Kidney duplication in adults and children. Incomplete doubling of the kidney what is it Incomplete doubling of the right kidney

Among the many possible deviations, kidney duplication is very often noted. It can arise due to various factors.

This pathology is detected in 1 child out of 150 births, and these are often girls. When diagnosed, children are found to have a kidney that is several times higher than natural values.

The lower part is larger than the upper part. The embryonic lobulation of such an organ also differs. Each lobe has its own arteries through which blood moves.

general characteristics

Double kidney is a congenital disease. It has complete or incomplete duplication of the kidney. A similar defect develops while still in the womb.

Externally, the organ looks like two equivalent kidneys. The organ performs the most important task - it cleanses the blood and removes toxins and other unwanted components from the body.

Duplication of the right or left kidney is certainly an anomaly, but it is not considered a dangerous disease.

It happens that a person is not even aware of the problem and lives calmly for the rest of his life.

Sometimes, however, such an abnormality of the organ leads to other diseases. In this case, the patient develops unpleasant signs that begin to cause discomfort to the person, and then specialists must intervene.

Kinds

A similar defect, such as doubling of the right or left kidney, is detected in two varieties.

Classification:

Complete split. In this case, the kidney has 2 equal parts connected into one cavity. All these lobes have an independent structure, that is, they have a separate artery with a blood supply and a central joint.
Incomplete doubling of the kidney. This type is characterized by the presence of one CLS for 2 lobules. Very often, incomplete doubling of the kidney is observed on the left side. The renal element is located in the tissue of the other lobe. The kidney itself is quite larger than normal. Both ureters are connected by a single outlet.

What factors influence the development of kidney defect in a baby?

Pathology may not manifest itself at all. Most often this occurs if there is incomplete duplication of the kidney.

It happens that an anomaly is diagnosed completely by accident in an adult, during some kind of examination. The most effective diagnostic method in this case is ultrasound.

There are enough reasons for the development of the defect. Babies are diagnosed with a birth defect for reasons related to:

Heredity. If such an anomaly was previously diagnosed in a family member, then it is likely that the child will be born with the same abnormality.
Drug intoxication. If a pregnant woman experiences drug poisoning, the likelihood of kidney doubling increases.
Radioactive exposure. This happens if the expectant mother was often in a place of constant exposure. This is possible if a woman works in any enterprise with radiation exposure.
Using alcohol, cigarettes or drugs.
Strong development of vitamin deficiency. Even a lack of vitamins and minerals can affect the condition and development of the body.
Bacterial or infectious diseases.
Frequent use of hormonal drugs.

Any of these reasons can cause the organ to become deformed during formation and lead to doubling.

CHLS: description

An important part in the structure of the entire kidney. It has the shape of a funnel, obtained as a result of the separation of 2 cups of the organ.

It is in the pelvis that all urine is located. Inside, it is lined with a special mucous membrane, which prevents fluid from escaping into the abdominal cavity.

Its main function is to contract and push urine out through the drainage pipes.

Signs

Bifurcation of the kidney, as such, occurs without any special symptoms. In some cases, an intrauterine anomaly is detected completely by accident.

Some people live with this diagnosis and do not even know they have it. And everything would be fine, but sometimes such a defect can cause other diseases that have their own symptoms.

In this case, the signs may vary differently for each patient. General list of signs:

Hydronephrosis. The pelvis is stretched and disruptions occur in contractile work. This condition causes disturbances associated with urine excretion.
Very often the body suffers from inflammatory outbreaks. However, they are prone to relapse.
Urine through the ducts should only go down to the outlet. If there are any failures in the structure, its reverse flow is noted.
High body temperature.
The person may have difficulty urinating.
Pain in the back area where the kidneys are located.
General malaise.
High blood pressure.
Incontinence.
Renal colic may appear.
Edema.

These symptoms are among the most common. Depending on the complications, the list may decrease or expand.

Each organism is individual, therefore the course of diseases and their symptoms vary.

What does congenital pathology lead to?

When doubling, one of the lobes may be susceptible to some disease. With complete doubling, pathologies such as:

Nephrosis.
Pyelonephritis.
Polycystic disease.

Sometimes it happens that the urinary conductor does not flow into the ureter, but into another organ. In this case, the patient constantly feels urine leaking. The mouth can flow into the vagina, cervix or rectum.

It should be noted that diseases of the urinary tract located at the top are very difficult to treat, and the course is very severe.

Any antibacterial treatment gives only a temporary effect. Thus, people who are diagnosed with duplication of the left or right kidney are more likely than others to suffer from diseases with chronic development.

Periodically, patients experience exacerbations. Experts again prescribe antibacterial therapy.

Pregnancy

A woman with such a diagnosis does not need to be upset. A bifurcated kidney is not a contraindication to pregnancy.

The important point is preparation. Without such an approach, experts do not advise taking risks.

Before starting to plan a future pregnancy, a woman must undergo all prescribed examinations.

If there are foci of inflammation or infectious diseases, the patient must first carry out all necessary measures for their sanitization.

Throughout the pregnancy, the expectant mother is observed by a therapist and gynecologist. They may also be periodically referred to a urologist or nephrologist for consultation.

If there is an increased likelihood of developing any diseases, the woman will be sent to a hospital, where she will be observed and given all the necessary treatment for normal pregnancy.

Over the entire period, the expectant mother may be hospitalized several times.

Diagnostic measures

If the anomaly was not detected in the child, then in the future it may not be detected at all.

That is, some factor must contribute to diagnostic measures. When a patient begins to complain of diseases of the urinary system, examination methods are prescribed to identify the cause.

Only in this case, random diagnosis can reveal congenital pathology.

To diagnose a kidney abnormality, doctors prescribe instrumental examination. This may include:

MRI. Shows in 3-dimensional projection the structure and condition of the CLS.
Cystoscopy. Allows you to visually examine all existing ureteral orifices.
Echography with color Doppler mapping. Detects the existence of independent CLSs. Also using this method you can find out about their condition.
Excretory urography. With this method, it becomes possible to assess the general condition of the ureters, as well as to identify the presence of dilations and bifurcations of the pyelocaliceal system.

Very often, in a person with this development of anomaly, the entire urinary system suffers.

To recognize the lesions, the presence of complications and the neglect of other diseases, a number of additional examinations are prescribed, carried out in the laboratory.

Blood chemistry.
General urine analysis.
Bacteriological culture.
A smear from the urethra is also taken for bacterial analysis.

Preventive measures

It is impossible to turn back time and change nature too. The expectant mother is forced to become familiar with the possible factors in the development of the anomaly in advance and try to eliminate them as much as possible.

If this does happen, and the child is born with a similar renal anomaly, then from childhood he needs to be taught the need to follow simple measures that will help minimize the risk of complications in the future.

How to live with a double kidney? First of all, a person should not acquire bad habits.

Their harmful effects will contribute to the development of possible inflammation. Workplace It is advisable to choose the most calm and comfortable one.

These should not be cold rooms or enterprises associated with toxic chemical components.

Nutrition will also play a major role. The most healthy and balanced food helps to eliminate many diseases associated with both the urinary system and other organs throughout the body.

Work and rest schedules need to be properly planned. Heavy physical work is not recommended with this diagnosis.

Since abnormal development of the kidney can occur due to a genetic predisposition, in such a family future pregnancy must be taken care of in advance.

When carrying a child, a woman needs useful minerals and various vitamins. And, of course, it is necessary to exclude all factors causing such development.

Therapeutic methods

As long as the renal anomaly does not manifest itself in any way and does not affect the quality of life, there should be no talk of any treatment.

The only important condition is periodic examination. This will allow you to eliminate the risk of consequences in time and carry out the necessary treatment at the first inflammatory processes.

As a preventative measure, the use of herbal medicines and diuretics may be prescribed.

Any other treatment will be prescribed according to a particular problem. If complications arise, then most often specialists prescribe therapy using:

Antispasmodic or analgesic drugs. This is necessary when pain is present.
General purpose antibiotics.
Kidney teas.
Folk recipes based on natural ingredients. These can be either herbal mixtures or individual herbs.

In severe cases of pathology, a specialist may recommend surgery. The indications are:

Vesico-ureteral reflux.
Chronic pyelonephritis with constant recurrent effects.
Destruction of the kidney (abnormal, functional) and its segments.

The operation is carried out in several types. It could be:

Transplanting a new one healthy kidney. This operation is indicated if severe renal failure occurs.
Nephrectomy. Complete removal is carried out if separation is impossible, or only the affected part is excised.
Excision of ureterocele. Subsequently, interrupted sutures are applied, and the ureter is sutured to the walls Bladder.
Antireflux surgery. Involves the creation of artificial lumens for the passage of urine.

Conclusion

Duplication of the left or right kidney is not a serious pathology and by itself it does not manifest itself in any way.

In this case, one of the lobes, often the upper one, is subject to inflammatory processes.

To prevent the appearance of other diseases, a person needs to get as close as possible to a healthy lifestyle and eliminate all negative factors.

Important! Some people live with this anomaly from birth, and it does not affect their quality of life in any way. Treatment may be needed only if serious consequences occur due to bifurcation.

Useful video

Nowadays, the concept of incomplete doubling of the kidney is quite common. This term describes one of the forms of abnormal development of one of the organs of the pyelocaliceal urinary system. Doctors do not consider this a disease, since it does not have a distinct pronounced signs, but such a pathology makes the patient quite vulnerable and prone to various inflammatory diseases that have chronic features.

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Doctors often do not classify this kidney disease as dangerous and do not make a special clinical conclusion about this. But when the pyelocaliceal system and ureters are doubled, a dangerous situation arises for the patient. Therefore, to clarify all clinical picture excretory type urography may be prescribed.

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General information

The abnormal structure of the kidneys begins in the prenatal period. According to statistics, one out of 150 newborns has a double organ. Girls are at risk for developing the disease; in boys, the diagnosis is confirmed 2 times less often. Duplication on one side occurs in 89% of cases, and for unclear reasons, duplication of the right kidney is more often diagnosed. Anomaly on both sides occurs in 11% of cases.

Visually, the duplicated organ differs from a healthy one and looks like two kidneys fused at the poles, each with its own blood supply. Despite the irregular structure, the doubled organ performs the main functions of purifying the blood and excreting harmful substances from the body.

Classification

In addition to one- and two-sided doubling, pathology is classified according to forms:

complete doubling is a type of abnormal kidney in which the organ is presented in the form of 2 independent structures connected into one whole; from an anatomical point of view, the structure of the kidney with complete doubling is organized as in 2 separate organs - both elements have their own blood supply system, characterized by the presence of doubling of the renal system of the kidney (pyelocaliceal system);
incomplete doubling of the kidney is a type of anomaly when one renal element is integrated into the tissue of another; a characteristic feature of this form is associated with the presence of a single CLS; with incomplete doubling, the organ greatly increases in size; Incomplete duplication of the left kidney is more often diagnosed.

Pathogenesis

In medicine, there is no accurate information about the causes of the disease. Of no small importance is given hereditary factor- if one of the parents or other close relatives is diagnosed, the likelihood of an anomaly increases. Other significant reason associated with the impact on female body During pregnancy, negative factors such as:

ionizing radiation;
working in hazardous conditions;
past bacterial and viral infections;
drug intoxication, poisoning;
taking hormonal medications;
intake of alcohol and nicotine;
severe forms of hypovitaminosis.

As a result, two foci of kidney growth appear in the developing embryo, and conditions are created for the development of two buds. Complete separation of the CL does not occur; the doubled kidney is covered with a common fibrous layer. Occasionally, in an abnormal organ, vessels intertwine, penetrating from one element to another, which complicates the possibility of performing operations in the future.

Symptoms

People with double kidneys usually do not have negative symptoms. Confirmation of the diagnosis occurs by chance, during examination for other diseases. Negative symptoms become clinically significant only when complications occur. With complete doubling, complications are more serious than with incomplete doubling. In both cases, over a long period of time, anomalies arise:

frequent, recurrent inflammatory processes;
hydronephrosis - a condition in which the renal pelvis dilates and urine excretion is impaired;
backflow of urine from the ureters.

Additionally, the presence of an anomaly may be indicated by:

aching pain in the lumbar area;
pain when tapping the lower back;
rise in temperature;
attacks of renal colic;
difficulty urinating;
urinary incontinence;
weakness;
increased blood pressure;
swelling of the face and limbs.

Survey tactics

To confirm the diagnosis, instrumental studies are organized:

echography with color Doppler mapping is a method that allows you to identify the presence and assess the condition of independent CLS;
cystoscopy - necessary to visualize the orifices of the ureters, their number and location;
excretory urography is a method that allows you to assess the condition of the ureters, the presence of dilations and doublings of the urinary tract;
MRI will allow you to reliably examine the pyelocalyceal system in a three-dimensional projection.

Laboratory diagnostics are carried out to identify inflammatory processes in the urinary organs and evaluate the effectiveness of their work. For this use:

general urine analysis;
bacteriological culture;
biochemical blood test with determination of the concentration of creatinine, urea, albumin, uric acid, ions (potassium, chlorine, sodium);
smear from the urethra for bacterial analysis.

Treatment

There are no specific methods for treating the pathology. But patients with organ duplication are subject to systematic observation and examination to monitor the functioning of the renal system. For preventive purposes, diuretics and herbal medicines are prescribed. If complications develop, therapy is symptomatic:

taking antibiotics wide range actions;
antispasmodic and painkillers;
balanced diet with limited salt and fat;
taking special kidney teas.

Surgical intervention for anomalies of the renal system is carried out for a number of indications:

chronic recurrent pyelonephritis;
vesico-ureteral reflux;
functional or anatomical destruction of an organ and its segments.

Types of surgical interventions:

nephrectomy - excision of the affected renal segments; if complications arise in the form of a tumor and it is impossible to separate the kidneys, a complete nephrectomy is performed;
antireflux surgery - creation of artificial lumens for the free flow of urine;
excision of ureterocele with interrupted sutures and suturing of the ureters to the walls of the bladder;
Kidney transplantation and hemodialysis are indicated if acute failure kidneys against the background of doubling.

The course of pregnancy with pathology

A woman with a double kidney can become a mother - the pathology is not a contraindication to pregnancy. The only contraindication is considered to be a severe course of the anomaly with the need for surgical intervention, or renal failure that has arisen against the background of doubling. Preparation for pregnancy should be thorough, with a comprehensive examination and treatment (if necessary) of detected foci of infection.

A possible risk for a pregnant woman is associated with compression of the abnormal kidney by the growing uterus and disruption of its filtering ability. Therefore, throughout the entire gestation period, a woman should be observed not only by a gynecologist and therapist, but also by a nephrologist (at least once every 2 months). If complications arise from the renal system, the pregnant woman must be hospitalized in the urology department to correct the condition.

Preventive measures

There are no specific preventive measures, which is due to the mechanism of formation of the anomaly at the genetic level. A responsible approach to pregnancy planning can reduce the likelihood of developing pathology and healthy image life of the expectant mother. Proper nutrition, taking multivitamin complexes and following medical recommendations allows you to maintain your own health and ensure adequate formation of organs in the fetus.

Persons with a confirmed diagnosis of kidney duplication should follow basic preventive measures:

optimal drinking regimen, no more than 1.5 liters of liquid per day;
rational nutrition with limitation of salty, bitter, spicy foods;
moderate physical activity;
hardening;
avoiding hypothermia.

If an abnormality of the heart rate is detected, an adult should stop drinking alcohol and smoking - alcohol and nicotine negatively affect the renal system, undermining its function.

Kidney duplication is an anomaly in which negative manifestations may be absent throughout life. It is important to understand that an illness can become a prerequisite for the development of other, more serious diseases. With a responsible attitude to health, the life expectancy of persons with a double kidney is identical to that of healthy people.

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Double kidneys. What it is?

The kidneys in the human body are a paired organ. They perform the function of removing toxins from the body. Everyone knows about this. But not everyone has heard that kidney doubling occurs. What it is? This is the division of an organ into two halves, fused at the poles. Each part is equipped with its own blood supply system. Externally, such a kidney is much larger in size. The development of pathology occurs during intrauterine development.

Double kidneys in children are the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary system. An altered kidney does not pose a threat to human life, but is often the cause of other diseases.

The structure of the renal pelvis

This funnel-shaped structure is formed by the fusion of the major and minor calyces of the kidney. It is in the pelvis that urine accumulates. The surface of the inner part of the pelvis is covered with mucous membrane. In the wall of the pelvis there are fibers that perform peristaltic contractions, as a result of which urine flows down the urinary tract down.

Due to the impermeability of the walls of the pelvis and ureters, the liquid with the substances dissolved in it never enters the peritoneal cavity, but always remains within the urinary system.

Complete kidney doubling

Sometimes a person is diagnosed with complete kidney duplication. What it is? This is an abnormal phenomenon when the kidney is divided into two parts by a groove. The upper and lower lobules are distinguished, and the upper one is most often underdeveloped and smaller in size. Each of them has its own artery and its own renal pelvis, which is usually underdeveloped in the upper half. They also have their own ureters. Each goes separately and ends in the bladder with its own mouth. It is possible that one ureter flows into another.

So, instead of one, there are two separate buds. In itself, complete doubling of the kidney does not bother a person, so there is no need to treat it. But it leads to other diseases.

Problems that arise when a kidney doubles

Often, some kind of disease may begin to develop in one half of the doubled organ. Complete doubling of the kidney can provoke pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, nephrosis, and polycystic disease. It happens that the mouth does not flow into the ureter, but into some other organ. It can be the rectum, cervix, vagina. In this case, a person may feel urine constantly leaking from the ureter.

This pathology is observed when a person develops one large kidney with clearly defined upper and lower sections. Each of them has its own renal artery. N, each part of the doubled organ does not have its own pyelocaliceal system; they have one for two sections. There are two ureters, but they are connected to each other and flow into the bladder with a single trunk, like one.

In medical practice, cases have been recorded where incomplete doubling of the left kidney is more often observed, rather than the right. Most people with this anomaly live until old age, unaware of its existence. Incomplete doubling of the kidney does not cause inflammatory processes in the organ.

Causes of kidney duplication

If the pathology does not manifest itself in any way, which happens when a person has incomplete duplication of the left or right kidney, it does not matter, you may not even know about the abnormal development of this organ. It is discovered by chance, during an ultrasound examination of some other organ located next to the kidney. Doctors often diagnose a double kidney in a newborn child. The reasons for this phenomenon can be very different. Let's look at some of them:

Radioactive exposure of the fetus in the womb, if her work activity during the entire period of pregnancy takes place at an enterprise whose production cycle is associated with radiation.
The predisposition is inherited if one or both parents have a double kidney. What it is is described above in this article.
Poisoning with drugs during pregnancy, including hormonal drugs.

Availability bad habits in a pregnant woman: abuse of alcohol, drugs, etc.
Vitamin deficiency occurs frequently and regularly during pregnancy. There are many places on our planet where vegetables and fruits do not grow due to harsh climates. climatic conditions. But women live and give birth to children there too. So he suffers future mom lack of vitamins and useful minerals. It’s good if everything works out and the child does not have a disease such as kidney duplication. Of course, there may be other reasons, but this one can be ruled out for the sake of the health of the unborn baby.

Diagnostics

If no examination was carried out when the person was a child, kidney duplication is diagnosed, usually after an inflammatory disease of the organ begins or accidentally, during a preventive examination with diagnostic devices. First you need to do ultrasonography. If this is not enough, the doctor prescribes other methods.

When a person does not have pathology, there are only two ureteric orifices in his body: one for each kidney. If the doctor suspects kidney duplication, the patient is prescribed a cystoscopy. With its help, it is determined how many orifices the ureter has: if there are three, then the diagnosis of “double kidney” is confirmed. To determine the size of the enlarged kidney and identify the presence or absence of the third calyceal pelvis and additional ureter, the doctor prescribes excretory urography.

Symptoms

Kidney duplication does not manifest itself in any way. It does not need to be treated until it causes some other disease in this organ. Signs of kidney duplication vary. Typically, inflammatory processes are characterized by:

Increasing temperature.
Weakness and swelling.
Nausea and vomiting.
Regular headaches.
Increased pressure.
Cloudy urine.
Reverse flow of urine.
Discomfort and pain in the lumbar region.
Urinary incontinence.
Unpleasant sensations when urinating.
Renal colic.
The occurrence of infection in the urinary canal.

Whether all signs appear at once or each one separately will depend on the disease.

Treatment

Kidney duplication is characterized by complete or incomplete division of the organ into two parts. If it doesn't bother the person, nothing needs to be done. It is enough to lead a healthy lifestyle and undergo regular preventive examinations. This pathology provokes inflammatory processes in the kidney when it completely doubles. Even in this case there is no point in doing complex operation to correct the defect. It may not cause trouble to a person throughout his life.

Therapeutic treatment is usually used when diagnosing some serious disease, for example, pyelonephritis, if it was caused by this anomaly. When the disease becomes chronic and cannot be treated using conservative methods, then resort to surgical intervention, which is aimed at correcting the cause that caused the complication. But they always try to save the kidney. It is removed only when it has completely lost its functionality.

Prevention

If during the examination a doubling of the kidney is discovered, there is no need to panic. This diagnosis is not fatal. When the pathology of an organ does not bother you, it will not affect a person’s quality of life in any way. You need to take a closer look at your health:

Give up bad habits, if any: stop drinking, smoking, taking drugs.
Change your job if it involves toxic chemicals.
Urgently switch to a properly balanced diet.
Strictly monitor the work and rest schedule.

If one of your relatives has a doubling of the kidney, what it is is known to the whole family. Therefore, when a woman from your family is bearing a child, you need to treat this period with double attention. The child in the womb must develop, receiving the necessary vitamins. A woman is obliged to take care of her health and not take alcohol, drugs, or medications that can cause poisoning to the child.

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Causes of the anomaly

Doubling of the heart rate of the right kidney - what is it? Surprisingly, this question began to appear quite often. This is due to the spread of an unusual pathology. Incomplete duplication or duplication of one of the kidneys is the first stage of such an anomaly. It can occur during the development and formation of the fetus in the womb.

Due to the influence of various factors on a pregnant woman or if the parents have altered genes during the formation of the urinary system, specific abnormalities may develop (doubling of the left kidney).

Among the factors influencing intrauterine development, several main ones can be identified:

various types of ionizing radiation;
lack of vitamins and essential minerals;
use of certain medications;
bad habits: alcohol and smoking.

The disease can develop in two directions:

the kidney has two pelvises, which are supplied by one artery;
the excretory organ is equipped with two arteries and one pelvis, while the arteries have separate exits from the aorta.

Basic concepts of partial doubling and variety

One type of organ duplication can be called partial kidney duplication. Its characteristic feature is the special structure of the urinary organ. Such kidneys have several bifurcated vessels and parenchyma. But the pelvis itself is not subject to such bifurcation.

Thus, the organ consists of two sections, independent of each other, and the renal sinus is divided by a bridge created from parenchyma. This non-standard division makes the kidney larger in size.

Doctors often do not classify this kidney disease as dangerous and do not make a special clinical conclusion about this. But when the pyelocaliceal system and ureters are doubled, a dangerous situation arises for the patient. Therefore, to clarify the entire clinical picture, excretory type urography may be prescribed.

Today, thanks to the achievements of science and new technical equipment, cases of the appearance of certain pathological abnormalities have become known, one of which is the abnormal structure of the organ. This pathology can have either partial or complete duplication of the urinary system.

Externally, the organ looks like two kidneys connecting to each other. But the uniqueness of the structure lies in the fact that each of them has its own independent blood supply. Quite often such pathologies develop on one side, but there are doublings on both sides.

The term “complete doubling of the kidney” is characterized by the peculiarities of its structure. Externally, the anomaly has a special difference - instead of one kidney, there are two. If pathological development occurs on the left side of the body, then such a person experiences a doubling of the organ’s heart rate. Despite the outwardly correct features of these organs, their structure has an abnormal structure.

With such doubling of the left kidney, one of its areas will have an inferior pelvis structure. The kidneys will have their own ureter for each pelvis. It can be located in a very unusual way.

Clinically, the disease does not manifest itself in any particular way.

A person can live his whole life with a double kidney and not even know about his unique body.

In the case when a complete doubling of the right or left kidney has formed, partial emptying of the abnormal organ occurs.

This can lead to various inflammatory processes that provoke serious disorders and development dangerous diseases. With such processes complications appear:

various changes caused by inflammation;
backflow of secretions may occur from the ureters;
urine accumulates in the pelvis and is retained for a long time.

For example, when the FLS doubles on the left or right, the patient may experience a sensation of pain in the lower back with a characteristic manifestation in the side where the abnormal development exists. In addition to the characteristic aching pain, other symptoms may predominate: fever, unexplained weakness, and swelling.

The patient may also experience frequent colic in the kidney area, a sharp rise in blood pressure, and problems with urination.

Doctors do not treat doubling of heart rate because they do not consider it a disease. But when inflammatory processes with complications occur, standard therapy is used, selecting necessary antibiotics with an extended spectrum of action.

With this anomaly, kidney stones may appear, which cause colic varying degrees. Therefore, doctors can prescribe analgesics, herbal remedies and painkillers. If medication treatment does not work or severe stages of hydronephrosis appear, surgical intervention is possible.

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Classmates

In modern medicine, a huge number of diseases of the urinary system are identified. IN Lately Doctors are increasingly diagnosing kidney duplication. This phenomenon is not considered a disease, since it practically does not manifest itself in any way. However, it can serve as a fundamental factor for the development of inflammatory processes.

Duplication of the kidney is a pathology of the urinary system, in which the presence of two fused organs is observed. It is important to note that each has its own blood supply.

According to experts, this pathology develops even while the fetus is inside the mother’s womb. According to available statistics, for every 150 babies there is only one with this abnormal phenomenon, and most often it is diagnosed in girls.

The altered organ poses virtually no danger to humans, but often contributes to the development of very serious diseases.

Main reasons

As noted above, most often this type of pathology is diagnosed in young children. As for the main reasons contributing to the development of the problem, experts name the following:

genetic predisposition;
drug poisoning;
use of hormonal drugs during pregnancy;
bad habits of the expectant mother;
vitamin deficiency during pregnancy.

Kidney duplication does not have any obvious clinical features. Moreover, many people live with such an anomaly for many years and do not experience any difficulties.

If this pathology begins to manifest itself in any way, most likely health problems may appear in the near future (inflammatory processes, constant urinary retention, accumulation in the pelvis area, etc.). As a rule, it is the upper part of the organ that is underdeveloped. This appearance is also characteristic of dysplasia. The formation of so-called renal dysplasia with impaired urodynamics contributes to the formation of an anomaly in the form of organ duplication. In this type of situation, the following symptoms may be observed:

slight increase in temperature;
weakness;
nausea and vomiting;
cloudy urine;
regular headaches;
discomfort and even pain in the lumbar area;
discomfort during urination.

Classification

Experts conditionally divide this pathology into two types:

Incomplete doubling. This is the most common developmental disorder of the human genitourinary system. It is important to note that duplication of the left kidney, as well as the right one, is equally common in patients. IN in this case the organ is significantly enlarged in size, and ultrasound clearly shows its lower and upper sections with their own renal arteries. The pyelocaliceal system, as a rule, remains unified.
Full doubling. With this pathology, the formation of two kidneys instead of one is observed. In addition, such an organ has a double pyelocaliceal system, one of which has an underdeveloped pelvis.

Basic diagnostic methods

Most often, this pathology is detected during the next preventive examination using ultrasound. To clarify the diagnosis, the doctor may prescribe computed tomography, radiography, MRI. All these studies are necessary, since it is almost impossible to determine incomplete duplication of the kidney on a regular x-ray. In some cases, the doctor additionally recommends ascending urography using a contrast agent or cystoscopy.

What should be the treatment?

If an anomaly such as doubling of the right or left kidney appears in the body, it is recommended to regularly undergo preventive examinations by specialists (ultrasound examination, urine analysis). The doctor makes a decision on prescribing treatment only if complications arise at work urinary system.

Surgical methods are used in the development of diseases that directly impair kidney function and cannot be treated (for example, hydronephrosis, tumors, urolithiasis). In case of serious complications that threaten the patient’s life, specialists also decide to remove the organ.

When forming renal failure As a rule, hemodialysis and organ transplantation from a donor are performed.

If the “additional” kidney does not cause inconvenience to the patient, conservative treatment and regular monitoring of the patient’s condition are prescribed. In this case we are talking about symptomatic therapy. For inflammatory processes, antibiotics are prescribed, and for the formation of stones, analgesics and antispasmodics.

It is important to note that in each specific case only a doctor can prescribe medications. In no case is it recommended to self-medicate, as this can only aggravate the situation.

In addition, the doubling of a child’s kidney should alert parents. In this kind of situation, it will be impossible to do without qualified help from doctors.

If the patient has been diagnosed with this, there is no need to panic. Modern medicine offers various solutions on this issue. In addition to drug therapy, the patient must permanently give up bad habits and try to eat right. More details about preventive measures we'll talk below.

Possible dangers

We have already identified the main symptoms for such a problem as doubling of the left kidney, but why is it dangerous? According to experts, this pathology in itself does not pose a threat to human health. However, it is prone to the development of many diseases, including nephroptosis, urolithiasis, and even tuberculosis. Thus, it becomes clear that such a problem is not worth starting; it is better to examine the body in a timely manner.

Preventive measures

The anatomy of the kidney is a rather interesting and at the same time difficult question that has always attracted scientists. Diseases and pathologies of this organ are not always treatable. This is why it is so important to know about preventive measures.

With this problem, experts strongly recommend that all future mothers avoid ionizing radiation in large quantities, try to adhere to a healthy lifestyle, and eat exclusively healthy foods. You should not take hormonal medications throughout your pregnancy. Compliance with the above measures significantly reduces the risk of developing a problem such as kidney duplication.

In general, it is recommended to pay special attention to your own nutrition throughout your life. First of all, it is necessary to limit the consumption of salty, fatty and bitter foods, since in this case we can talk about normal operation there is no organ. As soon as the kidney ceases to cope with the processing of fluid in large quantities, various types of anomalies begin to form.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it must be noted once again that the anatomy of the kidney and accompanying illnesses- that's pretty interesting questions which require comprehensive study. It is important to remember that duplication of this organ is not a disease. This is an anomaly that may not make itself felt throughout a person’s life. On the other hand, we should not forget that pathology in some cases provides the prerequisites for the development of very serious ailments.

Currently, incomplete kidney duplication is considered the most common form pathological development organs of the urinary system. This disease, in fact, is not considered a disease and does not have its own symptoms, but it reveals a high tendency of the patient to damage the kidneys with chronic nephropathies.

With the development of incomplete doubling, there may be two options for the course of the pathology:

The kidney receives its nutrition from one artery and has two pelvises.
It has only one pelvis, but at the same time two arteries that exit the aorta separately.

Reasons for the development of incomplete duplication

Incomplete doubling of the left or right kidney develops due to the formation of two infectious foci at once in the metanephrogenic blastema. Complete separation of the blastema does not occur, even despite the appearance of two pyelocaliceal systems at once - this occurs due to the preservation of the capsular covering of the organ.

Each half of the pathological organ has its own blood supply. The vessels of this organ can emerge in a common column - so the division is formed nearby, not far from or at the sinus itself, or they can extend directly from the aorta. Some arteries located inside are capable of passing from one kidney to another - this is very important to consider when performing organ resection.

Partial doubling is a type of organ doubling, which is characterized by the peculiarity of the structure and structure of the organ, when the doubling of blood vessels and renal parenchyma is carried out without bifurcation of the pelvis. It turns out that the renal sinus is divided by a bridge of parenchyma into two separate sections. Such division provokes an increase in the size of the organ.

It is important! As a rule, incomplete organ duplication is not at all dangerous and does not imply any clinical conclusion, unlike the development of full duplication. The only danger in this situation is the option in which the pyelocaliceal system, as well as the ureters, doubles. To make a correct diagnosis, excretory urography is required.

Clinical picture of the pathology

Incomplete doubling of both kidneys or one of them is manifested by doubling of the renal vessels and parenchyma, but is not accompanied by doubling of the pelvis. Usually the upper part of the affected organ is smaller than the lower part.

Usually, two ureters of the double kidney open at once with holes directly into the bladder; occasionally the ureter splits, which has one opening in the pelvic region and one trunk; in its upper part it splits and unites with the pelvis. The ureters are capable of splitting at various levels. If there are two ureteric openings on one side of the bladder, then the opening of the ureter of the pelvis located above is adjacent to the opening of the lower pelvis. Often the ureters intertwine along their path - usually once or twice.

At the site of the union of the two ureters, a narrowing is formed, which, at the site of their complete fusion, interferes with normal urodynamics even if anatomical patency is maintained this department. The upper part of the right or left kidney is mainly affected, which slows down the continuous flow of fluid, therefore contributing to the development of kidney hydronephrosis and the formation chronic process inflammation. If a pathological process does not develop in the double kidney, then no clinical symptoms are observed. In this regard, the disease is more often diagnosed by chance.

Symptoms of the development of pathology

Signs of incomplete duplication of the left or right kidney in children mainly consist of infectious lesions of the urinary canals - this process is considered an indication for a comprehensive examination.

A person diagnosed with incomplete kidney duplication can live long life without complaints or health problems, and pathology is detected by chance during an ultrasound examination. Duplication affecting the ureters is more often the cause of vesicoureteral reflux due to inadequate functioning of the closing functions of the orifices. Reflux usually occurs in the lower part of the bifurcated kidney. The mouth of the ureter in the upper part of the organ narrows, and this provokes the formation of a cyst, which flows into the lumen of the bladder and causes expansion of the ureter.

Diagnostic measures. Varieties and implementation

Typically, incomplete kidney duplication does not require special diagnostics. In this case, complete doubling is detected after the development of the inflammation process begins. Any doubling can be easily detected by x-ray or ultrasound.

The diagnosis of the lesion is established based on the results obtained after cystoscopy, excretory urography, and ultrasound. Excretory urography makes it possible to examine the functioning of each part of the double kidney, its anatomical and structural changes. Ultrasound and computed tomography play an important role in the diagnostic process.

It is important! When there are pronounced changes in one of the halves of the kidney and deterioration of its functions, retrograde pyelography is used.

Clinical studies indicate a high incidence of various pathologies on the side opposite to the side of the kidney duplication. When both kidneys are doubled at once, an acquired or congenital pathology is often diagnosed - dysplasia, hydronephrosis, etc.

The need and organization of treatment for incomplete duplication

Treatment of the disease primarily involves treatment of an acquired infectious process or pathology, such as urolithiasis or pyelonephritis. Incomplete doubling in itself is not a disease, but this pathology significantly increases the risk of developing the inflammation process. If the damage to the double kidney becomes chronic and difficult to treat, the doctor prescribes resection for the patient.

It is important to know that when identifying incomplete duplication of this organ in a person, it is recommended that he begin to adhere to a healthy lifestyle. It is imperative to prevent the influence of toxic factors on the body - for this you will need to give up drinking alcoholic beverages and smoking.

The doctor also reviews drug therapy, addressing Special attention on the diet. It is important to remember that the kidney will function properly until it becomes difficult due to poor nutrition and unfavorable living conditions.

It is imperative to organize events aimed at hardening the body, as well as gradually conduct physical training. In this way, a person can prevent many lesions and complications that are caused by kidney duplication. A specialist can help you form the right diet and lifestyle.

Kidney doubling is congenital pathology, which in most cases is observed in girls and is often unilateral. The reasons for this phenomenon are very different. The duplication of the kidney begins to form and develop in the child while still in the womb.

Double kidneys. What it is?

The kidneys in the human body are a paired organ. They perform the function of removing toxins from the body. Everyone knows about this. But not everyone has heard that kidney doubling occurs. What it is? This is the division of an organ into two halves, fused together at the poles. Each part is equipped with its own blood supply system. Externally, such a kidney is much larger in size. The development of pathology occurs during intrauterine development.

Double kidneys in children are the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary system. An altered kidney does not pose a threat to human life, but is often the cause of other diseases.

The structure of the renal pelvis

Due to the impermeability of the walls of the pelvis and ureters, the liquid with the substances dissolved in it never enters the peritoneal cavity, but always remains within the urinary system.

Complete kidney doubling

So, instead of one, there are two separate buds. In itself, complete doubling of the kidney does not bother a person, so there is no need to treat it. But it leads to other diseases.

Problems that arise when a kidney doubles

Incomplete bud duplication

Causes of kidney duplication

If the pathology does not manifest itself in any way, which happens when a person has incomplete duplication of the left kidney or the right one, it doesn’t matter, you may not even know about the abnormal development of this organ. It is discovered by chance, during an ultrasound examination of some other organ located next to the kidney. Doctors often diagnose a double kidney in a newborn child. The reasons for this phenomenon can be very different. Let's look at some of them:

Radioactive exposure of the fetus in the womb, if her work activity during the entire period of pregnancy takes place at an enterprise whose production cycle is associated with radiation.
The predisposition is inherited if one or both parents have a double kidney. What it is is described above in this article.
Poisoning with drugs during pregnancy, including hormonal drugs.

Presence of bad habits in a pregnant woman: abuse of alcohol, drugs, etc.
Vitamin deficiency occurs frequently and regularly during pregnancy. There are many places on our planet where vegetables and fruits do not grow due to harsh climatic conditions. But women live and give birth to children there too. So the expectant mother suffers from a lack of vitamins and minerals. It’s good if everything works out and the child does not have a disease such as kidney duplication. Of course, there may be other reasons, but this one can be ruled out for the sake of the health of the unborn baby.

Diagnostics

If no examination was carried out when the person was a child, kidney duplication is diagnosed, as a rule, after an inflammatory disease of the organ begins or accidentally, during a preventive examination using diagnostic devices. First you need to do an ultrasound examination. If this is not enough, the doctor prescribes other methods.

Increasing temperature.
Weakness and swelling.
Nausea and vomiting.
Regular headaches.
Increased pressure.
Cloudy urine.
Reverse flow of urine.
Discomfort and pain in the lumbar region.
Urinary incontinence.
Unpleasant sensations when urinating.
Renal colic.
The occurrence of infection in the urinary canal.

Whether all signs appear at once or each one separately will depend on the disease.

Kidney duplication is characterized by complete or incomplete division of the organ into two parts. If it doesn't bother the person, nothing needs to be done. It is enough to lead a healthy lifestyle and undergo regular preventive examinations. This pathology provokes inflammatory processes in the kidney when it completely doubles. Even in this case, there is no point in doing a complex operation to correct the defect. It may not cause trouble to a person throughout his life.

Therapeutic treatment is usually used when diagnosing some serious disease, for example, pyelonephritis, if it was caused by this anomaly. When the disease becomes chronic and cannot be treated using conservative methods, then they resort to surgical intervention, which is aimed at correcting the cause that caused the complication. But they always try to save the kidney. It is removed only when it has completely lost its functionality.

Prevention

Give up bad habits, if any: stop drinking, smoking, taking drugs.
Change your job if it involves toxic chemicals.
Urgently switch to a properly balanced diet.
Strictly monitor the work and rest schedule.

Kidney duplication is a congenital pathology, which is characterized by complete or partial doubling of the main organ of the urinary system - the kidneys. A similar anomaly occurs in 10% of cases from other diseases of the urinary system. In nephrology, kidney duplication is not considered a separate disease, but in advanced cases, persistent dysfunctions in the functioning of the urinary organs can develop. The pathology was recorded in ICD-10 with the assignment of code Q63–8 “Other congenital anomalies of the kidney.”

General information

Visually, the duplicated organ differs from a healthy one and looks like two kidneys fused at the poles, each with its own blood supply. Despite the irregular structure, the doubled organ performs the main functions of cleansing the blood and removing harmful substances from the body.

Classification

In addition to one- and two-sided doubling, pathology is classified according to forms:

complete doubling is a type of abnormal kidney in which the organ is presented in the form of 2 independent structures connected into one whole; from an anatomical point of view, the structure of the kidney with complete doubling is organized as in 2 separate organs - both elements have their own blood supply system, characterized by the presence of doubling of the renal system of the kidney (pyelocaliceal system);
incomplete doubling of the kidney is a type of anomaly when one renal element is integrated into the tissue of another; a characteristic feature of this form is associated with the presence of a single CLS; with incomplete doubling, the organ greatly increases in size; Incomplete duplication of the left kidney is more often diagnosed.

In medicine, there is no accurate information about the causes of the disease. The hereditary factor is of no small importance - if one of the parents or other close relatives is diagnosed, the likelihood of an anomaly increases. Another significant reason is associated with the impact on the female body during pregnancy of negative factors in the form of:

ionizing radiation;
working in hazardous conditions;
past bacterial and viral infections;
drug intoxication, poisoning;
taking hormonal medications;
intake of alcohol and nicotine;
severe forms of hypovitaminosis.

frequent, recurrent inflammatory processes;
hydronephrosis - a condition in which the renal pelvis dilates and urine excretion is impaired;
backflow of urine from the ureters.

Additionally, the presence of an anomaly may be indicated by:

aching pain in the lumbar area;
pain when tapping the lower back;
rise in temperature;
attacks of renal colic;
difficulty urinating;
urinary incontinence;
weakness;
increased blood pressure;
swelling of the face and limbs.

Survey tactics

To confirm the diagnosis, instrumental studies are organized:

echography with color Doppler mapping is a method that allows you to identify the presence and assess the condition of independent CLS;
cystoscopy - necessary to visualize the orifices of the ureters, their number and location;
excretory urography is a method that allows you to assess the condition of the ureters, the presence of dilations and doublings of the urinary tract;
MRI will allow you to reliably examine the pyelocalyceal system in a three-dimensional projection.

Laboratory diagnostics are carried out to identify inflammatory processes in the urinary organs and evaluate the effectiveness of their work. For this use:

general urine analysis;
bacteriological culture;
biochemical blood test with determination of the concentration of creatinine, urea, albumin, uric acid, ions (potassium, chlorine, sodium);
smear from the urethra for bacterial analysis.

taking broad-spectrum antibiotics;
antispasmodic and painkillers;
balanced diet with limited salt and fat;
taking special kidney teas.

Surgical intervention for anomalies of the renal system is carried out for a number of indications:

chronic recurrent pyelonephritis;
vesico-ureteral reflux;
functional or anatomical destruction of an organ and its segments.

Types of surgical interventions:

nephrectomy - excision of the affected renal segments; if complications arise in the form of a tumor and it is impossible to separate the kidneys, a complete nephrectomy is performed;
antireflux surgery - creation of artificial lumens for the free flow of urine;
excision of ureterocele with interrupted sutures and suturing of the ureters to the walls of the bladder;
Kidney transplantation and hemodialysis are indicated in the event of acute kidney failure due to doubling.

The course of pregnancy with pathology

Preventive measures

There are no specific preventive measures, which is due to the mechanism of formation of the anomaly at the genetic level. A responsible approach to pregnancy planning and a healthy lifestyle for the expectant mother can reduce the likelihood of developing pathology. Proper nutrition, taking multivitamin complexes, and following medical recommendations allows you to maintain your own health and ensure adequate formation of organs in the fetus.

Persons with a confirmed diagnosis of kidney duplication should follow basic preventive measures:

optimal drinking regimen, no more than 1.5 liters of liquid per day;
rational nutrition with limitation of salty, bitter, spicy foods;
moderate physical activity;
hardening;
avoiding hypothermia.

If an abnormality of the heart rate is detected, an adult should stop drinking alcohol and smoking - alcohol and nicotine negatively affect the renal system, undermining its function.

In contact with

March 17, 2017 Doctor

Kidney duplication is the most common type of anomaly urinary tract. Such an anomaly is not a pathology; as a rule, its presence does not cause a person any particular inconvenience, but the doubling of an organ is dangerous with the risk of developing other more serious diseases.

According to external characteristics, the pathology represents two internal organs fused together. In this case, the duplication of the vascular and parenchymal parts does not always occur; most often, its lower part is functional. Duplication can be unilateral or bilateral, complete or incomplete - all this is a conditional division, which is associated with the presence of its own vessels, as well as the ureter in the daughter kidney.

With complete doubling of the internal organ, each of the daughter kidneys is equipped with its own pyelocaliceal system, as well as a ureter, which opens the way to the bladder. When incomplete, the ureters merge into one, which opens a “passage” to the bladder. It often happens that the daughter ureter does not merge with the main one, but it opens in the intestine or vagina. If the latter anomaly occurs, then the person will be found to have urine leakage.

Most often, the anomaly develops in the prenatal period, when the embryo is actively developing inside the mother. Medical statistics indicates that girls are more susceptible to this anomaly, and out of 150 newborns, one of them has a pathology. In most cases, duplication of only one kidney is observed (82%), but bilateral duplication also occurs (12%).

The main reasons may be:

Genetics;
Taking potent hormonal drugs by a pregnant woman (especially in the 1st trimester);
Exposure of a pregnant woman to ionizing radiation;
Lack of vital vitamin or mineral components in a woman’s body during pregnancy;
Avitaminosis;
Poisoning of the body with potent drugs;
Abuse of alcoholic beverages;
Smoking during pregnancy.

Incomplete kidney duplication does not pose a particular threat to humans. It even happens that a person lives his whole life with a congenital anomaly and is completely unaware of its presence, and it is discovered only during a medical examination of a completely different disease.

Complete doubling of the kidney is dangerous due to its possible complications, among which we can highlight:

Pyelonephritis - inflammatory process urinary tract with damage to the pelvis, cups and renal parenchyma;
Hydronephrosis is a violation of the process of urine outflow, in which urine is retained and accumulates in the renal pelvis;
Urolithiasis is the process of formation of sand and stones in the organs of the urinary system;
Tuberculosis;
Kidney neoplasm;

Types of kidney duplication

As mentioned above, the anomaly can be complete or incomplete.

Complete - instead of one internal organ, two are formed, each of which has an underdeveloped pelvis. Each of the pelvis is equipped with its own ureter, which flows into the bladder at a different level.
Incomplete doubling of an internal organ - in medical practice, this anomaly is more common than the one described above. The anomaly can appear on both the left and right kidneys, while an enlargement of the internal organ is clearly observed, its upper and lower parts are clearly visible, each of which is equipped with its own artery. During the development of the anomaly, the pyelocaliceal system continues to remain unified.

In addition, the anomaly can appear on either the left or right kidney.

On the left kidney - it does not pose a serious danger to humans, the anomaly does not have negative symptoms and is often discovered during a random medical examination;
On the right kidney - the anomaly also does not pose a serious threat to humans, in the process of formation internal organ accepts an enlarged size.

Symptoms

It's important to note that characteristic features Anomalies appear only with complete doubling of the internal organ and appear in the form of:

Extensions upper paths urinary;
The occurrence of infections in the urinary canal;
The appearance of the process of reverse outflow of urine from the ureter;
Manifestations of pain in the lumbar region from the side where the anomaly occurs;
Increased body temperature;
General weakness;
The appearance of a cloudy shade in the urine;
Increased blood pressure;
Painful process of urination;
Urinary incontinence.

These signs can appear both together and separately. The activity of symptoms directly depends on the form of the disease and the general condition of the human body.

Diagnostics

In order to clinically determine the duplication of the kidneys on both sides, the patient must undergo the following examinations:

Cystoscopy;
Ascending urography;
Radiography;
Magnetic resonance urography.

Treatment

An anomaly of both kidneys does not pose a serious danger to a person, but it can be accompanied by unpleasant complications, which is why it is necessary to recognize the disease in a timely manner and, if necessary, begin the required treatment.

If the anomaly does not bother a person, then drug therapy is not required. In this case, constant monitoring by a doctor is important. Treatment of internal organ duplication must be carried out if complications occur.

When an inflammatory process occurs, a course of taking anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as antibacterial agents, is indicated;
At urolithiasis antispasmodics, painkillers and phototherapy (kidney collection, decoctions of medicinal herbs) are prescribed.

Surgery is indicated in severe stages of hydronephrosis, as well as in the presence of diseases that are not amenable to drug therapy. If possible, surgeons try to preserve the internal organ. A kidney is removed only if it loses its functionality.

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One way or another, when a double kidney is detected, a person must follow the most important basics that will help maintain his health and not provoke possible complications:

Lead a healthy lifestyle;
To refuse from bad habits;
Monitor the quality of food;
Be more careful and careful when taking certain medications;
Do hardening;
Do light exercise.

To summarize all of the above, it can be determined that kidney duplication is not a pathology; such an abnormal condition does not pose a threat to human health. A common question among young people is whether they are accepted into the army with this diagnosis? In answering this problem, it is necessary to determine that kidney duplication, not complicated by the presence of another pathology, is not an obstacle to enrollment in the ranks of conscripts.

But if the pathology is diagnosed in a woman, then she needs to plan her pregnancy in advance. Throughout the entire pregnancy, she must be observed by a doctor, regularly undergo prescribed examinations - urine and blood tests, ultrasound of the kidneys, urine testing according to Nichiporenko. Pregnancy is strictly contraindicated in women with renal failure and in the presence of clear indications for surgery.

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Had lesions of an inflammatory or other nature.

note

Often, such an anomaly does not in any way affect the child’s health and quality of life; many adults only learn about their similar anomaly in old age, without noticing problems with the genitourinary system over the past years. Such a deviation often has no effect on the functionality of the organ.

Kidney duplication in a child: definition of the concept

Regarding other malformations and anomalies, kidney duplication is the most common. According to statistics, girls with double kidneys predominate over boys, and unilateral lesions predominate over bilateral anomalies.

Modern doctors understand the term “double kidney” exclusively as a congenital defect. With it, partial or complete doubling of the organ is formed on one side (less often, bilateral).

On average, the prevalence of the anomaly is about 10% of all known defects of the urinary system in children. It is noted in 1 case per 150 newborns, with unilateral defects accounting for up to 89%, and bilateral lesions accounting for the remaining 11%.

Visually, it looks like two fused kidneys, in the area of one of their poles, and each of them has its own blood supply. An extra kidney is usually smaller in size than a normal one (although larger ones are possible). At the same time, the mere presence of an accessory kidney does not create serious physical defects and inadequate functioning of the urinary system. However, such an anomaly can be combined with other developmental defects or predispose to the development of certain diseases throughout life.

If the abnormal kidney is larger than normal, it may have additional vessels and an increased number of renal calyces or pelvises. In some children, the kidney is almost completely duplicated; a ureter emerges from each kidney, but one is somewhat less developed.

Is kidney duplication dangerous for a child?

With the development of ultrasound, a similar anomaly began to be detected in children, although it existed before. Many older people learn about the presence of such an anomaly after living a full life without any problems. Therefore, such a defect does not bring any physical inconvenience or developmental delays, and doctors often only observe children, recommending to parents only complete care and nutritional control, and prevention of various lesions of the urinary tract. If any problems arise, medications may be prescribed according to the identified symptoms; surgical correction is required in exceptional cases.

Parents should not worry or panic about such a deviation; there are no special differences in the baby’s development, and it is only important to ensure that the kidneys are not overloaded and do not become inflamed.

What are the reasons for such a vice?

Like many other developmental defects, kidney problems arise in utero, during the formation of organs and systems, and there can be many obvious influences in each specific case, as well as accompanying ones. Doctors cannot name the exact reason, but there are a number of factors that increase the risk of having children with anomalies of the genitourinary system:

Bad habits of parents and their impact on the fetus. This is especially true for the mother, but the effect on the father’s body is also important. , taking alcohol and psychotropic drugs affects the proper formation of tissues and organs, especially early stages pregnancy. In this regard, giving up such habits during the planning period eliminates at least some of the risk factors.
toxic compounds that enter the body in different ways. This is especially important when working in hazardous industries, contact with chemicals and poisons in everyday life.
high doses of radiation affecting fetal tissue. Particularly dangerous are CT scans or frequent radiography in early periods pregnancy. Radiation treatment of certain diseases shortly before pregnancy is no less dangerous.
taking medications that have a teratogenic and embryotoxic effect. Greatest danger Such drugs are given during the period of conception and up to 12 weeks of pregnancy. The decision to prescribe medications to pregnant women during this period is made only by the doctor, so as not to harm the fetus.
sharp and pronounced deficiency of vitamins, mineral components, nutrients. This often happens when a woman has a very poor diet, fasting and diets, both therapeutic and weight loss.
influence of heredity. There is often a connection between the presence of a double kidney in parents or close relatives and its detection in a child. If both parents have a similar anomaly, the chances of the child getting it increase significantly.

Features of the structure of a child’s double kidney

As a result of the influence of all unfavorable factors, two areas of kidney growth may simultaneously form, from which two separate pyelocaliceal systems are gradually formed, but the kidneys are not finally separated from each other, due to which the doubled kidney will be covered by a common fibrous capsule. For each kidney, the vessels will be separate, they depart from the aorta, or there will be one common arterial trunk, then divided into two isolated parts, ultimately approaching each kidney separately.

In some cases, the arteries within a duplicate kidney can penetrate from one kidney to the other, which can then create complications if the abnormal extra kidney needs to be removed.

On ultrasound, the double kidney looks larger than usual, one part of it is more symmetrical and neat, while the second is more active functionally.

Important!

With an additional separate entrance of the second ureter into the bladder, health prognosis is better, this reduces the risks of various disease complications.

Features of the classification of kidney duplication

Based on the degree of bifurcation of the kidney, several variants of pathology can be distinguished. Based on the degree of formation of the collecting system and kidney tissue:

complete doubling of the kidney, when each organ has its own ureter, pyelocaliceal apparatus, but they are located parallel to one another and welded together. Both kidneys belong to separately functioning organs.
incomplete (partial) doubling when only the kidney parenchyma and the area become doubled vascular system, while the pyelocalyceal system with the ureter is single.

Doubling is possible on the left or right; in extreme cases, doubling of both kidneys is possible.

A special variant of the defect is the doubling of the pyelocaliceal system with a single parenchyma and kidney capsule.

Kidney duplication in children: signs of a problem

The anomaly itself is typically asymptomatic, but the developmental defect predisposes to the formation of more frequent illnesses the urinary system as a whole. Typically, symptoms occur with the development of secondary (against the background of existing duplication) kidney damage, but this does not happen in all children and not in all cases. Usually, the symptoms of various pathologies are typical for adulthood, sometimes old age.

If we talk about symptoms in general, you can expect:

Inflammatory processes in the kidneys and urinary tract
Impaired urination in the pelvis (urine retention in them)
Urinary disorders different types, but usually without pain
Loss of urinary control if the abnormal ureter of the duplicate kidney fuses with the urethra or vagina
Development (salts in urine in children, small stones)
Periods of development of swelling
Episodes.

Often, all these symptoms are mild, appearing only periodically, with minor symptoms.

When an inflammatory process develops in the area of a double kidney, the following may be typical:

long-term painful nature
Appetite disturbances, up to complete refusal to eat
Feverish reactions
Problems with psycho-emotional development, memory and information reproduction.

When microbes spread to the area of the bladder and urethra, symptoms or.

What complications are possible with doubling?

If this is a unilateral process, a double kidney rarely develops complications and is discovered by chance. If we are talking about bilateral damage, this condition is more dangerous. In addition, with incomplete doubling, the prognosis is also better than with complete duplication of the kidney. Children with doubling may more often experience pathologies such as:

- an inflammatory process of microbial origin that involves inflammation of the pelvis and calyx of the kidney.
Possible formation , urinary retention in the kidney area, which leads to atrophic phenomena.
Predisposition to , when sand and small stones first form, which can block the ureters and lead to obstruction, which forms renal colic.
, if pathogens penetrate through the blood or lymph flow and actively multiply in the kidney tissue. Such a pathology may not manifest itself in any way for a long time.
Tumor processes in the accessory kidney, which is due to the fact that the kidney itself is an atypical formation for the body. Tumors also do not manifest themselves for a long time; malignant ones are more dangerous in terms of prognosis.
Development vagal kidney becomes one of the complications due to the greater mobility of the abnormal double kidney. The more the kidney descends or moves, the worse the prognosis.

By what methods is it determined?

Today, along with other countries, in our country, in the first year of life, it is used to determine the functioning of the kidneys, so developmental anomalies are detected quickly and early. Once kidney duplication is detected, a decision is made on the tactics of further observation or treatment. Usually prescribed additional examinations in the form of contrast-enhanced radiography, or urography and duplex scanning of the renal vessels to determine the renal vessels, is also indicated.

It is equally important to carry out a number of tests that reflect the functioning of the kidneys and the presence of infection. These include smears from the urethral canal and urine biochemistry. As the baby grows and develops, he is given examinations to assess kidney function over time or control studies to determine the effectiveness of treatment measures.

Treatment methods for kidney duplication

If the kidneys are fully functioning and there are no secondary complications, there is no need for surgery or any other treatment. The child will undergo periodic preventive examinations with a doctor. You may only need to follow a diet that normalizes kidney function. It is important to exclude or reduce the amount of smoked, spicy and salty foods, sauces and marinades with salt and pepper, and fried foods in the diet. These foods and dishes significantly affect kidney function.

In case of secondary complications, the child is treated according to the pathology; the decision to operate to remove the accessory kidney is made only if it is affected by the pathological process.

Alena Paretskaya, pediatrician, medical columnist