Initially, sleep therapy was proposed as a method of dealing with arousal in the mentally ill.
IP Pavlov, based on the protective role of inhibition that he established, completely changed the indications for the use of therapeutic sleep.
IP Pavlov believed that of all types of inhibition, natural sleep has the strongest restorative effect, since it extends not only to the entire cerebral cortex, but also to its underlying parts, to the subcortical region.
IP Pavlov also attached protective significance to transcendental inhibition, which occurs in response to the action of too strong stimuli or weaker, but long-acting, threatening nerve cells with exhaustion.
Proceeding from these provisions, I. P. Pavlov suggested applying the treatment with prolonged sleep to those painful conditions in which inhibition prevails, which develops in response to exhaustion that threatens nerve cells.
During the life of IP Pavlov, treatment with protective inhibition was used in the form of narcotic sleep for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.
Gradually, the technique of treatment with protective inhibition was changed, and the indications for its use were expanded. Prolonged narcotic sleep was replaced by a more physiological extended sleep.
The treatment of extended sleep began to be used in neurosis and in almost all forms of psychosis. Therapists used it to treat peptic ulcer and hypertension, it is used in surgical and gynecological practice, attempts have been made to use it in pediatrics.
Such a wide range of applications therapeutic purpose extended sleep indicates its greater effectiveness.
long healing sleep many domestic neuropathologists and psychiatrists used to treat neuroses.
In the treatment of neuroses, not narcotic, but more superficial, close to natural sleep is used. At the same time, two methods of treatment are used: 1) lengthening night sleep to 12-14 hours or 2) long sleep throughout the day, with breaks for the toilet and eating, lasting 18-22 hours a day.
The use of bromine together with sleeping pills, glutamic acid and alcohol is recommended by V. E. Galenko. On the contrary, B. V. Andreev considers such a prescription to be inappropriate, since hypnotics cause diffuse inhibition, and bromide preparations concentrate it. good effect gives a technique with the use of bromine salts before the start of sleep treatment. This method of treatment was proposed by L. I. Aleksandrova and E. S. Prokhorova in the treatment of neurosis and other nervous diseases; it enables the use of extended sleep treatment also in states of excitation.
R. A. Zachepitsky used bromine with caffeine during the daytime to deepen night sleep in patients with neurosis, counting on the concentration of inhibition at night. It should be assumed that the use of bromine both before and during extended sleep treatment is indicated.
M. K. Petrova noted a particularly positive effect on experimental neuroses in hypnotic sleep animals.
In the clinic of human neurosis, hypnotic sleep is not applicable to all forms of neurosis due to the different hypnotic ability of patients. Patients with hysteria lend themselves well to hypnosis, and to a much lesser extent neurasthenia; patients with psychasthenia are not hypnotizable, according to the general opinion.
Therefore, hypnotic sleep is usually used in hysteria, especially since it provides the opportunity for simultaneous verbal suggestion.
The combination of therapeutic long sleep with therapeutic suggestion is successfully carried out in the conditions of inpatient treatment by B. V. Andreev and in polyclinic practice by V. G. Arkhangelsky.
It should be noted that hypnotic sleep is not equivalent to natural sleep. Inhibition during it is less deep than during physiological sleep, does not reach the degree of the narcotic phase and does not capture the entire cortex. hemispheres due to the preservation of awake foci in it in the form of a report with a hypnotist.
The difference between natural and hypnotic sleep, the absence of complete diffuse inhibition during the last stage, was shown by E. A. Popov using electroencephalography.
Conditioned reflex sleep is developed by combining the action of pharmacological hypnotic substances for 2-3 days with the impressions of the ward in which sleep treatment is carried out, and the procedure for taking medications. In the future, sleep begins to develop under the influence of only the environment of the ward and the reception of indifferent medicinal substances at the same hours and the same taste as previously used sleeping pills.
Conditioned reflex sleep in patients with neuroses is not always stable and tends to fade. Its strengthening (restoration of the reflex) is achieved by a single or double appointment instead of indifferent medicinal substances of hypnotics.
The advantage of conditioned reflex sleep over drug sleep lies in its proximity to physiological sleep and in the ability to significantly reduce the amount of sleeping pills taken by patients.
V. A. Gilyarovsky for the treatment of patients with protective inhibition proposed a special method, the so-called "electrosleep".
The latter consists in exposing the nervous system to a pulsed current with a certain oscillation frequency at a low current strength. For electric sleep, a special device is used, and the electrodes are superimposed on eyeballs and occipital region. The action of the current causes an inhibitory state, very close to physiological sleep, but more superficial. When the current is turned on for the first time in the depths of the eye sockets, there are sensations of vibration or shocks. These sensations should not be brought to the point of being unpleasant, since the latter interfere with the onset of sleep. The braking state occurs either after the action of the current, or during its action, and sometimes lasts both during the direct action of the current, and after it.
Long sleep treatment is carried out in rooms specially prepared for this - remote from noise, darkened and well ventilated. The daily routine in these chambers is strictly regulated so that nothing prevents the onset and depth of sleep. It is not recommended to place more than 4 people in the long sleep treatment room at the same time. Communication with the outside world, visiting relatives, receiving letters during the course of protective therapy is not allowed in order to avoid possible disturbances and disruption of the treatment begun. Naturally, patients are warned about this rule before starting treatment. Hypnotic suggestion or the distribution of sleeping pills are carried out at the same specific time, after eating.
For a more rapid onset and deepening of sleep, rhythmic sound or light stimuli are sometimes used.
For this purpose, P. E. Beilin used sound stimuli imitating natural rhythmic sounds: the sound of the wind, the sound of falling raindrops, etc.
D. P. Chukhrienko suggested using lullaby music to induce and deepen sleep.
Assigned stimuli should be weak and melodic; harsh sounds, such as the click of a metronome, are irritating and make it difficult to sleep. However, they should not be too weak, causing intense listening. In addition, one must take into account individual features patients, since in some of them rhythmic stimuli not only do not contribute to falling asleep, but, on the contrary, prevent it, causing irritation.
A good hypnotic effect is provided by thermal irritants, such as heating pads for the legs, the use of ozocerite.
Long interrupted sleep treatment is usually carried out according to the following scheme: 5 or 7 days of sleep, a day of rest and again the same cycle once or twice.
The restoration of nerve cells under the influence of extended sleep can be judged by the improvement general condition patients, but the first sign of the recovery that has begun is a reduction in the time spent by the patient in a dream while maintaining the same conditions of treatment. Spontaneous decrease in hours of sleep can be considered one of the indicators for stopping treatment with protective inhibition.
The main therapeutic value in the treatment of prolonged sleep is the very state of inhibition, which makes it possible to restore nerve cells.
N. M. Shchelovanov suggests that the shortening of periods of wakefulness, which prevents deep depletion of nerve cells, may also have therapeutic value. This conclusion is supported by the sometimes observed positive effect of sleep in 3 doses - at night, in the morning and in the afternoon - despite the fact that the total daily amount of sleep does not increase significantly.
All researchers note the positive effect of prolonged sleep in neurasthenia. A good therapeutic effect is given by extended sleep therapy in phobic syndrome. Regarding its influence on other forms of obsessive states, the opinions of the authors differ. Some neuropathologists note the positive effect of treatment with extended sleep, others - weak, others - the complete absence of a therapeutic effect. Apparently, the influence of protective inhibition in the form of prolonged sleep on obsessive states expressed weakly, which forced A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky and M. I. Seredina to switch to the simultaneous use of extended sleep and low doses of insulin. Positive value in this form of therapy, it seems to have insulin. It can be thought that its significance is not limited to hypnotic action, but consists in a specific effect on the mobility of nervous processes.
In hysteria, the effect of therapeutic prolonged sleep is much weaker than in neurasthenia; in psychasthenia, sleep treatment almost does not give a positive effect, which should be explained by the peculiarities of the pathophysiological mechanism in these forms of neuroses.
The therapeutic effect of prolonged sleep in hysteria is hampered in some cases by an increase in the induction of subcortical excitation, in others by the development of stagnation of inhibition. Both conditions are contraindications for protective inhibition therapy.
From the therapeutic principles established by IP Pavlov, it follows that the choice of the method of pathogenetic therapy is not mechanical, but depending on the pathophysiological mechanism of painful disorders.
Back in 1888, he wrote: “The main quality of a rational doctor is to be able to vividly imagine the interaction of the parts of the animal organism, the connection of physiological phenomena, to be able to imagine what could come from this phenomenon and between possible ways select the currently valid one.
Lecture 9
Topic: BIOCHEMICAL FATIGUE MECHANISMS AND BIOCHEMICAL PATTERNS OF RECOVERY AFTER MUSCLE WORK.
Questions:
Violation of the functions of the autonomic and regulatory systems.
Depletion of energy reserves.
The role of lactate in fatigue.
Damage biological membranes free radical
Oxidation.
Urgent recovery.
Delayed Recovery
Recovery acceleration methods.
Protective or outrageous braking.
Fatigue - this is a temporary decrease in performance caused by biochemical, functional and structural changes that occur during the performance of physical work.
FROM biological point vision fatigue- this is defensive reaction preventing the growth of biochemical and physiological changes in the body, which, having reached a certain depth, can become dangerous to health and life.
In athletes, the development of fatigue is based on different mechanisms. First of all, this is the occurrence of the so-called protective or transcendental inhibition that occurs in nervous system.
Subjectively, protective inhibition is perceived as a feeling of fatigue. Depending on the prevalence, fatigue can be local (local) or general (global). With local fatigue, biochemical changes are found in certain muscle groups, and general fatigue reflects biochemical and physiological changes that occur not only in working muscles, but also in other organs, accompanied by a decrease in the efficiency of the cardiac, respiratory, nervous systems, changes in blood composition and liver function. Biological role fatigue apparently consists in the fact that this feeling is a subjective signal of the occurrence of unfavorable changes in the body.
Protective inhibition, and hence fatigue, can be reduced by emotions. High emotional lift helps the body overcome the threshold of protective inhibition. This probably happened to the famous marathon runner, when all the restrictions of protective braking were removed, and changes in the body that were incompatible with life had already occurred. On the contrary, the performance of monotonous, monotonous work increases the likelihood of developing protective inhibition.
Chemical substances, introduced into the body, can enhance or vice versa reduce the development of marginal inhibition.
Caffeine has long been used to improve performance. This natural compound acts very gently and the increase in efficiency occurs within the physiological capabilities of the body. Ginseng, eleutherococcus, Chinese lemongrass, pantocrine, called natural adaptogens. There are also pharmacological preparations to maintain high performance.
Braking is physiological process in the central nervous system, the result of which is a delay in excitation. Inhibition cannot spread like excitation (see), being a local process. Inhibition occurs at the moment of the meeting of two excitations, one of which is inhibitory, and the other is inhibitory.
The process of inhibition was first shown in 1862 by the Russian physiologist I. M. Sechenov. In a frog, the brain was produced at the level of the visual tubercles with the removal of the cerebral hemispheres. Withdrawal reflex time was measured back paw when it is immersed in a solution (Türk's method). When superimposed on the incision of the optic tubercles of the crystal, the reflex time increased. A salt crystal, irritating the visual tubercles, causes excitation, which descends to the spinal centers and inhibits their activity.
In the formation of behavioral reactions in animals and humans, along with conditioned reflex excitation in the central nervous system, processes of conditioned reflex inhibition always take place. There are external (unconditional) and internal (conditional) inhibition.
Protective braking. The term "protective inhibition" should be understood as the property of the inhibitory process to protect cells from shifts that are dangerous for their life and work capacity, associated with prolonged or excessively strong excitation. He created and substantiated the theory of protective inhibition.
Daily natural can serve as an example of protective inhibition, however, protective inhibition is most clearly found in the case of transcendental inhibition that occurs under the influence of superstrong stimuli.
The theory of the protective-compensatory function of inhibition is of considerable interest for medical practice and in some cases led to undoubted practical achievements (the use of hypnotics and sedatives in therapy, hypothermia during surgical interventions, etc.).
External inhibition is associated with the activity of the brain. It occurs in case sudden appearance any extraneous for the observed reaction of the stimulus and manifests itself in the fact that (see) is not formed at all or its formation stops. A variety of external inhibition is transcendental inhibition, which occurs when the strength of the conditioned stimulus is excessively increased.
Internal inhibition, or conditioned, is specific cortical and occurs when a conditioned stimulus is not reinforced by an unconditioned one. Depending on the conditions for the formation of internal inhibition, the following types of it are distinguished: extinction, differential, conditional brake, retarded. Fading inhibition develops if, after the development conditioned reflex the conditioned stimulus is not reinforced by the unconditioned stimulus. As a result, the conditioned reflex weakens or completely fades away. Differential inhibition occurs with constant reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus and non-reinforcement of the outsider; the conditioned reflex occurs only to the conditioned stimulus. Internal braking is also produced in the presence of the so-called conditional brake. If the conditioned signal A is always reinforced by an unconditioned stimulus, and the combination of signals B + A is not reinforced, then there will be no conditioned reflex to signals B + A. Thus, signal A causes a conditioned reflex, and the addition of signal B to it causes inhibition of the conditioned reflex. Signal B is called the conditional brake. Delayed inhibition occurs when a conditioned stimulus is reinforced with an unconditioned stimulus after a significant time interval. With an increase in the interval up to 3-5 minutes. and more correspondingly, the manifestation of the conditioned reflex reaction is also postponed. In the first minutes after the conditioned stimulus, inhibition of the conditioned reflex reaction is observed. Internal inhibition is an important mechanism in the adaptive activity of animals, especially humans. Different kinds internal inhibition develop in the process of individual development of the organism. In a person, especially in a child, internal inhibition must be educated, which has great importance in the pedagogical process.
ym to designate a complex of phenomena arising in nerve cells under certain conditions. To these conditions he attributed overloads that cause the cessation of cell activity (Transboundary inhibition) , as well as the state of sleep, and some others. Phenomenologically, O. t. is close to the pessimal inhibition of N. E. Vvedensky (See Vvedensky) (see Pessimum). Later studies have shown that these phenomena are based on very complex and diverse mechanisms, the nature of which is not limited to ideas about O. t. (see Sleep, Inhibition).
Lit.: Pavlov IP, Lectures on the work of the cerebral hemispheres, Poln. coll. soch., v. 4, M.-L., 1951.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Protective braking" is in other dictionaries:
protective braking- See Outrageous Braking... Dictionary of trainer
SAFETY BRAKING- one of the types of unconditional braking; occurs with a strong or very prolonged irritable process; sleep is an example of this type of inhibition...
transcendental (protective) braking- a form of cortical inhibition, a kind of unconditioned inhibition that occurs in brain cells with an excessive increase in the strength, duration or frequency of excitation of the corresponding cortical structures. Z.t. develops with deepening ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
unconditional braking- a kind of cortical inhibition; in contrast to conditional inhibition, it occurs without preliminary development. T. b. includes: 1) induction (external) braking emergency stop conditionally reflex activity(see conditional ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
I; cf. 1. to Brake (1 2 digits). Slow, sharp m. Unexpected m. T. trains, cars. T. pathological processes. T. hand brakes. T. plant growth. 2. Physiol. An active nervous process, expressed in the weakening or cessation of ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
BRAKING UNCONDITIONAL- a kind of cortical (central) inhibition, in contrast to conditioned inhibition, occurs without prior development; T. b. includes induction (external) braking and limiting (protective) braking ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference
In physiology, an active nervous process caused by excitation and manifested in the suppression or prevention of another wave of excitation. Provides (together with excitation) the normal activity of all organs and the body as a whole. It has ... ... Wikipedia - in physiology, an active nervous process caused by excitation and manifested in the suppression or prevention of other waves of excitation. Provides (together with excitation) the normal activity of all organs and the body as a whole. It has… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
