controversial point is the distinction between a phraseological unit (although it would be more accurate to say here - a non-free phrase) and a compound nominal predicate. The first is easily replaced by a single verb ( We were given an order - We were ordered. Why did you hang your head? - Why are you sad?), while with a compound nominal predicate such a trick will not work, the only thing is that you can replace the linking verb with the word “was” ( He sat sad - He was sad).
Compound verb predicate
Let's move on to the next type of predicate - a compound verb. Here everything is as simple as in the simple one - there is an auxiliary verb, and an infinitive is adjacent to it ( He wanted to study). The only nuance in this case is the clear highlighting of this very auxiliary verb, because it can be represented not only by it:
- Phrasal verbs of the beginning and end of an action ( Stopped bickering / Started taking action)
- Modal verbs of intention, ability, will, desire ( We were going to visit. I can run. I wish to be free. I want to escape)
- Verbs of emotions (Afraid of falling in love. Hates lying)
- Some impersonal verbs ( Worth noting. Something to think about)
- Short adjectives, the full form of which is either completely absent or has a different meaning ( Nice to meet you. It's great to invent. We are free to choose)
- Some nouns ( Master of lying. Woman who likes to walk)
- It is possible and it is not possible ( It can be noted. It is impossible not to recognize b)
- Phraseologism ( Eager to come)
Ways to express a predicate with examples - best way to understand this albeit not very confusing, but still voluminous topic. The main thing in a compound nominal predicate is to understand the mechanism of its formation. This is a verb (or something that replaces it) plus an infinitive. Believe this formula and you will succeed.
Compound nominal predicate
We continue to study ways of expressing the predicate with the compound nominal predicate - the least favorite among schoolchildren. Its unpopularity is due to the fact that sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish it from a simple verbal predicate. But first things first.
Verb linkage
A compound nominal predicate includes two parts - a verbal connective and a nominal part. Separately, it should be noted that if we are talking about the present tense, then the verb connective can be omitted ( He's beautiful). The verb connective is most often represented:
Yes, sometimes it is very difficult to identify an independent predicate with minor members. A short test “Ways of expressing a predicate” will help us understand at least a little about this difficult topic.
- What's the point of wandering around here! - It’s pointless to wander through the parks.
- Lie motionless on the hill. - How long can you lie here?!
- He could live as an ascetic, wanting nothing. - How are you going to live here?
These sentences present different ways of expressing the predicate, try to figure out what types of predicate are presented in each sentence.
Nominal part
We continue the topic “Compound nominal predicate” by studying its nominal part. It can be expressed:
- Noun ( Was an actress)
- The adjective in all its forms - short and full, degrees of comparison ( We are very glad to see you. Perfect voice).
- Communion in all its forms - also short and full and also passive and active (K nothing has been read. Young man reading)
- Pronoun ( The sky is yours)
- By a numeral name and any combination with numbers (Seven five - thirty-five. The height of the building is two hundred meters)
- Adverb ( I'm a little bit like her)
- Interjection ( Your thoughts are on guard!)
- Phraseologism and non-free phrases ( His soul is a sealed secret for me)
As you can see, the ways of expressing the predicate vary enormously - if there is really nothing to remember in a simple verb, then you will have to tinker with a compound nominal. But with the proper desire, everything will be fine.
Conclusion
Ways of expressing the subject and predicate are the topic of long and detailed scientific lectures. The most important thing in all this is to realize that the main members of a sentence are expressed can be different parts of speech, sometimes not even single, that they can have different types and sometimes at first glance it is very, very difficult to understand what is in front of you. The only teacher here is practice, and in addition, a table that can be constantly supplemented with examples will help you understand the ways of expressing the predicate.
