1) one of the most important production processes in animal husbandry, in which feed of plant and animal origin is used to obtain animal products.
2) Section of zootechnics (See Zootechnics) , developing the scientific foundations, methods, and techniques of rational K. s. g., ensuring their normal growth, development, high productivity, as well as the improvement of existing and the creation of new breeds. To the main problems of science about To. and. include: studying the needs of animals for nutrients, determining the nutritional value of feed, establishing feeding standards, compiling feed rations, developing the correct technique and organization of feeding.
During the period of the nomadic economy, pasture grass served as the only food for livestock. With the transition to settled cattle breeding and the development of agriculture, they gradually began to introduce the stall keeping of animals, prepare food for the winter period, and feed agricultural waste to livestock. With the development of industry and the emergence of industrial centers, the demand for livestock products increased sharply. In this regard, more and more attention was paid to the organization of feeding and keeping livestock. For feeding began to use the waste of the industry that processes products Agriculture. Under the influence of the demands of practice, the doctrine of K. s began to take shape. and. It developed on the basis of the achievements of biology, physiology, chemistry, physics, and other sciences and the generalization of the practical experience of animal breeders. At the beginning of the 19th century began to develop the doctrine of the nutritional value of food. The German scientist A. Thayer was the first to attempt to express the need for agricultural workers in uniform norms. animals in feed. Feeding rates were based on empirical data. From the middle of the 19th century assessment of the nutritional value of feed and rationing of feeding was based on information about chemical composition fodder. In the 60s. 19th century The German scientist E. Wolf proposed a system for evaluating feed and rationing feed according to digestible substances. Work has been carried out that has shown the role and importance of various nutrients for animals. The role of protein was first studied by the French scientist F. Magendie (1816). In Russia, studies of the needs of animals for minerals were carried out (1872) by A. Rubets. N. I. Lunin established (1880) the presence of substances in products, which later (1912) were called vitamins (See Vitamins) . Qualitative transformations of substances in the organism of animals were studied by N. P. Chirvinskii, who proved (1881) the possibility of the formation of fat in the organism of animals from carbohydrates. EA Bogdanov (1909) showed the possibility of fat formation from feed protein. The studies of VV Pashutin and his students (late 19th - early 20th centuries) provided the theoretical basis for the study of metabolism in animals. A methodology was developed for taking into account the balance of substances and energy of animals, and the methodology for scientific and economic experiments with animals was improved. All these achievements have made it possible to develop methods for assessing the nutritional value of feed and rationing the feeding of animals according to their productive effect. As a unit of feed nutrition, the German scientist O. Kellner proposed starch equivalent , the American scientist G. Armeby - thermal baths, N. Fjord (Denmark) and N. Hanson (Sweden) developed the Scandinavian fodder unit. In the USSR, at the suggestion of E. A. Bogdanov, the Soviet fodder unit was adopted. The forage resources of the USSR were studied by M.F. Ivanov, M.I. Dyakov, E.F. Liskun, and I.S. Popov. In 1933, the first summary table of the chemical composition and nutritional value of food in various zones was compiled. Scientific bases for feeding animals of different species, breeds, sex, age, physiological state (pregnancy, lactation, fattening, etc.), directions of use and productivity level have been developed. Based on the generalization of data on the need of animals for nutrients, obtained at institutes and experimental stations (1930-35), feed norms were determined (See Feed norm) for agricultural. animals. Subsequently, these norms were refined and improved, increasing the number of normalized indicators. Feeding rationing, which allows you to control the consumption of feed and use it most efficiently, has become the basis for planning animal husbandry.
By the middle of the 20th century Thanks to the work of scientists from many countries, the concept of a balanced K. with. and. Established requirements for the rational composition of feed rations (See Feed ration) for animals of different species, ages, condition and economic use. The influence of the conditions of keeping and the daily regimen on the appetite of animals and the palatability of feed has been clarified. The importance of the multiplicity of feeding and the order of distribution of different feeds was studied. The influence of the physical state of feed (degree of moisture, grinding, etc.) was determined, which made it possible to develop and put into practice new types of feed - grass meal, haylage, granules, etc. The most economically profitable types of livestock feeding by zones are proposed.
The energy assessment of the nutritional value of feed is being studied. The calorie content of the feed has been established, which makes it possible to ration feeding according to their energy value.
Much attention is paid to the science of K. with. and. pays to the study of animal protein nutrition, animal protein needs, the possibilities of using non-protein nitrogen of feed, the use of various means of increasing the biological value of protein, the amino acid composition of proteins, the role of amino acids in animal nutrition and methods for balancing diets in terms of the amino acid composition of feed, mineral nutrition and the value of macro- and trace elements in animal husbandry for various biogeochemical zones and provinces. Thanks to the establishment of the role of vitamins in the body of animals and the importance of vitamin nutrition, means have been obtained for the prevention and treatment of many vitamin deficiencies and hypovitaminosis conditions.
In K. s. and. various stimulants began to be used, which include antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, specific sera, tissue preparations, etc. All these drugs affect the body's metabolism, digestion processes, digestibility and nutrient utilization. They accelerate the growth and development of animals, increase their productivity and fertility.
To ensure full-fledged To. and. scientific institutions develop recipes for complete feed, compound feed concentrates, whole milk substitutes, premixes and other additives. The feed industry produces feed mixtures according to these recipes. Chemical industry releases for K. with. and. carbamide-ammonium salts, synthetic lysine, methionine, tryptophan and other amino acids, vitamins, mineral supplements, preservatives; hydrolysis industry - fodder yeast. Old methods are being improved and new methods of fodder harvesting, conservation and storage are being introduced into production (ensiling, haylage harvesting, chemical conservation, accelerated drying of grass by ventilation, briquetting, granulation, etc.), as well as preparing fodder for feeding (chopping, chemical treatment, steaming, yeast, etc.). Many processes of foraging, preparation and distribution of feed are mechanized. The solution of many questions K. with. and. (drawing up feed plans, rations, recipes for compound feed, etc.) contributes to the use of modern mathematical methods, electrical computers.
In the cost of producing livestock products, the cost of feed makes up a large part (50-75%), so the introduction into practice of the achievements of science and best practices in K. with. and. plays an important role in reducing production costs.
Modern methods of animal husbandry on an industrial basis require the development of methods for K. s. g., ensuring the optimal course of metabolic processes in animals with an even faster increase in their productivity and high use of feed. Many scientific institutions are conducting research to solve these problems. How academic discipline K. s. and. taught in S.-x. and zootechnical institutes and technical schools.
Lit.: Popov I. S., Feeding farm animals, 9th ed., M., 1957; Nering K., Feeding farm animals and feedstuffs. [per. from German.], M., 1959; Dmitrochenko P. A., Pshenichny P. D., Feeding farm animals, L., 1964; Tomme M.F., Korma USSR. Composition and nutritional value, M., 1964; Popekhina P. S., Feeding pigs, M., 1967; Feeding and maintenance of sheep, ed. I. V. Hadanovich. Moscow, 1968. Masliev I. T., Feed and feeding of poultry, M., 1968; Norms and diets for feeding farm animals, ed. M. F. Tomme, M., 1969; Belekhov G. P. and Chubinskaya A. A., Feeding farm animals, L., 1970; Handbuch der Tierernährung, Bd 1, Hamb.-B., 1969; Krempton E. W., Harris L. E., The practice of feeding farm animals, trans. from English, M., 1972.
M. F. Thomme.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Feeding farm animals" is in other dictionaries:
FEEDING FOR FARM ANIMALS- 1) one of the most important industries, processes in live, with rum feed of plant and animal origin is used to obtain live food. 2) Section of zootechnics, developing scientific. fundamentals, methods, and techniques of rational K. s. and.,… …
FEEDING FOR FARM ANIMALS- feeding farm animals, manufacturing process in animal husbandry, which provides for the rational use of feed for obtaining livestock products. Includes rationing of feeding, rationing, ... ... Veterinary Encyclopedic Dictionary
The history of the development of the doctrine of feeding is at the same time the history of different views on the dignity of fodder. Lavoisier was the first to explain the elementary composition of animal and plant tissues; he took their decomposition in the animal organism as ... ...
The totality of the morphological, biological and economic properties of an animal that characterize it as a whole. External expression To. and. are the external forms of the animal, or Exterior. K. s. and. formed under the influence of ... ...
FARM ANIMALS- technol. a process that ensures that the best quality meat is obtained in the shortest possible time. For fattening use kr. horn. cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry, rabbits. Economical O.'s indicators with. and. depend on the species, breed, sex, ... ... Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary
A complex of measures for the care of animals, including accommodation, feeding, the creation of optimal zoohygienic conditions, compliance with the daily routine. Depending on the level of intensification of animal husbandry and natural economic ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Enhanced pre-slaughter feeding of animals in order to obtain the greatest amount of meat (See Meat) of the best quality. Cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry, rabbits are used for fattening. Economic indicators O. s. and. And… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
In early youth, during the period of greatest growth in horses, cattle and sheep during the first year, in pigs, during the first 8 months, the animals are extremely susceptible: maintenance, feeding and care, or their general education ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
animal anatomy- (from the Greek. anatomē dissection, dismemberment), zootomy, the science of the shape and structure of the body of animals; an integral part of morphology (the science of the form and structure of an organism in its individual and history, development); is inextricably linked with animal physiology. Agriculture. Big encyclopedic dictionary
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS FOR POISONING PLANTS- Chapter V GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN POISONING POISONING PLANTS Treatment of farm animals in case of poisoning by poisonous plants (as in other poisonings) can be carried out in three directions: removal from the body ... ... Toxicology of poisonous plants
Books
- Fundamentals of nutrition and feeding of farm animals, Ryadchikov Viktor Georgievich. The main knowledge, as well as the achievements of world science and practice on nutrition and feeding of farm animals of an intensive type of productivity are outlined. This knowledge is based on understanding...
2. Feeding in-calf dry cows and heifers.
Literature: 1-8,9,12,18,21-24,27,31-35
1. Science has established and practice has proven that the most effective is the rationed feeding of farm animals. It means the full satisfaction of the needs of animals in all the necessary nutrients.
Rated feeding provides:
The maximum productivity of animals, that is, the most complete realization of their genetic potential;
High reproductive qualities - obtaining viable offspring;
High economic efficiency- the ability to obtain maximum productivity with minimal costs of feed, labor;
Planning the production of the required amount of feed and their rational use.
How insufficient and excessive feeding has a negative impact on both productivity and animal health, reduces the efficiency of the livestock industry as a whole.
In the practice of farms malnutrition is more common, which retards the growth of young animals, leads to a decrease in productivity, fertility and an increase in the cost of feed and funds per unit of production.
Excessive feeding, especially in combination with insufficient exercise, which is more common in industrial complexes, leads to obesity, is accompanied by a decrease in the productivity and reproductive functions of animals.
Rated feeding means feeding according to the norms.
Feeding rate- this is the amount of energy, organic, mineral, biologically active substances necessary to fully meet the needs of the animal, including the cost of maintaining life and obtaining planned productivity while maintaining health and ability to reproduce.
Therefore, the feeding rate can be divided into two parts: on life support and product formation. This position was first put forward and substantiated by the German scientist G. Kühn in 1887.
The value of the supporting part of the norm includes the costs:
To work internal organs(digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.);
To maintain the tone of skeletal muscles and the movement of the animal;
To maintain body temperature at a constant level.
Adult sires can be on maintenance feeding during the non-roaming period, cows during the start-up period, working horses without work, animals during metabolic experiments.
The productive part of the norm is determined by the quantity of products and its quality, for example, the amount of daily milk yield and fat content in cow's milk, weight gain in growing and fattening animals.
The division of the body's needs into supporting and productive parts is conditional, since both functions of the body - life support and production are interconnected. And even when cows are fed below the maintenance level, milk production continues, but at the expense of body reserves.
The amount of maintenance feeding is influenced by many factors: live weight, muscular activity, breed, type, individual characteristics, fatness, housing conditions, external temperature, seasonal influences, etc.
The higher live weight of the animal, the greater the amount of maintenance feeding.
The cost of energy to sustain life depends on muscle activity: the more the animal moves, the higher these costs. If the animal does not have the opportunity to lie down during the day, the amount of maintenance feeding increases by 15% compared to the case when it lies half the day and half stands.
The amount of maintenance feeding is increased by large distances of animals, unfavorable grazing conditions (heat, rain, wind, blood-sucking insects).
Breed, type, individual characteristics animals also affect the amount of maintenance feeding. This is due to differences in metabolism. In dairy breeds metabolic processes differ in greater intensity, therefore, per unit mass, they require 15% more energy than meat.
The cost of living increases with adverse conditions content when the rooms are cold, damp, drafts. Under these conditions, additional energy is required to maintain body temperature at a constant level. Exceeding the optimal temperature also leads to an increase in the cost of maintaining life, as thermoregulatory mechanisms (increased sweating, rapid breathing) are activated to reduce heat production.
The amount of maintenance feeding increases when animals consume cold or frozen feeds that are too cold water. So, in order to heat 70 liters of water from 0 to 39 0 C, a cow needs an additional 2 units. or 4 kg of hay.
Thus, by creating optimal conditions for keeping animals, it is possible to significantly reduce the cost of maintaining life and increase the share of the productive part of the feeding rate, which will ensure a more rational use of feed for livestock production.
Feeding standards are constantly being improved with the development of the science of animal feeding and related sciences - biochemistry, physiology, which made it possible to better understand the needs of animals in various nutrients.
In the conditions of industrial technology with more stringent conditions for keeping animals, the rationing of feeding only for 6 indicators did not meet the requirements of intensive animal husbandry, did not provide further growth in productivity and efficient use of feed.
These requirements were met by the detailed feeding norms of 1983, in the development of which many scientific institutions of the former Soviet Union, including Belarus, took part.
The number of controlled batteries in the detailed norms has been increased to 24 indicators in cattle breeding, up to 26 in pig breeding and up to about 50 in poultry farming. The expansion of the range of standardized indicators provides a better balance of diets, makes them more complete, which has a positive effect on the digestibility of nutrients, leads to an increase in productivity, and a reduction in feed costs per unit of production.
Feeding rates are differentiated depending on the type of animals, age, live weight, physiological state, and productivity level. In the detailed norms, the energy requirement of animals is taken into account in feed units and megajoules of metabolic energy, for poultry - only in terms of metabolic energy.
More than 10 amino acids, including glycine, are standardized in compound feeds for poultry. The need for protein is especially high in young growing animals, as well as in females during pregnancy, lactation, and in males during the breeding period.
Protein deficiency leads to a decrease in productivity, overspending of feed per unit of production, disruption of the function of reproduction, and a decrease in immunity.
From carbohydrates for cattle, the content of fiber, starch and sugar is normalized, for pigs, horses - fiber.
Among the mandatory standardized indicators are macro- and microelements. The diets of all animals are normalized according to table salt, calcium, phosphorus, in addition, magnesium, potassium and sulfur are taken into account for cattle, magnesium and sulfur for sheep, and magnesium for horses.
Of the microelements, 6 are usually normalized: iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, iodine. It should be borne in mind that not only a lack, but also an excess of minerals, a violation of the optimal ratio between them can lead to metabolic disorders, reproductive functions, reduced productivity, and poor health.
The list of normalized vitamins is not the same for different animal species. So, for cattle, carotene, vitamins D and E are normalized, for sheep - carotene and vitamin D, for pigs - carotene, vitamins A, D, E and group B (B 1, B 2, B 3, B 4, B 5 and B 12), stallions - carotene, vitamins A, D, E and 8 vitamins of group B, working horses - carotene, poultry - vitamins A, D 3, E, K, 9 vitamins of group B and vitamin C.
diet- this is a set and amount of feed consumed by animals for a certain period of time (day, season, year). Accordingly, daily, seasonal, annual rations are distinguished.
When compiling diets, they are subject to a number of requirements:
1. The diet must comply with the norm, that is, the content of energy, nutrients, biologically active substances in the diet should maximally correspond to the needs of animals for them at a given level of productivity, live weight, and physiological state.
The ratio between individual nutrients should also be taken into account: energy-protein, sugar-protein, calcium-phosphorus ratio, etc. With a lack of individual nutrients, they use feed additives: protein, mineral, vitamin.
2. The feed of the ration must be in accordance with the nature and taste of the animal. So, when compiling diets for ruminants, it is necessary to take into account the ability of these animals to make good use of voluminous feeds rich in fiber: hay, straw, silage. The nature and taste of pigs are more consistent with concentrated feed, root and tuber crops.
3. The volume of the diet should correspond to the capacity of the digestive tract, cause a feeling of fullness, and ensure normal peristalsis. Both underloading and overloading of the digestive tract have a negative impact on the motor, secretory function, and, consequently, on the digestibility of feed. To a greater extent, the feeling of fullness is provided by voluminous feeds rich in fiber.
4. Feed in the diet include in quantities that do not have a harmful effect on the health of the animal, product quality. To new feed accustomed gradually.
5. The diet should consist of good quality and varied feed. This improves appetite, digestibility, provides a complementary effect: the lack of nutrients in one feed is compensated by another. This situation is especially important for highly productive animals, which must eat a large amount of feed. Feeding poor-quality feed poses a serious health hazard to animals, especially pregnant ones.
6. The diet should, if possible, consist of cheaper home-produced feed. First of all, this applies to voluminous feed. It is expedient to exchange grain of own production for mixed fodder or to prepare mixed fodder on the farm using balancing additives.
Individual diets are now rare. Exceptions can be especially outstanding - breeding, highly productive animals. More often, diets are averaged over groups, which are formed taking into account live weight, age, physiological state, and productivity of animals. In a number of farms, dairy cows are fed grass fodder in approximately the same amounts, and root crops, concentrates, depending on productivity, which is determined by control milkings.
And yet, the compiled rations are far from always accurate. One of the main reasons for this is the use of not actual, but tabular data on the nutritional value and chemical composition of feed. After all, the content of feed, especially herbal, nutrients can vary significantly depending on soil, weather and climate conditions, vegetation phase, harvesting technology, storage method and other factors. Therefore, it is more reliable to use actual data on the composition, nutritional value and quality of prepared feed.
The composition of diets, their structure, type of feeding depend on the type of animals, sex and age group, as well as on the forage base of the farm - the availability of feed.
Diet structure is the ratio in it certain types or food groups as a percentage of energy nutrition. Feeds prevailing in the structure of diets determine the type of feeding. If haylage and concentrates predominate (in terms of nutritional value) in the diets, this type of feeding is called haylage-concentrated, when concentrates occupy more than 40% or 400 g or more per 1 kg of milk in the diets of cows, then this type of feeding is concentrated. In many farms of the republic, a silage type of cow feeding has developed with a shortage of hay. This type of feeding is especially detrimental to health and reproductive function.
Mandatory requirements for all types of animals are:
1. Feed according to daily routine- at fixed hours. In this case, the animals develop a conditioned reflex at the time of eating and more digestive juices are secreted.
2. When resolving the issue about the frequency of feeding and the size of individual feed dachas, it is necessary to strive to ensure that the animals are well saturated for a certain period of time, and have a good appetite for the next feeding. With frequent feeding, animals eat food without appetite, which adversely affects digestion. Too large fodder dachas also reduce the efficiency of fodder use.
3. You should strive to diversity each feeding, that is, give several feeds in one feeding. This increases the appetite and provides a complementary effect to the feed. The best option is the use of complete feed mixtures not only in pig and poultry farming, but also in dairy cattle breeding.
4. Should not be allowed abrupt change in diet, because digestive tract, especially the microflora of the proventriculus, adapts to certain feeds and the transition to a new diet leads to indigestion, a decline in productivity, and is a health hazard. This is especially true of transitional periods - from stall to pasture and vice versa.
2. Dry - they call a cow in the last two months of pregnancy (pregnancy), when she is at the start, i.e. not being milked. The duration of the dry period is normally 45-75 days (average 60 days). Heifer is a fertilized, i.e. bed heifer.
The dry period is necessary for:
1) increasing the fatness of the cow, after she had been pregnant and milking at the same time for about 7 months; in the first months after calving, lactation is intensive, so that the cow is “milked out”, losing 0.3-0.5 kg of live weight daily;
2) creating reserves of nutrients in the body; taking into account the growth of the fetus, the correction in the body of the cow and the deposition of reserve nutrients, the weight of the cow during the dry period should increase by 60-100 kg;
3) completion of the formation of the fetus and its intensive growth at the end of pregnancy, so that the weight of the calf at birth is 30-35 kg, and not 15-20 kg, as with poor feeding;
4) restructuring of the mammary gland and its glandular epithelium, as well as to prepare them for intensive milk secretion.
Therefore, the organization of feeding pregnant dry cows and heifers pursues the following goals:
Birth of large, well developed and viable calves;
High milk yield with good quality milk after calving;
Mandatory preservation of health with good reproduction.
In practice, it is conditionally considered that a pregnant dry cow should be fed as if she were giving 8-10 kg of milk.
It is important to start the cow in a timely and correct manner. The main start-up technique is to reduce the frequency of feeding and milking. It is more difficult to launch highly productive animals. If this technique does not help, then reduce the level of feeding, mainly due to concentrates and succulent (milk) feed; sometimes you have to limit drinking. If the duration of the dry period is less than 45 days, the productivity in the subsequent lactation decreases sharply, and if it lasts more than 75 days, in the previous one.
From obese cows, weakened calves with a large live weight are obtained, and often unviable. In case of underfeeding, unviable calves with low live weight are obtained from them, and the milk yield per cow in the subsequent lactation is reduced by 300-500 kg. With a low level of feeding in the last phase of lactation, cows self-start earlier than optimal.
Protein deficiency in the diets of pregnant dry cows is unacceptable, because protein is the basis of a growing fetus. With a lack of protein, abortions occur, young animals are born underdeveloped, weak, with low resistance, and the quality of colostrum in cows is extremely low.
With a sugar deficiency, cicatricial digestion is disturbed, profound metabolic disorders occur, and subsequently a deterioration in the quality of colostrum, which in turn leads to calf dyspepsia. With an excess of fiber in the diets of pregnant dry cows, the digestibility of nutrients is sharply reduced.
In the body of a pregnant dry cow, lipid (fat) metabolism proceeds intensively. With increased fat synthesis and slow breakdown, underoxidized products of fat metabolism (ß-hydroxybutyric, acetoacetic acids, acetone, etc.) can accumulate in the body, which can cause ketosis. At the same time, profound violations occur not only in fat, but also in carbohydrate, protein, and mineral metabolism.
Of the macronutrients, sodium, chlorine, calcium, and phosphorus are the most deficient. For 1 k.u. Pregnant dry cows require about 6 g of table salt, 9-10 g of calcium, 5.5-6 g of phosphorus. The increased need for calcium is due to the formation bone tissue(it forms its basis) in a rapidly growing fetus. The optimal ratio of calcium to phosphorus (1.7-1.8:1) simultaneously contributes to the prevention of postpartum paresis in cows and rickets in calves, especially with optimal supply of vitamin D.
In order to create favorable conditions for cicatricial digestion, it is necessary to include carbonate salts: sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium oxide. The use of these salts in an amount of up to 150-200 grams per cow allows you to stabilize the pH of the contents of the rumen, increase the digestibility of fiber and the entire diet. Magnesium-containing additives are especially effective when used at the beginning of the grazing period.
The diets of pregnant dry cows are often deficient in trace elements, primarily iodine, cobalt, copper, and zinc. It also leads to functional disorders and diseases.
The general (energy) level of feeding, the need for nutrients, minerals, and vitamins in pregnant dry cows depend primarily on their live weight and the planned milk yield per lactation (the main factors).
Live weight - for every 100 kg of weight, about 1 unit is required. (supportive feeding);
Planned productivity - for every 1000 kg of planned annual milk yield - is also about 1 unit.
Consequently, a pregnant dry cow with a live weight of 500 kg with a planned annual milk yield of 4000 kg will need about 9 k.u. (5+4).
In addition to the main factors, the size of the feeding norm is often influenced by additional ones. In this case, the norm obtained taking into account the main factors is adjusted taking into account their influence:
age up to five years (before the second - third calving) - the cow is considered growing and the feeding rate is increased by 1-2 units;
fatness - with below-average fatness, the feeding rate is increased by 1-2 k.u., with an average - the feeding rate does not change, in obese cows, the feeding rate is reduced by 1-2 k.u.;
decade of the dry period - in the first decade (immediately after launch) they give 80% of the average norm for the dry period, in the second and fifth - 100%, in the third and fourth - 120, and in the last - 70-80% (with a duration of 60 days).
Pregnant dry cows per 100 kg of live weight, depending on the level of planned milk production, need from 2.1 to 2.4 kg of dry matter per day. At the same time, as the annual planned milk yield increases, the rate of energy concentration in 1 kg of dry matter increases from 0.7 to 1 k.u. 10% to 25-40%).
In connection with intensive development fetus in the diet of pregnant dry cows per 1 k.u. should account for about 110 g of digestible protein. Protein sources are natural food. Pregnant dry cows should not be fed urea or other non-protein synthetic nitrogen supplements.
The digestibility and utilization of nutrients in the diet of dry cows is largely dependent on the content of carbohydrates and their ratio to protein.
The sugar-protein ratio in the diets of pregnant dry cows should be at the level of 0.8-1.1, and the ratio of sugar + starch to digestible protein should be 1.7-2.3, the content of crude fat in the diet should be at least 30-40 g for 1 k.u.
Heifers are fed according to the norms, depending on the age and the planned adult live weight (when it becomes a cow). Depending on the planned live weight, the corresponding average daily gains are provided.
For enough exact definition norms, you can also use the norms of feeding older heifers. However, the supplement for fetal growth is not taken into account in them. Therefore, in the last third of pregnancy, the rate is increased by 2.5-3 units.
Feed should only be of good quality. Frozen feed affected by mold and rot (more often root crops and silage) can cause fetal developmental disorders and abortions.
The basis of the rations of the stall period for pregnant dry cows is voluminous, mainly roughage.
A mandatory component of the winter diet should be high-quality hay - a source of energy, protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. The maximum possible amount of hay for pregnant dry cows is up to 2-2.5 kg per 100 kg of live weight, the minimum amount of hay is about 1 kg for every 100 kg of their weight. In the diets of cows with low and medium planned milk yield, part of the hay can be replaced with good spring straw.
The maximum daily haylage supply (when it replaces silage and partially hay) is up to 4-5 kg, and the average is about 2 kg per 100 kg of live weight. Compared to silage, it is fresher, contains sugar and a moderate amount of organic acids, and therefore has a more beneficial effect on metabolic processes.
In the diets of cows with a high planned annual milk yield (more than 4500 kg), it is desirable to include grass cuttings (flour). The recommended daily dacha is 1-3 kg per head per day.
Root and tuber crops are fed from the group of succulent feeds. It is advisable to use them in limited quantities, allowing to eliminate the deficiency in the diets of sugar (due to root crops) and starch (due to potatoes). Their approximate daily dachas per 100 kg of live weight are as follows: fodder beet - up to 1-2 kg, sugar beet - up to 1, potatoes (usually small) - up to 1 kg. Sometimes, for the simultaneous balancing of diets for carotene and sugar, carrots are included in the diets of cows with a high planned milk yield.
Pregnant dry cows should not be fed acidified silage (pH 3.4-3.7), as well as silage feeds with a butyric acid content of more than 0.2%, because. this leads to ketosis and hypocalcemia of cows, to a deterioration in the quality of colostrum after calving: it has low acidity, it contains very few immunoglobulins and vitamins, which is one of the causes of dyspepsia and death of calves in the first week of life.
High-quality silage is fed in moderate quantities - 2-3 kg, up to a maximum of 4 kg per 100 kg of live weight. At the same time, in the last 20 days of dry wood, it is recommended to exclude it from the diet.
Daily concentrations of concentrates depend on the size of the planned annual milk yield and on the concentration of energy in the dry matter of bulky feed. With a high quality of bulky feed (0.7-0.8 units per 1 kg of dry matter), there is no need to give concentrates to cows with a planned milk yield of up to 3000 kg; at low give in the amount of 0.5-1 kg per head per day.
The best concentrated feed for cows in the dry period is considered to be wheat bran, oatmeal, compound feed, flaxseed and sunflower meal. Do not use cotton cakes and meals containing gossypol. When cows are poisoned with gossypol, abortions, the birth of dead or weakened calves are possible. Similar complications are observed when feeding CAB (synthetic nitrogenous substances).
Since the need for protein in pregnant dry cows is high, and it is not recommended to feed them with CAB, it is more expedient to include bulky feeds from legumes and legumes-cereals in their diets compared to feeds from cereals.
When using feed made from cereals, it is necessary to use scarce, often expensive protein supplements (meal, BVD, BMVD, etc.). Winter diets in the absence of root crops are often deficient in sugar. In this case, molasses is added in an amount of 0.5-1, after diluting it with water in a ratio of 1:2-3. The lack of macronutrients, microelements and vitamins is compensated by appropriate supplements.
Active movement of animals in the fresh air during walks in winter time(2-3 hours) enriches the body with oxygen, improves appetite, increases the digestibility of feed, favorably affects the processes of pregnancy and subsequent childbirth; they are less likely to have birth and postpartum complications, retention of the placenta, paresis, mastitis, and young animals are born with a greater body weight and are less likely to get sick.
In the transition from winter to summer feeding of pregnant dry cows and heifers, a certain precaution is observed. A sharp transition from a winter diet rich in structural fiber to feeding young green mass (poor fiber) causes digestive disorders and disrupts the normal course of pregnancy. In addition, harmful and poisonous herbs pose a considerable danger to animals. They appear before other grasses, and if the cattle is driven out hungry, they will eat everything indiscriminately. Therefore, in the first days of the grazing season, animals are fed hay, haylage and other foods rich in fiber before pasture. Good results are obtained when fed in addition to straw cutting, flavored with a solution of molasses. The transition to grazing should be gradual - within 10-15 days.
The basis of the summer diet of pregnant dry cows is cheap pasture grass (up to 40-50 kg per head per day). About 0.5 ha of pasture is required per head. The productivity of pastures depends on many factors, the main of which are: its type and period of use.
With a lack of grass in the pasture, they give green top dressing from the crops of the green conveyor. In the absence of pastures, as well as for other reasons, green fodder can be completely fed in the form of top dressing.
Table salt should always be in the feeders, including when keeping them on pastures. With the constant free access of animals to salt, poisoning of animals is excluded and is observed only after a periodical absence of it. Appropriate additives are used to balance other minerals and vitamins.
In winter and summer, heifers are fed the same feeds and additives as dry cows.
Feeding technique for pregnant dry cows and heifers comes down to the following. They are fed mainly 2 times a day (if there is a large amount of feed dacha - 3 times) with a constant supply drinking water with a temperature not lower than 8-10 0 C. It is better to feed the feed after appropriate individual preparation, and even more effective in the composition of feed mixtures, especially complete (group preparation of feed). It is necessary to strictly observe the feeding regimen so that the animals develop conditioned reflexes and the digestive glands began to function before feed consumption.
It is impossible to drastically change the composition of the diet during transitional periods (from winter to summer and vice versa). New feeds must be introduced gradually, increasing their supply over 10-15 days.
Differences in feeding technique are observed when animals are fed from separate individual feeders (the so-called "hand-feeding") or when animals are kept in groups - a group way of distributing voluminous feeds with individual giving of concentrates and partially root crops.
With separate feeding of feed, the effectiveness of their use depends from the order of their feeding. Root crops and other feed products rich in sugars should be distributed in haylage and silage at least twice a day, which favorably affects the intensity of development of the desired rumen microflora (including decomposing fiber).
It is recommended to distribute grain fodder to each dacha with an optimal degree of grinding - 1.5-3 mm (in the form of turd). Grass feed is fed no later than 1.5-2 hours after the distribution of concentrates. At night it is better to give straw, in the morning - hay. Roughage is fed after succulent ones, as they lie in the feeders for a long time and do not deteriorate.
FEEDING DAIRY COWS
The main condition for the successful development of animal husbandry and increasing the productivity of farm animals is their full feeding. Since the formation of a living organism occurs due to the nutrients of the feed, the rate of growth and development, body weight and productivity are directly dependent on feeding. With inadequate feeding, growth is retarded and the proportionality of the physique is violated, due to which the animals remain underdeveloped and low-productive. The quality of the products obtained also depends on the feeding.
Feeding farm animals is also a branch of animal science that develops methods and techniques for the rational nutrition of animals to obtain animal products used for human nutrition and as raw materials for industry. Feeding as a science studies the nutritional needs of animals, the value of feed and diets, draws up feeding norms and organizes it.
The modern science of feeding farm animals began to take shape at the beginning of the 19th century. The Russian scientists N. P. Chirvinsky, E. A. Bogdanov, M. F. Ivanov, E. F. Liskun, I. S. Popov, and others made a significant contribution to its development.
The main feed is of vegetable origin. Feed needs depend on the natural characteristics of the animals, their age, the direction of productivity (for example, dairy and meat - in cattle), the properties of the feed and the content of nutrients in it. Protein and fiber are important. Due to the peculiarities of the structure of the stomach, ruminants (cattle, sheep) eat roughage well, with a lack of protein in food, they can be given small amounts (60–110 g) of synthetic nitrogenous substances (carbamide, or urea). Fiber is necessary for the normal course of digestive processes.
Based on the generalization of data on the needs of animals in nutrients, feed norms for farm animals were determined. The feed rate is the amount of nutrients needed by animals to maintain life and ensure high productivity. Feed norms are calculated per 100 kg of animal live weight (for beef cattle) or per 1 kg of milk produced (for dairy cows). They are expressed in feed units (see Feed).
A feed ration is a daily feed dacha, composed of different feeds in accordance with the animal's need for nutrients, or a set of feeds, the nutritional value of which corresponds to a certain norm. The structure of the diet determines the type of feeding (bulky, low-concentrate, concentrated, etc.). Depending on the type of feeding, certain groups of feeds predominate in the diet (coarse, juicy, concentrates, etc.).
For practical guidance, typical diets of the main groups of animals are developed in relation to various natural and economic conditions. With their help, the rational feeding of farm animals is carried out, the general needs for a variety of feeds are determined. Typical diets are scientifically substantiated, contain the required amount of protein, amino acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements. A diet that fully satisfies the needs of animals for nutrients and biologically active substances and consists of benign feed is called a complete or balanced diet.
In the feeding of farm animals, in addition to the main feed, biologically active substances, biostimulants (antibiotics, hormones, enzymes, specific sera, tissue preparations, etc.) are used, i.e. various additives that affect the metabolism in the body, digestion processes, digestibility and digestibility nutrients. They specially develop recipes for complete compound feeds, whole milk substitutes, premixes (mixtures of biologically active substances - vitamins, minerals, etc.) and other additives. The feed industry produces feed mixtures according to these recipes. The chemical industry produces carbamide (urea), ammonium salts, synthetic amino acids (lysine, methionine, etc.), vitamins, mineral supplements, and concentrates. Hydrolysis industry - fodder yeast. Of great importance in feeding animals is the preparation of feed for feeding.
The production process in animal husbandry, which provides for the rational use of feed for the production of livestock products. Includes rationing of feeding, formulating diets, preparing feed for feeding, distributing feed. When organizing feeding, the needs of animals are taken into account ( different kind, gender, age, economic purpose, productivity and physiological state) in the energy level of nutrition, digestible protein, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, including trace elements, vitamins. On the basis of feeding norms, rations are compiled that provide for daily dachas of various feeds. The use of nutrients by animals in the diet depends on its structure - the ratio of nutritional value of coarse, juicy, green and concentrated feed. The volume of the feed dacha should correspond to the capacity of the alimentary canal. The rations include a variety of feeds, making the most of feeds of own production.
In cattle breeding, depending on the natural and economic features of the region, the availability of pastures, hayfields and the organization of foraging, several types of feeding are distinguished. The type of feeding with a predominance of succulent and green fodder in the diets with small amounts of roughage and moderate consumption of concentrates corresponds to an intensive agricultural system and provides for the use of root crops and silage in the stall period and green fodder in the pasture. The type of feeding with a predominance of roughage, haylage, silage and pasture grass in the diets is used in areas with an average level of agricultural intensification, with large areas of natural hayfields and pastures. The type of feeding with a high specific gravity of concentrates is used in farms with a lack of coarse, succulent and green fodder; is biologically defective, often causes metabolic disorders. When keeping livestock on a leash, roughage and silage, as a rule, are given to animals of all groups in the same quantities, root crops and concentrates - depending on productivity. In loose free-range housing, animals have free access to roughage and silage. Root and tuber crops are normalized on average per group of animals and fed from group feeders. Concentrates are given to dairy cows in individual feeders on the milking grounds, to dry cows - in group feeders. Approximate daily feed intake (kg): coarse - 4-11, succulent 10 - 40, haylage up to 20-25, green 40-70; concentrates are fed at the rate of 300 g per 1 kg of milk. Part of the green fodder (up to 50%) can be replaced by haylage, silage, melons. The diets of sires differ more high content concentrates - 3-5 kg per head per day; it is recommended to include 0.8-1.2 kg of good cereal-bean hay, 0.8-1 kg of silage, 1-1.5 kg of root crops, as well as animal and mineral feed, vitamins per 100 kg of live weight.
Types of feeding sheep depend on natural and climatic conditions. In the steppe and forest-steppe zones with high plowing of land, roughage in the average annual structure of diets is about 20%, succulent 30-35%, green 40-50%, concentrates about 15%. Hay, haylage, silage predominate in winter rations, in the pasture period - grass of natural and sown pastures. In the regions of Central Asia, South Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia, and the Northern Caspian, pasture grass makes up 70-90% of the annual fodder consumption; on bad days, animals are fed with hay and concentrates. In the non-chernozem zone of the RSFSR, Belarus and the Baltic states, roughage in the diet is 25-35%, succulent about 20%, green 35-40%, concentrates 8-10%. Daily rations for sheep are for the whole flock or for a group of animals. Queens in the first two months of pregnancy on good pastures do not need additional feeding, during the stall period they are fed approximately (1 kg per head per day): hay 2-2.5, silage 2.5-3; in the 2nd half of pregnancy - hay 1.0, silage 2.5, haylage 1.5, concentrates 0.15-0.2, mineral feed. Adult valukhs are kept on pastures all year round. In the diets of sires in the non-occasional stall period, they include (kg): hay 1.5-2, succulent feed 1.5-2, concentrates 0.6-0.8. In the mating season, sheep are given the best pastures, they are given the best hay, root crops, concentrates, sometimes cottage cheese - 0.2-0.25 kg, mineral feed.
Types of horse feeding: concentrated (over 50% of the nutritional ration are concentrates), hay (over 50% hay), with a predominance of succulent feed (over 30% potatoes, root crops or silage), roughage (over 70% straw and hay), green fodder (more than 50% grass), combined (30-40% concentrates, 10-15% succulent and 45-55% coarse). Approximate diets for adult working horses with average work (1 kg per head per day): cereal-legume hay 8-10, concentrates 4-5, silage 15-20, root crops - 5-8, mineral feed.
Types of pig feeding: concentrated (80% or more of the nutritional value of the diet are concentrates), concentrated root crops (65-70% concentrates, 15-20% succulent feeds), concentrated potato (approx. 60% concentrates, 20-25% potatoes and other succulent foods). An approximate diet of single and pregnant queens in the winter (kg): concentrates 2.2, succulent feed 4-5, grass meal 0.5-0.6, mineral feed; in the summer: green mass 7-8, concentrates 2.3-2.5, table salt. Uterus in the 2nd half of pregnancy increase the amount of concentrates (up to 3-3.5 kg). Rations for boars in winter are made up of a mixture of concentrates (2.3-3.5 kg), succulent feed (2-3 kg) and grass meal (0.3-0.5 kg), animal and mineral feed.
Types of feeding in poultry farming - dry and combined. In the dry type, full-fledged industrial compound feeds (loose or granulated) are used, as well as cereals produced on the farm, in combination with concentrate compound feeds with a high protein content. Dry type of feeding is the main one in intensive poultry farming. With the combined type, the rations consist of a dry grain mixture, dry compound feed and wet mixers. Their use is mainly due to the need to use various local protein and vitamin feeds (dairy, slaughterhouse waste, silage, root crops, grass, etc.). The disadvantages of this method are the laboriousness of preparation, the rapid deterioration of wet mashers and the difficulty of mechanizing their distribution, as well as cleaning the feeders. With the cellular content of poultry, a dry type of feeding is used, with outdoor - dry and combined.
The type of feeding of fur animals is determined by the ratio of meat and fish feed in the diet. The approximate composition of the diet (in% by caloric content): meat or fish 65-75, milk, cereals 15-20, vegetables 3, yeast 3-5, fish oil 2-3, mineral feed.
Feed is distributed 2-3 times a day, as a rule, by mobile or stationary feeders.
Feeding farm animals carried out under strict veterinarian control, since deficiencies in the diets of various nutrients, vitamins and minerals, as well as feeding poor-quality feed causes many diseases (avitaminosis, dystrophy, osteodystrophy, feed poisoning, etc.).
Among the diverse external conditions that affect the health of animals, their productivity and resistance to diseases, adequate feeding is of paramount importance. It provides the body with nutrients and determines its vital activity.
Feed that enters the body of an animal undergoes very complex chemical processing and deep transformations under the action of gastric, intestinal and other juices. Part of the feed in a modified state is used to build body tissues and organs and to restore cellular elements to replace aging and decaying ones, such as blood cells and skin epidermis. Another part of the feed is spent on the production of livestock products, to maintain a constant body temperature and the work of internal organs.
Inadequate and inadequate feeding, the use of poor-quality feed, as well as all kinds of violations of the rules of feeding, weaken animals, reduce their productivity and lead to the emergence of various gastrointestinal and other diseases and disorders. So, for example, feeding spoiled feed to animals (moldy hay and concentrates, rotten vegetables and root crops, feed with a large admixture of earth), abrupt transitions from dry food to green very often lead to acute diseases of the stomach and intestines; the presence in feed of an admixture of metal objects (particles of wire, nails, etc.) in cattle is the cause of traumatic diseases of the heart, stomach, intestines and other organs; improper feeding of the mother and feeding the young with feed that does not correspond to the natural needs of the body, lead to various diseases young animals of suckling and weaning ages.
A variety of nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, as well as minerals and vitamins - are of great importance for the normal functioning of the body, increasing the productivity and resistance of animals to diseases. All these substances are contained in feed, but their amount in different feeds is not the same.
Nutrients. Complete feeding comes down to giving the animal the necessary amount of nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
Proteins are highly nutritious nitrogen-containing substances with a very complex chemical structure. They are the main component of the body of the animal. When broken down, proteins are broken down into simpler compounds called amino acids. Amino acids are the building material from which new cells and tissues of the body are formed, as well as animal products.
It has been established that amino acids come not only with feed, but are also synthesized by the animal's body. So, for example, the diverse microorganisms present in the rumen of ruminants have the ability to produce protein and supply it to the animal's body. However, those living beings that are unable to produce the amino acids they need, or produce them in insufficient quantities, should take them ready-made from environment. For example, according to M.G. Balsha, a person needs at least 10 different essential amino acids necessary for life. They must be in food, otherwise significant metabolic disorders develop.
Proteins are necessary for the normal development and growth of young animals, increasing the productivity of dairy cattle and the body's resistance to diseases, for the fertility of breeding animals, etc. Animal proteins, which are, for example, part of colostrum and milk, are more valuable. Proteins of young green plants and timely harvested hay, especially clover and other legumes, also have a high nutritional value.
Carbohydrates, in contrast to proteins, are nitrogen-free nutrients, the presence of which in the feed ration is mandatory. In the absence or a great lack of them, it would be impossible to provide animals with a balanced diet in accordance with the needs of their body. Carbohydrates are the main and most voluminous component of plant foods included in feed rations. In the form of sugars and starch, they are abundant in the cell sap of fresh plants, in seeds, fruits and tubers, and much less in stems and leaves. During the digestion of feed in the body of an animal, carbohydrates are converted into sugary substances and go to nourish its tissues and organs. They also serve as a source of thermal energy, which is released as a result of oxidative processes and ensures the vital activity of the animal organism.
Excess carbohydrates in the liver and muscles are converted into animal starch - glycogen - and deposited in the body or go to the formation of fat. The latter accumulates in the form of fatty layers in the subcutaneous, intermuscular tissue and other parts of the body, and then, as needed, is consumed by the body, in particular with insufficient, poor nutrition and hard work.
Fats, especially neutral fats, called consumable fats, are found in the body in the form of fat droplets or in the form of more massive accumulations and deposits. It is believed that they serve as the main reserve substances, which, after a number of transformations that occur in the body during oxidative and other chemical processes, are used as an energy material. At the same time, fats are good solvents for vitamins contained in the body. They contribute to the normal activity of the liver and pancreas involved in the breakdown and absorption of fats and proteins from feed. Finally, the so-called settled, or invisible, fat is included as an indispensable structural material in the protoplasm of every living cell, ensuring its normal activity. If it becomes visible and is found under a microscope in the form of droplets, then this serves as an indicator of the degeneration of this organ and the disease of the animal.
Minerals. Each organism for its growth and development requires the presence of various minerals.
With insufficient intake of minerals in the body, normal life processes (metabolism) are disturbed, the development and growth of young animals is delayed, animals are easily exposed to a wide variety of diseases. On the basis of insufficient intake of mineral substances, the fertility of animals decreases - the barrenness of the uterine composition increases, milk production sharply decreases; diseases and disorders such as bone softening (osteomalacia), rickets, taste perversion and a number of other diseases occur. The lack of minerals reduces the protective properties of the organism of animals, as a result of which the latter are much more easily exposed to infectious diseases - tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc.
The need for minerals is especially high in pregnant animals and young animals. This is due to the fact that during pregnancy, minerals go not only to meet the needs of the mother's body, but also for the normal development of the fetus. Developing in the womb of the fetus and growing young, minerals are needed primarily to build and strengthen the skeleton. When livestock are fed forage that is poor in minerals (for example, hay from lowland meadows and late-harvest hay harvested after grass flowering, as well as forage harvested in dry years), the lack of minerals must be filled with mineral supplements introduced into the feed ration (bone flour, chalk, iron sulfate, table salt, etc.).
Minerals, depending on the amount in which they are part of plant and animal organisms, are divided into macro- and microelements.
Macronutrients are contained in quantities from whole to hundredths of a percent. Of the macronutrients in the feed ration of animals, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and iron should be contained primarily.
Calcium is widely distributed in nature, found in rocks, in river and spring water, plants, animals and humans. The bulk of it (about 99%) is in the bones, mainly in the form of calcium phosphate. The body's need for calcium is different and depends on the different living conditions of the animal and its physiological state (pregnancy, lactation, growing body of young animals, etc.). Calcium plays an important role in the metabolism of the body.
Phosphorus is found in the body of animals mainly in bone tissue, in combination with calcium and magnesium, in the form of insoluble salts. It also enters the composition of blood, lymph and other tissues of the body, activating their vital activity and the functions of the hematopoietic organs. Phosphorus enters the body with food. It plays an important role in phosphorus-calcium metabolism, restores bone strength in rickets and osteomalacia, improves the general condition and condition of the nervous system of the animal.
In summer, when grazing animals on good herbage and in winter, when feeding with good hay, silage and concentrates included in the diet according to existing standards, mineral supplements in the form of chalk or bone meal are optional. On the contrary, when feeding young animals with feeds poor in calcium and phosphorus, their addition is necessary.
Sodium is found in large quantities in the body, mainly in the form of sodium chloride. It is part of all cells and tissues of the body, in the composition of blood, lymph and tissue fluids and plays an important role in water and general exchange substances, as well as in the construction of body cells. With a large excess of it, salt poisoning occurs with indigestion and depletion of tissues with water. In small doses, it enhances the secretion of the salivary, gastric and intestinal glands, promotes the formation of gastric juice, increases the absorption of nutrients in the intestines, etc.
The addition of table salt to the diet or its use in the form of licks is mandatory, especially for herbivores. Doses of salt for oral administration with food, swill or in the form of licks are as follows: cattle- 20-50 g, horses - 10-25, small cattle - 1-3, piglets and pigs - 0.1-1, foxes - 0.05-0.1, chickens - 0.1-0.2, chickens - 0.01 g.
Iron is of great importance for the life of plants and animals. It is an integral part of blood hemoglobin, is found in organs that form and destroy blood, and is absolutely necessary for metabolism and maintenance of oxidative and recovery processes organism. It enters the body in the form of salts along with plant and animal feed. With a lack of it, blood formation is disturbed and anemia develops, especially in suckling piglets.
Trace elements are called simple, elemental substances that are part of plant and animal organisms in minimal quantities (in thousandths and smaller fractions of a percent).
The most important, vital trace elements are considered; cobalt, iodine, copper, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, boron, bromine, fluorine, chromium, lithium, vanadium and some others.
The lack or excess of microelements in the soil leads to their deficiency or excess in plants (fodder). Insufficient or excessive intake of microelements into the body of an animal with feed can lead to significant or even very severe impairment of its vital functions.
Insufficiency of cobalt in feed causes acobaltosis in animals. They manifest themselves as general anemia with pallor of the mucous membranes and emaciation, especially when copper is deficient at the same time. Acobaltoses are often also called anemia, or dryness. In sick animals, appetite is lost and perverted, lizuha develops, manifested in a strong desire to lick and eat various inedible substances. This leads to digestive and nervous system disorders. Insufficient intake of cobalt in the body sharply disrupts the formation of vitamin B12 by microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract, which leads to the development of mnu- and avitaminosis B12 in animals.
Most often, sheep and cattle suffer from acobaltosis. Farms suffer significant economic damage due to a decrease in weight gain, productivity, and sometimes due to the death of animals. To avoid this, it is recommended to fertilize fields, meadows and pastures with cobalt salts at the rate of 2-2.5 kg per 1 ha of soil together with other fertilizers. It is desirable to give animals as top dressing clover hay, hay flour or dust, which are much richer in minerals than cereal plants.
Insufficiency of cobalt in feed is noted in many regions of the non-chernozem belt (Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, Kostroma regions, Latvia, Belarus, etc.).
In order to prevent acobaltosis in such areas, animals are given cobalt chloride with concentrates or succulent feed in standard one-gram tablets containing 40 or 20 mg of cobalt and 960-980 mg of sodium chloride. The daily dose of cobalt per 1 head: lambs - 1-2 mg, sheep and rams - 2-3, calves and young animals of older age - 3-8, adult animals - 10-15, weaned piglets - 1, pigs (per 100 kg weight) - 3-6 mg.
For therapeutic purposes, the indicated daily doses are doubled. In this case, the daily dacha of cobalt is optional. Sheep can be given it 1-2 times a week, and cattle every other day, respectively increasing the daily dose by the number of missed days. For roars and cows, tablets can be placed in automatic drinking bowls. Birds are given cobalt carbonate at a dose of 2.4 mg per 1 kg of body weight.
When feeding with cobalt, animals gain weight, their productivity (milk yield, wool shearing) and the viability of the offspring increase. The integrated use of microelements is more effective and promising, especially in fur farming and poultry farming. Recently, vitamin B12 containing cobalt has been used with great success for the same purpose. It is many times more active than the last one.
Iodine deficiency in soil, water and plants is observed in the Leningrad, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions, in the east of Russia (the Yenisei, Ob, Angara rivers, Lake Baikal), in Belarus, and partly in Ukraine. Iodine deficiency affects the health of all farm animals. Particularly sensitive to it are lactating and lactating uterus, giving a significant amount of iodine with milk. With iodine deficiency in the body of animals, the formation of the hormone thyroxin decreases, oxidative processes are weakened, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the blood decreases, metabolic processes are disrupted - the chemistry of tissues.
The main signs of iodine deficiency in animals, as in humans, are an increase in the thyroid gland, called goiter (Fig. 1), underdevelopment of the skeleton and short stature. In addition, swelling of the head, increased heart rate, a decrease in all types of productivity (in birds of egg production), frequent cases of the birth of underdeveloped and dead fetuses, and baldness are observed. Decreased fertility of animals. Livestock farms suffer significant economic damage.
Prevention of iodine deficiency (goiter disease) is carried out by the systematic inclusion of iodized salt containing potassium iodide, or fishmeal and seaweed in the feed rations.
The daily dose of potassium iodide per head is: young cattle - 0.75-1 mg, adult animals - 1.5-2.5, lambs - 0.15-0.20, sheep - 0.25 0.40, weaned piglets - 0.10-0.15, pigs (per 100 kg of weight) - 0.25-0.50, birds (per 1 kg of weight) - 1.5 mg.
To prepare iodized salt, take 2.5 g of potassium iodide and dissolve in 100 ml of cooled boiled water. This solution is first thoroughly mixed with 1 kg, and then with 99 kg of common salt. During the preparation of iodized salt, it should not be allowed to come into contact with metal objects. Salt is stored in dry tight containers, it is given in the same doses as ordinary table salt.
For the purpose of prevention, it is also recommended to fertilize fields, meadows and pastures with iodine-containing products, in particular algae.
Copper deficiency in feed is found in the non-chernozem zone and Polissya, in areas with sandy and peat-marshy soils. Insufficient intake of copper with feed is reflected primarily in sheep, on the condition of their coat. The coat becomes coarser, duller, disheveled and less crimped. With copper deficiency, lambs, as well as piglets, lag behind in growth, piglets' legs are bent, milk production and reproductive ability in sheep are significantly reduced. Anemia develops with pallor of the mucous membranes, a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood and a sharp (30-40 times) decrease in copper in the liver. Oxidative processes are weakened, animals lose weight; at the same time, the amount of manganese in the blood and liver decreases.
Sometimes lambs and sheep develop severe nervous disorders with movement disorders, semi-paralysis and paralysis of the limbs. Such a disease usually develops with copper deficiency and a simultaneous high content of lead and molybdenum. It is called enzootic ataxia of sheep. In the brains of animals that have died from enzootic ataxia, foci of brain tissue melting are found. The disease occurs in the Caspian lowland, Dagestan, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic and is accompanied by high mortality.
In order to prevent and treat diseases associated with copper deficiency, animals are given daily copper sulphate (copper sulfate) in the following doses per head: sheep 5-10 mg, lambs - 3-6, young cattle - 25-50, adult animals - 50-100, weaned piglets - 2, pigs (per 100 kg of weight) - 3-10, birds (per 1 kg of weight) - 2-10 mg per day. In practice, they do this: 1 kg of copper sulphate in the form of a powder is thoroughly mixed with 1 ton of table salt and this mixture is given daily instead of ordinary table salt in the following doses per day: cows (per 400-500 kg of weight) 20-30 g and additionally (per 1 kg of milk) 2-3 g; fattened cattle - adult 60-80 g, young animals (per 100 kg of weight) 40-50 g; sheep for 1 head - pregnant ewes 8-10 g, suckling 11-15 and adult sheep before mating 5-8 g.
Lack of manganese in feed leads to a significant decrease in milk productivity, to stunted growth of young animals. In females, a disorder of the sexual cycle is observed, in males, a partial or complete loss of reproductive ability occurs as a result of profound qualitative changes (degeneration) in the testes.
To prevent disorders associated with manganese deficiency, it is recommended to add manganese sulfate to the feed rations of animals daily in the following doses per head: adult cattle - 75-250 mg, young animals - 10-30, sheep - 3-5, pigs (per 100 kg of weight) - 3-4, birds (per 1 kg of weight) - 50 mg.
Animal diseases can also arise from an excess of trace elements. An excess of microelements such as strontium, barium, molybdenum and some others in the feed, with simultaneous calcium deficiency, is observed in soils and vegetable feeds of the Far Eastern regions of Russia along the Ur and Zeya rivers and leads to a disease of young animals and birds, called Urov disease. A similar disease occurs there in humans. The main signs of the disease are: stunted growth and development of young animals, curvature and frequent fractures of the bones of the limbs and spine, damage to the joints with impaired mobility, thinning, deformation and resorption of articular cartilage, decreased productivity and reproductive ability of animals, significant death of young animals.
In order to prevent Urov's disease, systematic vitamin and mineral feeding of animals, the introduction of phosphorus-calcium fertilizers into the soil and the improvement of living conditions for animals, especially young animals, are recommended.
With an excess of copper, the amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells in the blood decreases, a special form of anemia and progressive exhaustion develop.
From an excess of strontium, significant violations of mineral metabolism occur, which affects the formation and development of the skeleton: a special form of rickets occurs.
With an excess of fluoride in drinking water in animals, as in humans, tooth enamel is destroyed and an increased fragility of the skeleton develops. This disease is called bone fluorosis.
An excess of nickel in sheep and cattle causes inflammation of the membranes of the eye, clouding of the lens (cataract) and cornea due to the deposition of nickel in it. Animals develop what is known as nickel blindness.
Measures for the prevention of the above disorders and disorders caused by an excess of certain trace elements have not yet been developed enough. First of all, they should be aimed at improving zoohygienic conditions and normalizing vitamin and mineral metabolism in animals.
Vitamins. Vitamins are organic matter absolutely necessary for the normal functioning of the animal organism (in Latin, the word "vita" - life). They are formed mainly in plants, take an active part in the metabolic reactions of the body and affect a variety of physiological processes, such as growth, development, the activity of hematopoietic organs, the functions of the reproductive system, and so on. Good silage prepared from young green plants, harvested in time and well dried (not in the sun) meadow hay and hay from clover, vetch-oat mixture and alfalfa can be sources of vitamins during the stall keeping of livestock. Carrots and green sprouts of wheat, barley, oats, etc. are also rich in vitamins. Although vitamins do not have such nutritional properties as proteins, fats and carbohydrates, it is difficult to overestimate their importance in the life of the body.
Diseases caused by a lack of vitamins in feed are called hypovitaminosis and mi, and their absence is called avitaminosis, but the latter are very rare in practice. Hypo- and avitaminosis most often affects pregnant and lactating uterus due to the fact that they have a greater need for vitamins than other animals, since a significant part of the vitamins they receive goes to the developing fetus, and after birth it is excreted with colostrum and milk.
The causes of hypo- and beriberi are most often gastrointestinal and infectious diseases, in which the activity of the mucous membranes and saprophytic microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is sharply disrupted: their active participation in the synthesis of vitamins and the conversion of provitamins into vitamins is disrupted.
Enrichment of feed rations with vitamins significantly increases the absorption of feed and the productivity of animal husbandry. The growth of animals is accelerated, the waste of young animals is sharply reduced, and the cost of feed per unit of growth or production is almost halved.
Vitamins are denoted by the letters A, B, C, D, E, etc.
Vitamin A is formed in the body from provitamin A, called carotene, and accumulates mainly in the liver. Carotene is found in all green plants and carrots, but it is unstable and quickly destroyed when herbs are dried in the sun. Better preserved in silage and hay meal made from artificially dried high quality hay, especially legume hay. Up to 85% of carotene is preserved in hay flour (V. Bukin). Therefore, the inclusion of 3-4% of such flour in the diet of pigs and birds is considered quite sufficient for the normal functioning of their body.
Young animals and birds from the first days of their lives are in dire need of vitamin A, since the mother's body is unable to transfer significant reserves of the vitamin to the fetus. In the absence of vitamin A in feed, young animals quickly develop beriberi and die.
Vitamin starvation due to a lack of vitamin A is often accompanied by eye disease (night blindness), in pregnant animals it sometimes leads to abortions, and in young animals it also contributes to the occurrence of gastrointestinal and other diseases.
V. Bukin points out that, according to the observations of the Latvian Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, due to the wide and skillful use of vitamins, it is possible to reduce the rate of drinking colostrum and whole milk for raising calves by 4-5 times and reduce it to 80-100 liters instead of 400-500 l. After that, it is recommended to switch to feeding skimmed skim milk enriched with vitamins A and D, since the latter are removed together with fat during milk separation and are absent in the skim milk. Therefore, such a vitamin supplement is required. This method of watering calves gives great benefits: it allows you to save 12-14 kg butter from drinking milk to each calf at the cost of vitamins only 1 p. 80 k. per head.
The need of animals and birds for vitamin A is approximately the following: horses, cattle - about (H) units per 1 kg of weight, pigs - 120, lactating queens - 300 units per 1 kg of weight, chickens - 2500 units per 1 kg of feed, laying hens - 500, turkeys - 5000 IU per 1 kg of feed. With a lack of complete feed, young branches of pine and spruce are used, and fish oil is also used: it is rich in carotene. In the grazing season, animals receive it in sufficient quantities with green grass, and therefore do not need additional vitamin supplements. With a lack of carotene or vitamin A, hypo- and even avitaminosis A develops.
The B vitamins combine up to 12 different vitamins, including B1 and B12. B vitamins are needed mainly for pigs and birds. They are rich in dry fodder and brewer's yeast, which are successfully used as an additive in feed rations. B vitamins strengthen the nervous system and heart activity, contribute to the normal development of the digestive organs in newborns, especially the fore-stomachs of ruminants, and increase the body's resistance to diseases. With a lack of these vitamins, in particular vitamin B1, animals experience nervous disorders, irritability, convulsions, general weakness, diarrhea and constipation, swelling of the limbs, and emaciation. Birds with vitamin B deficiency often die during convulsive seizures.
Vitamin B12 deserves special attention. In this group of vitamins, it is the most deficient, since it is neither found in plant foods nor in yeast. In small quantities, it is found in fish and meat and bone meal, and in dairy waste. But its main suppliers are biofactories, where it is produced in large quantities. The Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, with the help of methane-forming bacteria grown on the waste of distilleries - stillage, managed to obtain a dry biomass that contains 50-60% protein and is more than 1000 times richer than fishmeal in vitamin B12 content. With extensive testing of biomass on pigs and poultry, weight gain increased by 18-30%, the assimilation of protein and carotene in feed increased, and the waste of young animals decreased.
The formation of vitamin B12, and with it protein, also occurs in the animal body itself, especially in the rumen of ruminants and the large intestine. It depends on the activity of the microorganisms contained in it, which have the ability to synthesize the vitamin and promote its accumulation in the body. Most of the vitamin B12 is in the liver and kidneys, a lot in cod liver, fishmeal, in the contents of the stomach and intestines of ruminants and in bird droppings.
It has been established that a long stay of bird droppings in the room contributes to the formation of vitamin B12 by the microbes contained in it. It is believed that "... if the bird does not have enough vitamin B12 in the feed ration, then it instinctively eats the litter in which this vitamin is located." This phenomenon, called coprophagia, is observed not only in birds, but especially in piglets.
The main element of vitamin B12 is cobalt, contained in an amount of 4.5%. It is believed that the therapeutic and nutritional effects of this vitamin, as well as this hematopoietic ability, depend mainly on the presence of cobalt in it.
Currently, the so-called biological preparation of vitamin B12 (PABA) is being successfully used. Along with the use in sows and piglets, the drug is used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes against group A vitamin deficiencies, gastrointestinal disorders, anemia, and for better development of calves and birds.
For the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases arising from feeding errors, calves are given PABA in the first 3 days after birth, once a day, at a dose of 40-50 mcg (based on the content of vitamin B12). For therapeutic purposes in case of anemia, group B beriberi and gastrointestinal disorders, the drug is used 15 minutes before feeding 3 times a day until the disease stops.
With the content of vitamin B12 in the biological product PABA 1000 mcg per 1 l, single doses of its calves (per head): at the age of 1-10 days - 40-50 ml, 11-20 days - 50-60, 21-30 days - 60-80 , older than 30 days-100 ml. When the content of the vitamin in a different concentration, make the appropriate recalculations per milliliters. Doses of the drug are usually indicated on the labels of the vials in which it is produced.
For the prevention of group B vitamin deficiencies, anemia and gastrointestinal diseases in chickens, PABA is given once a day with food or instead of water for 3 days in a row (it should not be given in galvanized drinkers). Single doses (per head): chickens aged 1-5 days - 0.5-1 ml, 6-10 days - 1-1.5, 11-20 days - 1.5-2, 21-30 days - 2 -3, older than 30 days and adult birds - 3-4 ml.
For the purpose of treating chickens, PABA is used in the same doses, but not once, but 3 times a day until the disease stops.
Of course, along with the use of vitamin B12 in farms, it is necessary to carry out appropriate sanitary, hygienic and zootechnical measures aimed at increasing the resistance of animals to diseases.
Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, in its natural form is found in rose hips and blackcurrants, oranges and lemons, in pine and spruce needles, linden and birch leaves, in sorrel, cabbage, nettle, etc. This drug is produced from them, but it is also obtained artificial, synthetic way. Vitamin C is called antiscorbutic, preventing the appearance of scurvy and helping to cure it. Therefore, pigs, dogs and other carnivores that do not eat plant foods and are prone to this disease are most in need of it.
Ascorbic acid strengthens the walls blood vessels, prevents loosening and bleeding of mucous membranes, activates the activity of gastrointestinal and other enzymes and hormones. It is used for hypo- and beriberi C (scurvy, scurvy), heart disease, liver, poorly healing wounds, ulcers, etc. Doses for internal use (per 1 dose): horses - 0.5-3 g, cattle - 0 ,7-4, small cattle - 0.2-0.5, pigs - 0.1-0.5, dogs - 0.03-0.1, foxes and arctic foxes - 0.05-0.1, sables and minks - 0.005-0.05 g (I. E. Mozgov).
Vitamin D in feed rations is considered very deficient. According to Professor V. Bukin, it is present in minimal amounts even in the best feeds (sun-dried hay, fish oils, whole milk, etc.). Vitamin D contributes to the absorption of calcium and phosphorus salts by the body and the proper formation and development of the skeleton. It is called an anti-rachitic vitamin, since when it is deficient, young animals develop rickets. When grazing animals in the summer, there is no need to supplement this vitamin, since under the influence of solar radiant energy it is formed in the body itself. Dairy cattle are in great need of vitamin D, since with each liter of milk cows excrete and, consequently, lose more than 1 g of calcium, as well as laying hens, which need calcium salts for the formation of eggshells.
In providing the body with vitamin D, the exercise of animals in the fresh air and their exposure to mercury-quartz and are of great importance. other lamps. Under the influence of ultraviolet energy, provitamin ergosterol is converted into vitamin D2 and provitamin 7 - dehydrocholesterol - into vitamin D3 and the body is enriched with them. A valuable source of vitamin D concentrate used in animal husbandry is irradiated yeast, which is a dry preparation with a standard vitamin content. One kilogram of such yeast is able to enrich 15-20 tons of animal feed with vitamin D.
In order to prevent avitaminosis D (rickets) during the stall period, it is recommended to introduce vitamin preparations into the diet, based on the daily need of animals for vitamin D. They can be administered not daily, but at intervals of 5-10 days. Depending on the biological activity of the drugs, the following norms for their administration are recommended.
When signs of rickets appear, the doses of these drugs should be increased by 5-10 times, mineral nutrition should be improved, ultraviolet irradiation and organize daily animal walks, especially on sunny days.
Vitamin E is called the reproduction vitamin. It favorably affects the formation and vital activity of spermatozoa, sexual hunting of producers and females, their ability to bear children and the development of the embryo. By normalizing the reproductive functions of males and females, it prevents them from infertility. In its natural form, vitamin E is found in cereals and grains, vegetables, cottonseed oil and sea buckthorn oil, milk, lard, etc. But it can also be obtained synthetically. In industrial production, vitamin E is usually extracted from wheat germ and produced in the form of an oil concentrate containing 0.003 g of vitamin per 1 ml. The dose of vitamin inside: cattle - 0.01-0.03 g, dogs - 0.001-0.002, foxes and arctic foxes - 0.0005-0.001 g.
The foregoing shows how important the individual nutrients of a particular feed are for life processes organism and for its resistance to various diseases. However, in order for feeding to achieve its goal and play its due role in the prevention of diseases, the quality composition of feeds alone is far from enough. For this, it is also necessary to correctly compose feed rations and observe the established zoohygienic rules for feeding animals.
Animal feeding is based on the norms of feeding established by science and proven by practice. On the basis of these norms, feed rations are made for animals. A properly formulated feed ration should contain all the nutrients the animal needs and fully satisfy its needs. At the same time, the amount and combination of nutrients in the diet, as noted by A.P. Dmitrochenko and others, should not be stereotyped, but should be based on specific economic conditions, the needs of individual animals for various feeds and the physiological capabilities of the body.
Feeding according to the norms is the most expedient and correct, as it meets the actual needs of animals for nutrients and makes it possible to get more meat, fats, milk, wool, etc. from them. On the contrary, feeding without weight and measure, as well as poor preparation of feed for feeding and other feeding errors to some extent affect the general condition of the animal body and very often lead to gastrointestinal and other diseases. So, for example, feeding animals a plentiful daily ration for 1-2 times and excessive eating of succulent and highly fermenting feeds (clover grass, etc.) very often cause diseases of the stomach and intestines, sometimes leading to death.
Systematic violation of the daily routine in terms of feeding and watering upsets the normal activity of the stomach and intestines and leads to a weakening of the body to various diseases.
Feeding large amounts of highly nutritious concentrated feed to animals without taking into account the needs for them and the physiological capabilities of the body leads to metabolic disorders, obesity, and a weakening of resistance to harmful external influences.
Abundant feeding of highly productive cows from the first days after calving often leads to a sharp metabolic disorder and a serious illness - toxemia; animals lose their economic value and often die. It should also be borne in mind that even a short-term decrease in the feed ration of high-yielding crowns and a violation of the daily routine take them out of their normal state, as a result of which milk yields sharply decrease, and in order to achieve an increase in cow productivity to the previous level, quite a long time and a lot of money are required. forces and means.
Consequently, animal feeding achieves its goal only when the feed ration is correctly compiled and used on time, when it satisfies the needs of the animal, and when the farm feed is used reasonably and expediently.
Features of feeding pregnant animals. In order to maintain the health of pregnant animals and get healthy offspring from them, it is very important to provide them with adequate feeding during all periods of pregnancy.
Variable animals require more nutrients. They are necessary for them to ensure the physiological functions of their body, for the development of the fetus and the deposition of reserves from which milk is formed after childbirth.
Feeding pregnant animals should be in full accordance with the period of pregnancy. In the first half of pregnancy, more bulky feed (silage, hay, etc.) and less concentrates should be introduced into the feed ration for queens. In the second half of pregnancy, the supply of roughage is reduced, and the amount of concentrates is increased, since more nutrients are required for the growth of the fetus during this period.
The feed ration of pregnant animals should contain a sufficient amount of proteins, minerals and vitamins necessary to fully meet the needs of not only the mother, but also the developing fetus. In particular, it is recommended that animals be given crushed chalk, bone meal, phosphorine, table salt, trace elements - cobalt, copper, iodine, etc. in normal doses. In addition to good hay and silage, carrots, fortified fish oil, sprouted grains, and concentrates of vitamins A, B, D are very useful. The lack of these substances in the diets of queens can even cause mass abortions.
Insufficient feeding combined with poor conditions of care and maintenance lead to the rapid exhaustion of pregnant animals and the birth of a weak, non-viable offspring from them, which often dies. Feeding spoiled and frozen food to pregnant animals, a large number silage, bards, brewer's grains, etc., as well as drinking cold water, are unacceptable, because they can cause an abortion. Vitamin starvation, due to the lack of vitamin A in the feed, and keeping pregnant animals in machines with a large slope of the floor sometimes lead to abortion, prolapse of the vagina and uterus. The lack of minerals in feed and drinking water contributes to the occurrence of osteomalacia in pregnant animals and the birth of rickety offspring.
Feeding the young. Feeding young animals is divided into normal and dietary.
Regular feeding. I. Calf feeding. It is necessary to water the calf no later than one hour after birth and only with paired, unconditionally clean colostrum.
For this purpose, cows are milked before each giving of milk to calves. If the colostrum has cooled down, it is heated to 35-38 °. Giving calves colostrum is necessary, as it is very rich in highly nutritious proteins, mineral salts, vitamins and protective substances that increase the resistance of calves to diseases.
It is absolutely unacceptable to drink cold milk, sour and even more so contaminated,
In farms that are unfavorable in terms of gastrointestinal diseases of young animals, as well as in fattening ones, sometimes calves are raised in a milk-sucking way. Within a week after calving, before milking, the calf is allowed to approach its mother, and then she is milked.
Colostrum and milk are fed to calves from special 2-3-liter drinkers with rubber nipples or even through a regular nipple. This contributes to a slower flow of milk into the stomach and dilution of it with saliva, which improves the digestion of milk and protects the calves from gastrointestinal diseases and disorders.
From the first days, the born young animals must be given clean, boiled, cooled to 30 ° water 1-2 hours after feeding with milk. When diarrhea appears, the amount of water is increased, and the milk supply is reduced to half or replaced completely with water for one feeding. Within 10-15 days, the mother's milk is drunk according to a certain scheme, and in the first 4-5 days it is recommended to drink the calf to its full, at least 5 times a day. From 16-20 days of age, milk is gradually replaced with reverse.
The experience of livestock leaders has shown that calves develop much better if from this age they are accustomed to concentrates. By the end of the month, the yulite is accustomed to hay and root crops. Mineral supplementation is required. It is also necessary that the diet contains foods rich in vitamins: good meadow or clover hay and carrots. In their absence, fish oil containing vitamin A and vitamin D is given. This is of great preventive importance.
Recently, shift-group rearing of calves, recommended by the Scientific and Technical Council of the MCX USSR in 1961, has been increasingly introduced into the practice of livestock farms.
After drinking the mother's colostrum in the first 5-8 days, calves of the same age and weight are selected, grouped by 3-4 heads and assigned to nursing cows with an annual milk yield of 2000 to 3000 kg. Cows and calves are kept separately. Calves are allowed to nurse 3 times a day at the same hours, opening the doors of the group cages where they are kept. Feeding lasts no more than 30 minutes; Usually the calves go to their places on their own. The duration of their cultivation under wet nurses is determined at 2-3 months. Consequently, during the lactation period of cows, from 2 to 4 rounds of shift-group rearing of calves can take place. After weaning the calves, the cows are milked for 1 month, then 3-4 calves are fixed again.
During this period, vitamin-mineral and nutritional feeding of calves with skim, concentrates, hay, silage is carried out in the usual way.
The experience of livestock breeders shows that with this method of cultivation, Better conditions for the preservation, development of young animals and the prevention of disease; higher weight gain of calves is provided, labor costs are reduced and feed costs and the cost of 1 kg of weight gain during the milk period are reduced.
II. Piglets feeding. When raising piglets, the main task is to fully preserve them and raise large, healthy, highly productive animals. After sanitation, the born piglets are placed under the uterus, the udder of which is preliminarily washed with a warm 2% solution of boric acid or soda.
From the very first days, piglets need mineral supplements, as the milk of sows is very poor in iron. In order to avoid anemia that develops in them on the basis of iron deficiency, it is recommended that piglets be given a solution of iron sulphate from 3-5 days of age (2.5 g of iron sulphate is dissolved in 1 liter hot water). At first, when the piglets are still small, the udder teats are moistened with a cooled solution of ferrous sulfate, or poured into each piglet's mouth by a teaspoon. In the future, this solution, 10 ml per head, is mixed with feed.
For the prevention and treatment of anemia in piglets, it is recommended to give 0.5-1 g of iron glycerophosphate for 5-10 days. Give it through the mouth with a teaspoon, 1 time per day or every other day, after stirring the drug in a cup with 3-4 ml of water or milk. Sometimes piglets of 5-7 days of age are fed with special granular compound feed in the form of grains containing 1-1.5% glycerophosphate. Compound feed is given from the troughs for 30-50 and a day for 6-10 days and drinkers with water are placed next to the troughs.
For therapeutic purposes, glycerophosphate is used at a dose of 1-1.5 g per day and given for 6-10 days. Signs of anemia disappear on the 6-8th day. At the same time, measures are being taken to improve the conditions for keeping, caring for and feeding piglets in accordance with veterinary and zootechnical requirements and provide other minerals (chalk, bone meal, charcoal).
In order to prevent gastrointestinal diseases, it is very useful to give acidophilus, artificial and dry colostrum. To prepare artificial colostrum, take 1 liter of pasteurized milk and add 2-3 yolks chicken eggs, pounded in 15 ml of fish oil, and 10 a of table salt. After that, the colostrum is considered ready for consumption.
From 15-20 days of age, piglets are gradually accustomed to grain feed and cow's milk. Milk must be fresh, from healthy cows. It is desirable that it be paired and, moreover, from the same cows, but not combined.
The cooled milk must be heated to 35-37 ° before drinking. From 3-5 days of age, piglets should be given boiled clean water room temperature, from the 5th-7th day - grain top dressing in a fried form, and from the 10th day they cook cereals, kissels, mealy feed, etc.
Piglets are weaned at the age of two months and, moreover, gradually, less and less often, letting them go to the uterus for feeding. If a lot of milk accumulates in the udder, the piglets are let in again to avoid inflammation of the sow's udder.
III. Feeding the lambs. Lambs (and kids) are kept under the womb until they are 3 months old. With multiple lambing, extra lambs should not be taken away from the ewe, but in order to avoid exhaustion and diseases of the ewe, it is only necessary to improve her feeding. In extreme cases, a third lamb can be placed under another uterus with the same lambing period. Ewes with lambs are kept in greenhouses for the first 3-5 days, and then transferred to a shed. The first feeding of the lambs should be no later than 30 minutes after lambing.
Feeding lambs with concentrates and minerals (chalk, bone meal, etc.) usually begins at the age of 10-15 days, and strained oatmeal broth is a very good food during this period. Based on the experience of the best breeders, it is also recommended to feed the lambs with cow's milk. Feeding with cow's milk in the first 10-12 days should be done at least every 2 hours, and later - at least every 3 hours. The utensils from which milk is drunk must be clean. From the 2-3rd week, lambs also need drinking water 2-3 times a day.
Weaning of lambs from queens is carried out at 2.5-3 months of age, and from breeding sheep - not earlier than 3-4 months. During the grazing period, lambs are driven out to graze along with ewes, starting from 4-5 days of age.
IV. Feeding foals. The suckling period of a foal lasts on average 6-7 months. After this period, the foals are weaned from the queens, concentrated in groups and provided with a variety of digestible feeds (green grass, good hay, carrots and a small amount of concentrates). In the summer, they are released to pasture, and foals and fillies are kept separately. They are kept in the pasture around the clock. To protect from rain and wind, sheds closed on three sides are arranged.
Dietary feeding. In animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, it is practiced mainly in relation to young and sick animals. Therefore, it can be divided into preventive and therapeutic feeding.
The concept of preventive feeding of young animals primarily includes the supply of rations that are complete in nutrition and vitamin and mineral substances, as well as the indispensable good quality, digestibility and high digestibility of feed and their good preparation for feeding, compliance with a constant regimen of feeding and watering animals.
If, in case of indigestion, the feces of sick calves and piglets acquire a lighter color, sour smell and become foamy, then fermentation processes predominate in the intestines. In this case, carbohydrate-rich foods (root crops, potatoes, oatmeal, etc.) should be excluded from their diet, and acidophilic yogurt, milk, cake, meat meal should be given. Favorable also natural gastric juice horses and artificial gastric juice.
If the stool becomes more dark color and a putrid smell, which means that decay processes predominate in the intestines with the formation of hydrogen sulfide and other putrefactive products. In this case, they do the opposite: protein foods, milk and dairy products are excluded from the diet and carbohydrate foods are fed. At the same time, concentrates of vitamins A and D2 are prescribed: vitamin A for piglets - 10-15 thousand units each, for calves - 15-20 thousand units each; vitamin D (at its content in the amount of 50 thousand units in 1 ml) - respectively 2 and 3 drops per day. They also give minerals - calcium, phosphorus, and piglets and iron. For this purpose, primarily natural sources of these substances are used - colostrum and cow's milk, carrots, root crops, hay flour, especially from legumes, silage, bone meal, crushed chalk, table salt.
They provide walks and pay special attention to the good quality of milk and the cleanliness of the dishes from which they drink it, since the main causes of illness and death of young animals in the first 2-3 weeks of their life are violations of the conditions of detention and feeding.
If it is impossible to take food due to damage in the mouth and pharynx, artificial nutrition through the rectum (1% sugar solution, glucose, etc.), possibly (5% glucose solution) or intravenously (20-40% glucose solution, 5-10% alcohol solution, 0.85 % sodium chloride solution).
In order to prevent diseases in young animals, the following dietary feeds are recommended: acidophilic yogurt, hay infusion, silage juice, oatmeal jelly, malted feed, natural horse gastric juice, mucous decoctions, mashed potatoes, etc.
For prophylactic purposes, acidophilic yogurt is recommended to be fed to calves from the first day of life along with colostrum or milk. Approximate daily norms of curdled milk: at the age of 1 to 7 days - 100-400 ml per day; from the 7th to the 14th day - 500-700; from the 15th to the 30th day - 800-900 ml. With a therapeutic purpose, the norms of curdled milk are increased by 2-3 times by reducing the supply of milk, without reducing, however, the amount of concentrates. If diarrhea does not stop, milk is completely excluded from the diet and only yogurt is fed. Under the influence of the lactic acid present in it, the acidity of the gastric juice increases and the activity of harmful microbes that cause gastrointestinal diseases is suppressed.
Hay infusion is prepared from the best, finely chopped hay and after pasteurization for 5 minutes at 70-80 ° cooled to 37-38 ° and drunk fresh from the 3-5th day of life. It is used as an additional nutrient that improves appetite and prevents gastrointestinal diseases. Apparently, it contains very little carotene. In the presence of diarrhea, the infusion is used for therapeutic purposes. At this time, the rate of milk or colostrum is reduced by half, replacing them with infusion, or even for 10-12 hours, the calf is completely excluded from the diet and watered with one hay infusion. Give it 30-60 minutes before drinking milk or colostrum.
Silage juice is sterilized for 30-40 minutes at 70-80°C and given to calves together with colostrum or milk to prevent and treat gastrointestinal disorders 3-4 times a day in doses: calves up to 10 days - with a preventive purpose of 15 ml, with therapeutic - 20 ml; at the age of 20 days - 25 and 40 ml, respectively, over 20 days - from 50 to 60-100 ml.
Oatmeal jelly is made from good quality wholemeal oatmeal, stored in a cold place. Oatmeal jelly is given only fresh, together with milk after heating to 36-38 °. Kissel is a very nutritious diet food. calves early age eat it very well and come in weight. Approximate daily doses for calves: at the age of 12-15 days - 100-300 a, 16-21 days - 450-600, 22-28 days -700-900, 29-35 days - 1200-1800, 30-45 days - 2400
Malted feeds are prepared in order to convert the starch contained in the grain into sugar and improve palatability. The amount of sugar in it increases by 2-3 times and reaches 8-12%. Malted feed is fed in a fresh, non-acidified state, in an amount not exceeding 50% of the norm of concentrates, more often from 100 to 300 a per day.
Natural horse gastric juice, proposed by A. M. Smirnov, is widely used for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and other diseases, especially in young animals. It is a clear liquid, the healing properties of which are best preserved in the refrigerator at a temperature of 0 to -1.5 ° in well-corked sterile vials.
Preventive and therapeutic doses of juice for internal use: for calves - 30-50 ml, for piglets - 10-25 ml. Natural horse gastric juice is given to calves and piglets in these doses 2-3 times a day 10-20 minutes before feeding. It is poured into chickens in drinking bowls (non-metallic) or in porcelain cups and given as a drink also 2-3 times a day and also 10-20 minutes before feeding.
The course of treatment of calves with simple dyspepsia is on average 1-2 days, with toxic, in combination with others therapeutic measures, - 3-4 days; piglets - 3-4 days.
On average, a calf needs 250-300 ml of juice for a course of treatment. Before giving it, it is recommended that instead of colostrum, first drink 0.7-1 l of physiological 0.85% sodium chloride solution, and at the next regular feeding, give colostrum in half with chilled boiled water.
Artificial gastric juice is recommended for the same purposes. To prepare it, take 5 ml of strong hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.19), dilute it in 1 liter of cooled boiled water, add 10 g of food pepsin, and the juice is considered ready for use. Calves are given 50-100 ml 3 times a day.
Mucous decoctions are prepared from flaxseed, oats and barley, cooled to 37-39 ° and fed to calves in approximately the same amount as oatmeal jelly. In case of poisoning, decoctions are used as enveloping agents.
Mashed potatoes are used for calves of post-colostrum age along with milk. First, it is given in an amount of up to 200 g, and by the age of one month, the daily rate is adjusted to 1.5 kg.
Yeasted feeds are used as flavoring and dietary products. Yeast fungi, added and ground grain or bran, multiply rapidly and enrich the feed with proteins and vitamins. At the same time, lactic acid fermentation and the accumulation of organic acids useful for the body (lactic acid, etc.) occur. The whole yeasting process lasts 6-9 hours. Animals should be accustomed to yeasted feed gradually and bring it up to 25% of the diet.
Oat milk is used as an easily digestible, tasty, nutritious feed and dietary supplement.
