As service morphemes, connecting vowels (interfixes) o/e are distinguished only in the derived stems of complex words. This property sharply distinguishes them from suffixes and prefixes, which can be both complex and in simple words. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which can be both word-forming and formative affixes, connecting vowels o/e are specifically word-forming morphemes. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which always (if they are regular) have a certain lexical and grammatical meaning, connecting vowels o!e have a meaning that acts as a purely word-formative one and is reduced to expressing the idea of connection. In terms of their semantics (completely independent, unlike the meaning of suffixes and prefixes from the forming stems), the connecting vowels o/e are similar connecting unions.
IN in some cases connecting vowels o/e acquire the character of semantically empty sounds that appear in a word only
for phonetic reasons. So, if in the words reinforced concrete, fisherman, dried fruits the connecting vowel o is a copular morpheme conditioned certain rules word formation (the addition of complete stems and words is carried out, as a rule, with the help of connecting vowels), then in the word technoruk it, from a word-formation point of view, is an illegal phenomenon (for the addition of abbreviated stems is carried out without the help of connecting vowels o/e; cf.: political instructor, military instructor, physical instructor) and has no meaning. The sound o here is only a means to avoid an unpronounceable combination of consonants (technruk - technoruk).
Connecting vowels o/e most often act as phonetically determined variants: if the first stem of the addition ends in a paired hard consonant, then o acts as a connecting vowel (mortar mixer, water carrier, etc.); if the first stem of the addition ends in a soft consonant, a hard hissing or c, then the connecting vowel e is used (sailor, pedestrian, sheep farmer, etc.). The appearance of e after hard sibilants and c is historically justified: the hissing zh, sh and c were soft in the Old Russian language and hardened only in the 14th-15th centuries, when the noted word-formation rule for the use of o/e was already a strong tradition.
However, in a number of complex words, the first stem of which ends in a soft consonant n, p, t or v, in place of the expected e there is an “illegal” o: hitching post, trapper, animal-like, stonecutter, quarry, ambition, lust for power, carnivore, carnivore, blood circulation, bloodsucker, bloodthirsty, chant, fabulist, etc. Next to this kind of words, there are also words where, after the same first stem, the connecting vowel e naturally appears: horse breeder, stud farm, stone processing, stone-cutting, bone-crushing, blood-bearing, songwriting, etc. . d. All these words are much later formations than their related words with the connecting vowel o.
The undivided dominance of the word-formation model with o/e in the production of complex words is evidenced, first of all, by the large number and variety of types of additions with o/e compared to additions without a connecting vowel. Almost all neoplasms complex nature, appeared in Lately(both among nouns and among adjectives; in the sphere of the verb there is no method of addition) are words with connecting vowels o/e.
Connecting vowels o/e must be clearly distinguished from phenomena that outwardly resemble them. Thus, the words little-used, wild-growing, following, etc., arising using the lexical-syntactic method of word formation (about it, see § 31), do not contain connecting vowels: o/e in them are adverbial suffixes (o - word-forming, e - formative). In the words car factory, bicycle race, auto regulator, weather report, o is the same integral part of the abbreviated stems (automobile, bicycle, automatic, meteorological) as the consonants f, t, r in the words trade union, party active, salary. Phonetically, connecting vowels o/e are characterized by unstress. IN difficult words stress is always observed on root morphemes (vacuum cleaner, water supply, frost-resistant, mechanical engineering, etc.).
Connecting vowels o/e as significant parts of a word can, naturally, be isolated only if the analyzed word is recognized as complex. If a word has undergone a process of simplification or re-decomposition, then it does not contain any copular morphemes. Thus, connecting vowels in the words pandemonium no longer stand out as significant morphemes (it arose through ellipsis based on phraseological turn Babel), porcupine (the addition of wild and image), horizons (the addition of circle and zor - from seeing), psychologist, library, etc. There is no connecting vowel in some complex words that have experienced the process of dropping one of the syllables, for example: tabakur, standard-bearer ( originally tobacco smoker, standard bearer).
Rice. 2. Nikolay Dobronravov ()
Compound words name people by profession.
Commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,
fabulist- writes fables, roots fable-, write-,
beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots-, water-,
plumber- conducts water, roots water-, water-, prefix pro-,
steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,
bird catcher- catches birds, roots of birds-, catch-, the first root ends in ts, we write e.
Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words there are.
Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was first a wooden fortress, surrounded by a palisade made of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all times - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.
Dolgoruky- long hands, roots debt-, hands-,
stockade- a fence made of tightly driven stakes, the roots are frequent, count,
white stone- built from white stone, roots white-, stone-,
golden-headed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,
Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.
This is how we compiled the transcriptions of complex words:
In place of the letters of the connecting vowels O, E, the spelling is: a letter in place of an unstressed vowel sound.
Why is the bird called that? The redstart is so named for its tail. He is red and trembles all the time. Therefore, it seems that the tail flashes with a light, as if it is burning. (see Fig.3)
Rice. 3. Redstart ()
The rudd fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, her sides have golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Eyes are orange, lips are yellow. The fish got its nickname for the color of its fins. (According to N. Osipov) (see Fig. 4)
Rice. 4. Rudd ()
A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of it a green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox cub, but it still looks like a tail. (see Fig.5)
Rice. 5. Foxtail ()
The water strider is the name given to an insect that runs quickly through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance. (see Fig.6)
Rice. 6. Water strider ()
A compound word consisting of two roots gory- and tail-. Similar words: burn, tail.
A compound word consisting of two roots: red- and per-. Similar words: red, feathers.
Roots fox-, tail-. Related words: fox, tail.
Roots water-, mer-. Water, measure.
In the lesson you learned that words that have two roots are called complex. Most often, roots in complex words are connected by vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters. The letter o is written after hard consonants, e - after soft consonants and unpaired hard ones: zh, sh, ts. For example, couch potato, pedestrian, bird catcher.
- M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
- G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008
- Rus.1september.ru ().
- Gramma.ru ().
- 5klass.net ().
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Oldskola1.narod.ru ().
- Solve spelling problems.
Steam_vozny, leaf_pad, porridge, russula, one_indigenous, dishwasher, white_manes, braided, homemade, earth_quake.
- Find complex words and show their structure.
...Dragonflies fly and dance,
The cheerful ones lead a round dance.
A. Tolstoy
People have known for a long time:
The fly agaric is inedible.
V. Zhulzhin
- Read an excerpt from the story by V. Astafiev. Find difficult words, describe their meaning and highlight the roots.
Mukhtar was the same color and appearance as Trezor, but his character was different from him. If Trezor is cunning and stupid, then his brother was hardworking, strict, angry and therefore sat on a chain. And such a life was bitter for him, free, impetuous, fleet-footed.
In this lesson we will look at concepts such as compound words, connecting vowels; Let's answer the question when the connecting vowel O is written, and when - E.
Complex words are those that were created as a result of combining two (less often three) words into one word:
alone, fly - airplane
steam, walk - steamboat
porridge, cook - cook
poultry, factory - poultry farm
Compound words are formed using the connecting vowels O and E. These vowels are added to the end of the first stem that is part of the compound word.
Please note a number of words below:
Based on these examples, we will formulate a rule for writing the connecting vowels O and E in complex words.
The connecting vowel E is written after:
1) hissing: w, w, shch, h;
2) letters C;
3) soft consonants.
And the connecting vowel O is written after the stems on a hard consonant (except zh, sh and ts): fabulist, trapper.
How to determine which connecting vowel should be written in a word?
To do this, you must first select the first root. If the final consonant of the root is sibilant, the letter C or a soft consonant, then the letter E should be written to connect the roots.
In other cases, the connecting O is written.
For example:
In other cases, the connecting letter O is written in complex words, for example:
It is important to learn how to correctly identify roots in complex words, remember the rule for writing connecting vowels O and E and apply it.
List of used literature:
- Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Shansky N.M., Vlasenkova A.I. Work programs and calendar-thematic planning in the Russian language for the textbook “Russian Language” for grade 6, edited by Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A., Grigoryan L.T.
- Sokolova G.P. Russian language lessons in 6th grade: A book for teachers: From work experience. - M.: “Enlightenment”, 1986. - 80 pages.
- Calendar and thematic planning “Russian language grade 6” according to the textbook: “Russian language grade 6”. Tutorial for educational institutions. Authors and compilers: Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L. and others - M.: Education, 2012. Federal State Educational Standard.
- Gromov S.A. Russian language. Practical literacy course. Textbook for general education institutions. – M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2006. -55 pages.
- Blinov G.I., Antokhina V.A. Collection of dictations on spelling and punctuation. Teacher's manual. – M.: “Enlightenment”, 1986.
- Yarovikova O.V. Remembering through an image. Toolkit for teachers and students. - Yoshkar-Ola: “String”, 2008. – 84 pages.
Let's see how the word is formed airplane. He flies by himself. The word has two roots: sam-, let-. Words that have two roots are called compound.
What do these compound words have in common: airplane, samovar, scooter, homemade product, pride?
The samovar cooks itself, the second root cooks.
The scooter itself rolls, rolls, the second root rolls.
Homemade - he does it himself, business, the second root of business.
Self-love - self-esteem - oneself, loves, the root of love.
Self is the first part of compound words.
Let's see which vowel letters connect two roots in compound words.
sailor (goes to sea, roots sea-, walk-),
steam O move (walks on a pair, roots of pairs-, move-)
stone e fall (stones fall, roots of stone-, fall-),
stars O fall (stars fall, roots of stars-, fall-)
In words sailor and rockfall the first root ends in a soft consonant sound p" and n", the roots are connected by the letter E.
In words steamboat and starfall the first root ends in a hard consonant sound p and d, the roots are connected by the letter O.
Most often, roots in complex words connect the vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters.
How to proceed to correctly write the letter of the connecting vowel indifficult words?
1. Make sure that the word is complex: find the roots and orally select words with the same root for each.
2. If the word is complex, listen to what consonant sound the first root ends with. If it’s hard, you should write O, if it’s soft, E.
The letter E comes after unpaired solids: g, w, c.
Determine which letter should be written in place of the gap.
Perennial- many years, roots many-, years-, connecting vowel letter O,
guide- path, lead, roots put-, water-, connecting vowel letter E,
Old Russian-ancient, Rus', roots ancient-, rus-, connecting vowel letter E,
waterfowl- water, swim, roots water-, floating-, connecting vowel letter O.
Forming complex words
What compound words can replace these sentences?
1) A stream of water that falls from a great height.
2) A person who plows the land.
3) Animals similar to mice that dig the ground.
4) A beetle that eats bark.
5) A man walking.
Check yourself: waterfall (roots of water-, fall-), tiller (roots of earth-, pash-), shrew (roots of earth-, swarm-), bark beetle (roots of bark-, food-), pedestrian (roots of foot-, walk-).
What are these fabulous objects called?
Boots- self-propelled guns, tablecloth - self-assembled, harp - samogudy.
What common root is there in these words? The root itself.
Why are fairy-tale magical objects called this? The boots walk on their own. The tablecloth itself collects food (to take means to get food). The gusli plays and hums on its own.
Finding complex words in poetic lines:
Birds jump early in the morning
Along the snow-covered branches -
Yellow-breasted tits
They flew to visit us.
(Yu. Sinitsyn)
Spring came! Spring is red
With green grass by the window.
Hung up the earrings
White-legged birch.
(E. Trutneva)
Along ravines, along cliffs,
Through the fingers of the willow
It pours quietly and timidly
Yellow Leaf River.
One-story school house
Smiles through the window.
The rook wanders importantly through the fields,
Like a rural agronomist.
(M. Isakovsky)
Leaf fall! Leaf fall!
Autumn caulking forest.
The hemp came,
The edges turned red.
(N. Egorov)
Difficult words:
yellow-breasted- With yellow breasts, roots yellow-, chest-;
white-legged- with a white leg, leg, roots white-, knife-;
leaf fall- leaves fall, roots leaf-, fall-;
yellow-leaved- with yellow leaves, roots yellow-, leaf-;
one-story- with one floor, roots one-, floor-.
What kind of person can you say that about?
Couch potato- likes to lie on its side, the roots are lying-, side-, the first root ends in w, we write the letter e;
sweet tooth- likes sweets as food, sweet roots, hedgehog;
idle talker- speaks empty words, roots of empty-, words-.
These words describe a person's character traits. Let's explain the meaning of the words.
Hardworking- loves work, roots labor-, love-;
weak-willed- weak will, roots weak-, vol-;
merciful- sweet heart, roots mil-, heart-;
good-natured- kind soul, roots of good-, soul-;
noble- good to the family, roots of good -, family -.
What do you call a person who has a great soul, a sharp mind, clear eyes, dark hair?
Great soul - generous(roots great-, soul-),
sharp mind - witty(roots sharp-, mind-),
clear eyes - clear-eyed(roots clear-, eye-),
dark hair - dark-haired(roots dark-, hair-).
Let's read the names and think about whether they are complex words.
Dobrolyubov- to love good, the roots of good-, love-. Nikolai Dobrolyubov is a Russian writer.
Dobronravov- good disposition, roots of good-, disposition-. Nikolai Dobronravov is a songwriter.
Bogolyubov- loving God, roots god-, love-.
Krasnoshchekova- red cheeks, roots of red-, cheeks-.
Compound words name people by profession.
Commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,
fabulist- writes fables, roots fable-, write-,
beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots-, water-,
plumber- conducts water, roots water-, water-, prefix pro-,
steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,
bird catcher- catches birds, roots of birds-, catch-, the first root ends in ts, we write e.
Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words there are.
Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was first a wooden fortress, surrounded by a palisade made of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all times - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.
Dolgoruky- long hands, roots debt-, hands-,
stockade- a fence made of tightly driven stakes, the roots are often,
white stone- built of white stone, the roots are white, stone,
golden-headed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,
Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.
The rudd fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, her sides have golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Eyes are orange, lips are yellow. The fish got its nickname for the color of its fins. (According to N. Osipov)
A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of it a green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox cub, but it still looks like a tail.
Water strider- this is the name of an insect that runs quickly through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance.
Redstart- a compound word consisting of two roots gory- and tail-. Similar words: burn, tail.
Rudd- a complex word, consists of two roots: red- and per-. Similar words: red, feathers.
Foxtail- fox roots-, tail-. Related words: fox, tail.
Water strider- roots water-, mer-. Water, measure.
The greatest spelling difficulty is caused by vowels, which are called connecting vowels. “O” and “e” in complex words are often not noticed, as a result of which mistakes are made. It is noteworthy that there are no other letters connecting the two stems.
Definition
If a word consists of two or more stems, it will be called complex. For example, agricultural ( Agriculture), meat and dairy (meat and milk), scientific and technical (science and technology), chronicler (write chronicles).
Compound words in Russian appeared in modern stage development during a period of abundance of information, because this allows you to fit several concepts into one word.
Phenomena when more than two roots are used in the formation of a complex word are quite rare. For example, cycling.
Education and spelling variations
Complex words can be formed different ways. Their spelling will depend on this. Let's look at the most popular ones:
They write complex words in Russian together or with a hyphen: haymaking, railway, evergreen, boarding school, dynamo, raincoat-tent. The use of one method or another depends on the formation of a particular word.
Words with connecting "o"
Let's look at when connecting "o" and "e" are used in complex words. Examples when it is necessary to write "o" are as follows:
- railway;
- factory;
- forest-steppe;
- people's liberation;
- reinforced concrete.
In all these words, the first stem ends in a hard consonant, which is why the use of the connecting “o” is required.
Words with connecting "e"
Now you should parse complex words with a connecting vowel e. Examples are:
- Old Russian;
- a pedestrian;
- vegetable store;
- bird catcher;
- leatherworker;
- cook;
- dormitory;
- traveler;
- windbreak;
- rain gauge
All these words are united by the fact that the first stem ends in a soft consonant (rain gauge, Old Russian), in a hissing consonant (hostel, pedestrian, cook) or in “ts” (bird catcher). Therefore, in such words you should write a connecting “e”.
Base options
Sometimes connecting “o” and “e” are not used in compound words: they are replaced by parts of derived stems. Let's look at similar cases. 
When a connecting vowel is not needed
There are many cases in the Russian language when connecting “o” and “e” in complex words are completely unnecessary. This happens in the following cases:
Spelling difficult words
Connecting “o” and “e” in complex words can be used both when written together and when written with a hyphen. Let's look at the cases of using a hyphen.
You can make up complex words using the coordinating and subordinating connection. If they are formed by the first case, they will be written with a hyphen. In other words, you can easily put the conjunction “and” between the parts. Let's look at examples, for this you need to create complex words: sofa and bed - sofa bed; scientific and technical - scientific and technical; Russian and English - Russian-English; factory and plant - factory; meat and milk - meat and dairy; military medical - military and medical and others.
Compound words (nouns and adjectives) with the meaning of cardinal directions: Western European, southeastern, northeastern. 
Words that convey shades of colors: crimson-gold, gray-brown, light green, purple-blue.
If the word is formed from a proper name: Leo Tolstoy style, Walter Scott ideas, New York Stock Exchange. The exception is geographical names formed from the phrase noun and adjective: Velikiye Luki - Velikiye Luki, Sergiev Posad - Segrievo Posad, Staraya Rus - Old Russian.
Words - scientific and technical terms: dynamo, vacuum dryer, diesel electrode, stop valve, filter press.
Words - designations political parties and currents: vice-mayor, liberal-democratic, social-democratic, national-socialist.
A word that has in the first part value judgment: grief-wife, shirt-boy, sweetheart-daughter, good boy-son.
If the first producing basis is the designation of some Latin letter: alpha male, beta carotene, gamma radiation.
It is necessary to write together complex words formed with the help of a subordinating connection: lumber processing (to process wood), staromoskovsky (old Moscow), chronicler (to write a chronicle), milk processing (to process milk), logging (logging).
