Position: teacher
Educational institution: MBDOU kindergarten No. 9
Locality: Blizhne-Pesochnoe, Vyksa
Name of material: Project
Topic: "Language is a friend - language is an enemy"
Description:
The type of project is educational - research. The duration of the project is medium-term. Object of research - Language Project participants - children of the senior group, teacher, parents. Project implementation period – 1 month (01/18/16 - 02/15/16)Link to publication:
http://site/doshkolnoe/index?nomer_publ=3914Published 06/07/2016
Text part of the publication
Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten No. 9
Project
“Language – friend or foe?”
Completed:
Teacher Belyakova A.P. children 5-6 years old Vyksa r.p. Bl – Sand 2016
Project type
– educational – research.
Project duration
– medium-term.
Object of study
- Language
Project participants
– children of the older group, teacher, parents.
Project implementation period
– 1 month (01/18/16 - 02/15/16)
“All organs of the body get tired someday, but not
language."
Konrad Adenauer
Relevance
If the ideas of most children about the role of the body in general correspond to reality, then children understand the meaning and role of the body in human life one-sidedly, underestimating the full importance of internal organs and not imagining the full variety of their functions. In a lesson on the topic “Which organ is the most important?” we were talking about language. The question arose: “You can live without language, is it so important?” The children wanted to learn everything about the language of humans and animals.
Hypotheses
Language is a friend? Is language the enemy?
What do we know?
Humans and animals have language. Tongues are pink and red in color. The tongues are oval in shape. People talk and eat using language. Animals need a tongue in order to eat and lick.
What do we want to know?
Do everyone have the same languages? What languages are there in shape and color. Why else do humans and animals need language? What can be determined using language. What is useful for the language, what is harmful. If it is an important organ, then how to take care of it.
How can you find out?
On TV. On the Internet. Ask the teacher. Read in a book. Ask your parents and grandparents. Friends can tell.
Project goal:
Creating conditions for the development of elementary natural scientific ideas about man and the animal world.
Project objectives:
1. Develop cognitive interest and curiosity in the process of observation, search and practical experimentation. 2. To develop skills of mental actions, analysis, synthesis in the process of cognition of the natural picture of the world, contributing to the development of speech. 3. Develop independence in resolving problem situations in research activities. 4. Develop the ability to explain what is observed and record the results using accessible methods. 5. Bring children to the conclusion that the tongue performs many different functions: in humans it determines the taste of food, participates in the formation of speech, helps digest food; in animals it serves as bait, catching prey, and as a warning. 6. Introduce the rules of care for the tongue and oral cavity. 7. Cultivate interest, love for nature, the desire to learn, to reveal its secrets.
Expected result:
1. Children will receive primary ideas about language and learn its basic functions.
2. Children will have the simplest ideas about activities aimed at maintaining health. 3. Cognitive interest and curiosity will develop in the process of observation, search and practical experimentation. 4. Skills of mental actions, analysis, synthesis will be formed in the process of cognition of the natural picture of the world, contributing to the development of speech. 5. Independence in resolving problem situations in research activities will develop. 6. The ability to explain what is observed and record the results using accessible methods will be developed. .
Forms and methods of project implementation:
Conversations. GCD
Reading fiction. Guessing riddles. Observations. Game activity. Productive activities of children. Conducting experiments. Homework.
Project implementation stages
Stage 1: Preparatory.
Defining the topic (project problem). Arouse the interest of children and parents in the topic of the project.
Drawing up a project plan. Collection of information, literature, additional material. Working with children and parents. Replenish the experimentation corner with the necessary materials. Composing messages on the topic “Animal languages” and preparing children. Viewing pictures and films via the Internet “All about language” Examining illustrations Making a model of the language
Stage 2: Basic.
Conversations:
“What is language? "Nose and Tongue"
Target:
give children primary knowledge of language.
“Why do animals need tongues? "My favorite animal."
Goals:
to cultivate interest, love for nature, the desire to learn, to reveal its secrets. “Language is the enemy” (“Velcro Tongue”). “Which organ is the most important?”
Target:
form the simplest ideas about activities aimed at maintaining health. “How to take care of the organs of the speech apparatus.”
Target:
introduce the rules of care for the tongue and oral cavity. “What does our tongue not like and what does it like?” “Why does a dog stick out its tongue? »
Goals:
develop the ability to explain what is observed and record the results using accessible methods.
Direct educational activities:
Speech development: “How we speak.”
Target:
Explain to children how human speech is formed. Introduce children to the process of speech formation and the importance of different organs in the formation of sounds. Speech development: “Cheerful tongue.”
Target:
continue to develop the ability to observe and introspect; develop logical thinking. Cognitive development: “What are microbes?”
Target:
Give children a basic understanding of microorganisms. Cognitive development: “What is Language for?”
Target:
give children primary knowledge of language. “Artistic and aesthetic development” modeling “Animals with different types of languages.
Target:
To cultivate interest, love for nature, the desire to learn, to reveal its secrets. Improve your ability to look at pictures and choose the best ones.
Reading fiction:
S. Mikhalkov “Sasha’s porridge” N. Nosov “Dreamers”. V. Dragunsky “The secret becomes clear.”
Goals:
introduce children to new works, develop the ability to listen carefully, and answer questions about the content in detail. "Interesting things about language." A little history. Making riddles about language. Proverbs and sayings about language. Introduction to encyclopedic material.
Goals:
bring children to the conclusion that the tongue performs many different functions: in humans it determines the taste of food, participates in the formation of speech, helps digest food; in animals it serves as bait, catching prey, and as a warning.
Guessing riddles about language:
He is always at work when we talk, and rests when we are silent. Behind the wall a bone nightingale lives. Always in your mouth, but you can’t swallow it. If it weren’t for him, I wouldn’t say anything.
A board lies in the swamp. The record lies in the sea, does not dry, does not get wet. A wet calf lives in the garden. Jump and jump - There's an animal behind bars. Whatever you know, I told you everything.
Game activity:
Didactic game “Harmful and healthy foods.” Didactic game “Tongue and nose replace each other.” Didactic game “Guess the taste.” Didactic game "Help Sickly" Didactic game "Magic Bag" Didactic game "Let's teach Dunno how to care for her tongue." An element of the role-playing game “At a doctor’s appointment.” Board and printed game “Sour, salty, bitter, sweet.” Word game "Guess who we'll describe." Word game “What would happen if...”
Goals:
development of cognitive interest, imaginative, creative, logical thinking, auditory perception, memory, speech.
Productive activities:
Drawing based on proverbs about language. Sketch of icons “What is harmful, what is useful for the speech apparatus.” Drawing symbols “What is the use of language for animals.”
Experiences:
"Language is a friend"
Experience No. 1 “Different to taste.”
Target:
To give an idea that different parts of the surface of the tongue perceive foods differently.
Conclusion:
Most of the taste buds are located on the tip of the tongue; In order to feel less of the taste of the product, you need to put it as far as possible on the tongue.
Experiment No. 2 “The difference between human language and cat language.”
Target:
Show children how human and cat tongues work.
Conclusion:
The language of a cat and a person is different, so a cat can lap up milk, but it is better for a person to drink it from a cup.
Experiment No. 3 “The tongue is a laborer.”
Target:
show children how sometimes we do not understand people who have speech problems.
Conclusion:
When children pronounce words poorly, we do not understand them, we need to do exercises for the language.
"Language is the enemy"
Experiment No. 1 “How a microbe gets into the mouth.”
Target:
give an idea of how microbes and bacteria affect the tongue, introduce diseases of the tongue.
Conclusion:
Do not lick toys Do not put anything in your mouth Do not put your fingers in your mouth Wash your hands after using the toilet, going outside, walking Clean your tongue
Experiment No. 2 “Velcro”
Target:
show children what happens to the tongue in the cold when the tongue comes into contact with iron.
Conclusion:
in winter you cannot lick the fence, iron, because the tongue is wet and there is saliva in the mouth; you need to be careful; germs can enter the mouth;
Interaction with parents
Creating albums for children together with parents: “The language of a woodpecker”, “Why does an anteater need a tongue?”, “Why does a snake need a tongue?”, “Why does a chameleon need a tongue?”, “Snapping turtle”,
“What does a cat need a tongue for?” Offer to choose a proverb or saying about language and draw a picture for it. Homework for parents and children (observing domestic animals, learning proverbs and sayings about language, drawing a picture for them).
Result:
1. Children received primary ideas about language and learned its basic functions. 2. Children acquired the simplest ideas about activities aimed at maintaining health. 3. Cognitive interest and curiosity developed in the process of observation, search and practical experimentation.
4. Skills of mental actions, analysis, synthesis have been formed in the process of cognition of the natural picture of the world, contributing to the development of speech. 5. Independence in resolving problem situations in research activities has developed. 6. Developed the ability to explain what was observed and record the results using accessible methods. .
Stage 3-Final:
1. Exhibition of children's drawings. 2. Design of the folder for the movement “Articulation gymnastics” 3. Design of the folder for the movement “A little from the history of language”
References:
1.Veraksa N.E., Veraksa A.N. Project activities. A manual for teachers of preschool institutions, - M,: MOSAIKA-SYNTHESIS, 2010.
2. Project method in organizing cognitive and research activities in kindergarten / comp. N.V. Nishcheva. – St. Petersburg, : PUBLISHING HOUSE “CHILDHOOD-PRESS” LLC, - 2013. 3. Project activities of senior preschoolers / compiled by V.N. Zhuravleva. – Volgograd: Teacher, 2011.
Some animals are very proud of their tongues and what they can do with them. Animals use their tongue not only for its intended purpose: to help with chewing, swallowing and to determine taste, but with the help of their tongue animals can do completely different things.
Spotted Woodpecker Here is a woodpecker in the forest tapping its beak on the bark and listening to whether there are passages inside the trunk with pests, bark beetles and wood borers. So the sabotage secret passage has opened. Where is the loot? She hid and went deeper into the trunk. No problem! The woodpecker's tongue is long and very sticky. The woodpecker launches it into the passage and looks for prey in the farthest corners.
The giant anteater uses its tongue very similarly to a woodpecker. The anteater wanders day and night in search of food, and when it finds a termite building or an anthill, it breaks through the strong walls with a blow of its front paws. Then it sticks its narrow snout into the gap and uses its long tongue to reach the middle of the nest. The length of the tongue is more than half a meter, and the anteater can retract and release it often, often - 160 times per minute. The tongue is sticky and covered in saliva, so insects easily stick to it. An anteater can lick up to 30 thousand ants and termites in a day.
Snakes Snakes have a tongue like a spear - forked at the end. It is often mistakenly called a sting. Snakes can detect taste and even smell with their tongue. Instead of using their tongues to chew food, snakes use them to sniff. A kind of fork on the tongue gives the snake all the information about the presence of other animals in the area. Some venomous snakes use their tongue as a warning. Waving it threateningly in front of the enemy.
Chameleon The prehensile and surprisingly long tongue of the chameleon can extend twice the length of the chameleon's body and move faster than the human eye can follow. The tongue is a long tube with a sticky ball at the end. This sticky mucus at the end of the tongue helps the chameleon hold, pull up and send into the mouth not only “shot” insects, but sometimes even small birds and lizards.
Turtle This turtle's tongue looks like a large red worm, with which it lures prey. When a turtle wants to eat, it lies down on the bottom, opens its mouth and begins to wave its worm-like wriggling tongue - bait. The fish, attracted by this, swims straight into the turtle’s mouth - ah! The turtle closes its mouth and eats the prey.
A cat's tongue is designed in such a way that when it scoops up liquid with it, the tongue becomes like a spatula or spoon. The cat dips its tongue into the water and scoops it up. Hook-shaped growths on a cat's tongue, which help the cat digest food when eating, retain water when drinking. And the cat, having collected the liquid into the resulting spoon, returns it back to its mouth
The length of the tongue of the round-lipped bat is longer than the length of the body. This mouse needs such a long tongue to extract flower nectar. She has many hairs on her tongue that absorb nectar and carry pollen from tree to tree. Such a tongue does not fit in the mouth, so a special place is reserved for it in the chest.
Some geckos (a family of lizards) use their tongues to wipe dust and debris from their eyes. The tongue can be a “pump” for extracting nectar from a flower, like a hummingbird. The largest tongue is that of a blue whale. Its tongue can fit 50 people. The whale uses its tongue as a ladle, scooping up water and filtering food from it.
We learned that the tongue of each animal species has its own special structure and a certain length. It is very important for animals, and without it they will simply die. Animals can do a variety of things with their tongue. It can serve as a prey catcher, a bait, a warning. They use their tongue to sniff and clean the skin. Why do we need language?
Content:
Introduction……………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Language and speech of animals……………………………………..5
1.1 The language of monkeys…………………………………………… …10
1.2 Language of bats………………………………………...12
1.3 Language of birds……………………………………………………..13
1.4 Insect language……………………………………………..16
1.5 Language of the “blue continent”……………………………19
1.6 The language of dogs…………………………………………………. ..23
Chapter 2. Mental foundations of human learning in animals
speeches…………………………………………………………...25
Conclusion……………………………………………………………29
List of sources and literature used………………….30
Introduction
Can animals “speak” or is language only a unique property of humans? Because there is a tendency to define language in such a way that based on such definition, language is only suitable for humans. To admit that an animal has a language means to admit that an animal has a mind, that people are the same animals, only we are justAs soon as we stand above other living beings, an ethical conflict arises.
In the last 30 years, the study of the linguistic behavior of animals has opened up completely new perspectives for understanding their higher mental functions. It's about using symbols, categories, and even the ability to hide one's “thoughts” and “intentions.” In other words, by studying the communication capabilities of animals, we reveal additional capabilities of their intelligence.
Throughout evolution, man has been close to nature and closely connected with the animals around him. They have long been his faithful assistants and friends, so the person involuntarily transferred his views and habits to them. Animals are often born blind, always helpless, and when they grow up, they behave like children - active, playful, playful. Very soon, qualities that touch people so much begin to appear in them: devotion, affection for the owner, sincerity of feelings, constant readiness to help. It is natural, therefore, that man has long communicated with his animals - regardless of whether they are birds or animals - the way he is used to treating children: he looked after them, caressed them, fed them, took them out for a walk, communicated with them, shared his thoughts and feelings.
Speech communication between humans and animals was an important factor in their domestication; it became a habit and became an integral property of the connection between them. People gave all the animals in the house a name, nickname or nickname and, when necessary, called them, expressing their order or request in words. The very actions of a person serve as a signal for the animal. Animals also interact with each other, one of the types of their interaction is communication. Here we are talking not only about pets.
Many studies are being conducted to identify the peculiarities of language and communication in animals. However, the question of their communication abilities remains open today.
Chapter 1. Language and speech of animals.
Sound language is important for animals, with the help of which they not only express their emotional state, but also convey to each other very significant information about their intentions, about the environment, and the necessary collective actions.
People have long believed that each species of animal has its own language, unique and understandable only to them. Using it, birds chatter restlessly, flock together and wander from place to place in search of warmth and food, or fly away when they hear a signal of danger and alarm. During the mating season, pigeons coo gently, storks coo and dance, black grouse make loud noises, and nightingales stage recitals to outshine their rivals.
Animals have their own “language” that expresses their state. The roar of a lion can be heard throughout the entire area - with this the king of animals loudly declares his presence, and this makes the blood of roe deer and antelopes run cold in the savannah. The leader of the elephants, the oldest and smartest in the herd, blows an inviting trumpet with his trunk raised, gathering the elephants for a trek through the jungle in search of good pastures. The elk lets out a loud cry as he goes to fight his rival for the mate.
The sounds made by animals are signals expressing their state, desires, feelings of rage, anxiety, love. A person’s language is expressed through his spoken language and is determined by the richness of his vocabulary - for some people it is bright, large, for others it is simple, primitive, poor in content. Something similar happens in birds and animals: in many of them, the signals-sounds emitted are varied, polyphonic, while in others they are rare and inexpressive. But there are also completely mute birds - vultures that do not make a single sound.
The “language” of smells is widespread in the animal world. Animals of the cat, mustelid, and canine families “mark” the boundaries of the territory where they live. By smell, animals determine the maturity of individuals, track prey, avoid enemies or dangerous places - traps and traps. There are other channels of communication between animals and the environment associated with bioelectromagnetic fields and acoustic signals: electromagnetic location in the Nile elephant fish, ultrasonic echolocation in bats, high-frequency sound signals - whistles in dolphins, infrasound signaling in elephants. Fish make many different and characteristic sounds, using them to communicate in a school. The signals they emit change depending on the state of the fish, the environment, and their actions. American scientists have found that fish cough, sneeze and wheeze if the water temperature does not correspond to the conditions in which they should be.
Sound signaling exists in all types of animals: chickens make 13 different sounds, frogs - 6, roosters - 15, tits - 90, rooks - 120, pigs - 23, crows - up to 300, dolphins - 32, foxes - 36, monkeys - more 40, horses - about 100 sounds. These sounds convey the general emotional and mental state of animals - search for food, anxiety, aggressiveness, joy of communication.
Different species of animals have their own language, which is a means of communication and communication. Thanks to him, detailed information about everything that happens to them is transmitted.
In phylogenesis, speech probably initially acted as a means of communication between people, a way of exchanging information between them. This assumption is supported by the fact that many animals have developed means of communication and only humans have the ability to use speech when solving intellectual problems. In chimpanzees, for example, we find relatively highly developed speech, which in some respects is human-like. Chimpanzee speech, however, expresses only the organic needs of animals and their subjective states. It is a system of emotionally expressive expressions, but never a symbol or sign of anything outside the animal. The language of animals does not have the same meanings that human speech is rich in, much less meanings. In the various forms of gesture and pantomimic communication of chimpanzees, emotional and expressive movements come first, although they are very bright, rich in form and shades.
In animals, in addition, one can find expressive movements associated with so-called social emotions, for example, special gestures - greeting each other. Higher animals, as experience of careful observation of their communication shows, are well versed in each other's gestures and facial expressions. With the help of gestures, they express not only their emotional states, but also impulses aimed at other objects. The most common way chimpanzees communicate in such cases is that they begin the movement or action that they want to reproduce or to which they want to induce another animal. The same purpose is served by grasping movements, expressing the desire of the monkey to receive an object from another animal. Many animals are characterized by a connection between expressive emotional movements and specific vocal reactions. It also, apparently, underlies the emergence and development of human speech.
For many animals, speech is not only a system of emotional and expressive reactions, but also a means of psychological contact with their own kind. Speech, which develops in ontogenesis, initially plays the same role in humans, at least up to the age of one and a half years. This speech function is also not yet associated with intelligence. But the human individual cannot be satisfied with such a communicative role of speech, which is very limited in its capabilities. In order to convey any experience or content of consciousness to another person, there is no other way than the meaning of speech utterances, i.e. assigning the transmitted content to any known class of objects or phenomena. This certainly requires abstraction and generalization, the expression of generalized abstracted content in a word-concept. Communication between psychologically and culturally developed people necessarily involves generalization and the development of verbal meanings. This is the main way to improve human speech, bringing it closer to thinking and including speech in the control of all other cognitive processes.
In recent years, there has been a lot of controversy and discussion about whether the ability to acquire speech is innate in humans or not. The opinions of scientists on this issue are divided: some take the position that this ability is not innate, others adhere to the point of view that it is genetically determined. On the one hand, there is convincing evidence that we cannot talk about any innateness of human speech. These are, for example, the facts of the absence of any signs of articulate human speech in children who grew up in isolation from people speaking their native language and never heard a human voice. This is also data from numerous unsuccessful experiments in teaching higher animals the language of man and the ability to use at least elementary concepts. Only a person, and only under conditions of properly organized training and education, can verbal conceptual speech appear and develop.
On the other hand, there are no less reliable facts that indicate that many higher animals have a developed communication system, which in many of its functions resembles human speech.
Higher animals (monkeys, dogs, dolphins and some others) understand human speech addressed to them and selectively react to its emotionally expressive aspects.
1.1
Monkey language
The language of the lower narrow-nosed hamadryas monkeys includes a complex system of sounds and gestures. There are about 20 signals in their sound language, and each carries certain information. The leader, noticing the danger, emits a special exclamation - and the entire herd immediately rushes away or takes up a defensive position. A monkey that has fallen behind the herd screams differently. And completely different sounds accompany various intra-herd rituals that help hamadryas express their attitude towards their fellow tribesman. Thus, any member of the hamadryas herd, meeting with a leader or a monkey of the highest rank, will certainly sit down in front of it and abruptly “gasp” several times - this is a message of obedience. When offering its services for searching, the monkey will first rustle its tongue in a special way - a signal to the partner about a friendly disposition and a request to respond in kind. In addition to sound signals, hamadryas use silent means of communication - glances, postures, gestures, facial expressions. For example, with the help of glances, the leader can silently control all the actions of the herd from a distance. The secret is in the white areas of skin above the eyelids. As soon as the monkey raises his eyebrows, his white eyelids stand out clearly on his gray face. Therefore, a forbidden or threatening gaze is visible far away. Biologist N. Pozharitskaya, who studied the language of hamadryas at the Sukhumi monkey nursery, says: “Warring females often use threatening glances during silent squabbles. They blink at each other, satisfy their anger and disperse without attracting the attention of the leader.” * In other cases, hamadryas use their entire highly mobile body, from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail. By raising her tail in a certain way and waving it from side to side, the female can, for example, demonstrate her favor towards the male, or express complete disdain for his advances; When threatening an opponent, the male typically ruffles his mantle, widens his eyes, and strikes the ground with his front paw. But out of the entire arsenal of communication methods, hamadryas have facial expressions in first place. Hamadryas owe their wealth of facial expressions to their well-developed facial muscles. By moving their ears, eyes, mouth, scalp, hamadryas can express fear, rage, curiosity, etc. Such a variety of facial movements and signal gestures, combined with one and a half dozen expressive glances and two dozen sound signals, makes the language of hamadryas very expressive.
1.2 Bat language
Bats have a rather complex language. It contains at least 22 “words” such as “chip”, “bzzz”, “cher-cher”. All sounds that mice exchange with each other are clearly divided into four groups: the first group is used for communication between mothers and cubs, the second is associated with “military actions” - battles between males, the third is used for love monologues and duets, the fourth - alarm and danger signals . Australian zoologist, Professor J. Nelson writes that the sentry warns “fellow citizens” with a cry similar to the abrupt sound of a clarinet. Silence reigns, and all the bats begin to stare intently at the troublemaker. In such conditions, says J. Nelson, it is difficult to understand who is watching whom: the zoologist is watching the animals or vice versa...
1.4 Insect language
Insects have very diverse methods of communication. For example, many insects use the language of smells. Red-breasted carpenter ants communicate with each other using gestures. Termites use a kind of telegraph as a means of transmitting information over a distance. In particular, they can signal to their fellows from afar that an enemy is approaching by tapping alarm signals with their heads on the walls of the termite mound tunnel. Mosquitoes communicate with each other using electromagnetic waves, bees express themselves in the language of dance. The dancing of bees, as proved by the famous German naturalist Karl Frisch, is a kind of official pantomime. With its help, they transmit information about the direction in which the honey plant is located, about the distance to it, about its abundance. Munich zoologist Dr. Herald Esch found that the dance of bees is also accompanied by sounds. Having recorded these sounds and analyzed them, he came to the conclusion that the duration of the “crack” of bee wings during the dance also serves as an indication of the distance from the hive to the bribe site, and the strength of the sound indicates the quality of the nectar.
The chirping language of grasshoppers and crickets is very rich. Dr. Huber from the University of Tyubin recorded about 500 different sounds made by grasshoppers on magnetic tape. In terms of virtuosity, the language of grasshoppers and crickets is not inferior to the language of birds.
To prove that sounds serve as a means of communication for crickets, Professor Regen forced a male field cricket to talk to a female... on the phone. Hearing the male's voice, the female immediately tried to penetrate the telephone receiver. The grasshopper makes certain sounds like a violin: it seems to “saw with bows” (jagged hind legs) along the elytra. Changes in the duration, volume and tonality of sounds in a grasshopper song occur depending on how many teeth of the singer’s leg rub against the elytra and with what force. And the soloist skillfully combines sounds into lines and even verses. The male usually sings first. The meaning of his song is something like this: “Here I am a grasshopper of such and such a species. I really miss my fellow tribesman.” If another grasshopper of the same species hears this song, it responds after a pause. The male accurately detects the direction in which the chirping “interlocutor” is located and makes a powerful leap towards the invisible partner *. However, the “interlocutor” may turn out to be not a female, but a male, then a fight cannot be avoided. Therefore, the singer, in order to avoid misunderstandings, from time to time interrupts the mating song and emits a war cry. If a military signal is not heard in response, then the chattering was not in vain: the female is responding. And after a short exchange of call signs, the singing of the two grasshoppers merges into a love duet. However, even in this case, the male every now and then emits a short military chirp in order to instill fear in an opponent who may be nearby. If the opponent is still determined to get to know the lucky man’s girlfriend better, the matter may end in a battle. Having met, the males arrogantly approach each other, frantically whip the air with their antennae and shake with excitement. From time to time one or the other raises his belly and kicks the air with his powerful hind leg to demonstrate his strength. If all this does not produce the desired impression, both rivals begin to sing a war song. With open jaws they rush at each other, fight with their front legs, butt like goats, and try to kick each other with their back legs. In case of a successful hit, the loser flies twenty centimeters away and silently leaves the battlefield, and the winner fills the surrounding area with a frantic chatter. Some insects have their own Morse code of light. You've probably seen fireflies in the dark more than once. The male and female, having noticed each other, begin to blink in turns, as if winking at each other. In the tropics, sometimes you can watch a very spectacular spectacle. Bright and large fireflies gather in thousands on one or several neighboring trees and flash simultaneously. At the same time, the trees flash rhythmically, like fireworks. The meaning in such a union is probably the same as in the joint swarming of mosquitoes. Only the mosquitoes have a choir, but here they have wedding illumination.
1.5 Blue continent language
The language of the underwater depths is a special means of communication among numerous inhabitants of water bodies. For example, a goby living in the Azov Sea emits a low growl when building a nest. Having heard this roar, no other bull will dare to invade the possessions of his fellow tribesman. But when the construction of the home is completed, the male makes a high-pitched sound - calling the females. Some sounds made by fish serve as a signal to join schools, others - as a warning of danger. During the spawning period, individual calling voices are first heard, then the voices merge into a common loud chorus and, finally, gradually fade away: the spawning is over. The Black Sea mackerel makes a sound reminiscent of the cracking of a comb. The sprat's voice is similar to the hum of a bumblebee. The sound made by sardines is a little reminiscent of the sound of the surf, bream - wheezing, sea crucian - clicking. Loaches squeak, which is why in some places they are called pikas. The Atlantic toadfish buzzes, the gurnard cackles, the seahorses snap sharply. The beluga has a very wide vocal range: it whistles and howls, grinds and screams. A beluga caught in the Caspian Sea, according to fishermen's stories, emits a heavy sigh, reminiscent of a roar. The sea fish trigla is extremely “talkative”: it constantly grumbles and croaks. In the Mediterranean Sea there are two-meter-long “singing” fish - scienae, which produce rather melodic sounds.
Crustaceans are very chatty. The noisiest of them are crabs: they can make up to 30 sounds similar to chirping. The alpheus cancer, which lives in the Far East, clicks its claws so loudly that it not only scares away enemies, but also stuns its prey. The underwater “city” of thousands of Alpheus, according to the famous oceanologist N.I. Tarasov, greets the enemy with a roar that is not inferior to the noise in the workshop when riveting boilers. Shrimp are very noisy. The sound they make is reminiscent of the hissing of oil in a frying pan or the crackling of burning dry branches. In so-called snapping shrimp, a large claw produces a sound similar to that produced when a cork pops out of a bottle. This sound can be so strong that the sound wave can break a glass. Snapping shrimp usually gather in huge schools - up to 200 individuals per square meter - and click continuously day and night, regardless of the time of year. In some areas of the ocean, the clicking of thousands of shrimp merges into a continuous crackling sound. The Japanese did not fail to take advantage of this during the Second World War. They planted a large colony of “nutcrackers” in one of the US military harbors and thereby completely paralyzed hydroacoustic detection systems. Under the cover of the loud noise of the shrimp, Japanese submarines entered the American bay, torpedoed the ships there and left with impunity.
The sounds made by marine mammals are very diverse. Among them, the beluga whale gained the greatest popularity with its voice. According to descriptions of naturalists and observers, she can grunt loudly, groan and whistle, make sounds reminiscent of a child crying, bells, a piercing cry, the distant noise of a children's crowd, playing a flute with iridescent trills, like those of songbirds. It is not for nothing that sailors call this white animal with a yellowish tint the sea canary. It turns out that whales sing quite melodiously. Their vocal abilities were discovered by a young American scientist from the Rockefeller Institute, Roger Pine. While studying the migration of humpback whales, he used hydrophones to eavesdrop on the sounds the animals made and recorded them on magnetic tape. These recordings were reproduced in September 1969 at an international conference on ethology held in Rennes (France). At first, shouts, squeals, squeaks, and even something similar to groans were heard in the multi-voiced chorus of humpback whales. Suddenly, something like a song became clearly visible in the recording. Next, the conference participants heard a deep melodic sound, the tone of which gradually increased, reminiscent of an oboe, a clarinet, or bagpipes, and the song was repeated many times with great accuracy, as if from notes.
Of all the inhabitants of the World Ocean, the richest and most complex language is that of toothed whales - dolphins. Depending on the environment, circumstances and situation, these animals use different signals: some serve for orientation, navigation, reconnaissance, searching for food, others for communication with their relatives. Many of the sounds commonly used by dolphins to communicate underwater can also be made by them in the air. A lone dolphin, as a rule, is extremely silent; two dolphins actively exchange signals (whistles, barks, meows, clapping, quacks, buzzing, etc.). Each “conversation” begins with a call sign and a response. This is followed by a series of signals - whistles of varying duration, height and strength. This allows you to vary the information. The conversation of dolphins is similar to the conversation of true gentlemen: when one speaks, the other is silent. In 1961, John Lilly conducted an interesting experiment: he arranged a telephone conversation between two dolphins. The experiment was conducted at the Institute for the Study of Communication on the island of St. Thomas in the Caribbean. Two pools were chosen that were far enough apart from each other so that sound waves could not travel that distance. Engineers installed microphones and loudspeakers into the walls of the pools. The telephone wires between them passed through the institute's central station, which allowed scientists to monitor the conversation without disturbing the animals with direct observation. One dolphin was allowed into each pool. They began circling the pool and calling out their call signs. Hearing the response signal, the dolphins immediately swam to the loudspeakers and began to alternately answer and listen. Thus began their first telephone conversation! At first, the animals only repeated the same signal and searched in vain for an invisible partner. But a few minutes were enough for them to figure out how the equipment worked. The “conversation” was conducted very “politely.” Not a single dolphin interrupted the other, each listened carefully until the other finished, and only then began to speak himself. The lively conversation lasted about an hour.
1.6 Dog language
The famous trainer V.L. Durov loved animals, studied their habits well, and perfectly mastered the skill of teaching and training animals. This is how he explained dog language. If a dog barks abruptly - “am!”, looking at a person and raising one ear at the same time, this means a question, bewilderment. When she raises her muzzle and utters a drawn-out “au-uh-uh...”, it means she is sad, but if she repeats “mm-mm-mm” several times, then she is asking for something. Well, a growl with the sound “rrrr...” is clear to everyone - it’s a threat.
I also conducted my own observations on my dog and came to the following conclusions:
The dog is angry - it barks and growls angrily, while baring its teeth and pressing itself to the ground. It is better not to approach such a dog.
The dog is scared - he tucks his tail and ears, tries to look small,
etc.............
Incredible facts
As a rule, when we hear the sounds made by representatives of the fauna, we do not think about what they mean, most often mistaking them for incoherent screams.
Surprisingly, most animals communicate in a much more advanced manner than we might expect.
And some of these forms of communication can really surprise us.
Why does the cat meow
1. Cats only meow at people.
In fact, cats don't meow at each other. To communicate with other animals, they use other methods such as body language and hissing. Meowing is the only means of communication with a person.
The color of a cat's fur tells a lot about its character.Cats meow to express their greetings to people, to attract attention, to ask for food, or to ask for a walk. The only exception is kittens, which tell their mother that they are hungry through meowing.
Adult cats do not meow when communicating with each other.
prairie dogs
2. Prairie dogs are quite complex.
Do you think dolphins or primates are the most complex in intellectual development? Then you are wrong. It turns out that the brains of prairie dogs are no less developed than those we consider the intellectual kings of the animal kingdom.
Prairie dogs are desert-dwelling rodents that we can see periodically emerging from underground.
These animals make certain sounds when communicating. Recently, researchers discovered that it is possible The "speech" of so-called prairie dogs may be the most complex language of communication among representatives of the animal world.
Rodents can describe predators with amazing accuracy, including species, size and shape. They can even tell you what color clothes a person is wearing and accurately determine whether he has a weapon.
They can convey this information literally in one message, which lasts only a few fractions of a second.
3. Beetles use Morse code
You can imagine how difficult it is to communicate and transmit information to relatives in a huge forest if you are a small defenseless insect.
However, nature made its contribution here too. The beetles communicate with each other using a “language” that resembles Morse code.
If necessary, the insect closest to the source of danger gives special signals. Echoes of the signal along the tree bark reach the rest of the “group”. Thus, the entire procession becomes aware of a possible threat.
At night, when all sounds are especially aggravated in the silence of the night, the transmission of these signals resembles the ticking of a clock.
Elephant sound
However, biologist Andrea Turkalo, in recent research, discovered that elephants, like humans, have different voices, by which they can be easily distinguished from other relatives.
For 19 years, the biologist studied forest elephants in the Congo and confidently declares that each individual can be identified by the sound made by this smartest animal.
Now Andrea Turkalo is working to correctly interpret these sounds. A scientist wants to create something like a dictionary that will translate the “conversation” of elephants into human language.
Turkalo notes that vowel sounds clearly predominate in the “language” of elephants.
Laying hens and eggs
5. Chickens talk to eggs, and they answer them
It's no surprise when a mother coos over her future children. However, many women will be surprised if the fetus will respond to their cooing.
But for hens there is nothing strange in this. Rather, on the contrary, this is a standard procedure for chickens. About a day before hatching, the chicks begin to squeak while in the egg, thus responding to their mother's clucking.
6. Baboons hate slang
Everyone knows that baboons are at the highest stage of development among representatives of the fauna. As it turned out, these animals are even able to feel our pain.
Over the course of a month and a half, scientists exposed a group of six baboons to various intellectual tests, during which a touch screen computer was used to display a series of words.
The essence of these tests was that the baboons had to determine which of these words made sense and which of them were just a bunch of letters.
The animals coped with the task assigned to them with amazing accuracy. They dismissed invented words quite quickly, but the baboons stopped at real existing words, showing with all their appearance satisfaction that they were not mistaken.
7. Frogs talk
Dogs are not the only members of the animal kingdom that have the ability to hear high-frequency tones outside the range of human perception.
Frogs native to Southeast Asia can communicate using ultrasonic frequencies that are inaudible to humans.
10 most beautiful and poisonous frogsThis special species of frog can produce sounds up to 38 kilohertz, which is 18 hertz higher than humans can detect.
Scientists believe that this way it is easier for frogs to survive in natural conditions. These creatures live in areas with falling water, where lower frequencies are difficult to hear. Thus, frogs have adapted to transmit information to each other.
Dolphin language
8. Dolphins learn a second language
Observations of dolphins have shown that these smartest mammals speak a different language in their sleep.
While awake, they were not observed imitating foreign sounds, but during sleep, the sounds made by dolphins bore an ominous resemblance to others.
Repeating parrot
9. Parrots don't mindlessly copy us.
There is documented evidence of cases where a parrot not only mindlessly repeated sounds that it heard, but also was able to recognize words, individual phrases, and also carry on a conversation.
An African gray parrot named Alex has become famous for its ability to identify colors and formulate abstract concepts such as size and difference.
Alex joked quite briskly with his owner, saying the phrase: “Don’t tell me to calm down.”
Top 10 talking birdsSome parrots remember and reproduce up to several hundred words and phrases. The famous female parrot Prudle was listed in the Guinness Book of Records because she knew 800 words at the time of her death. And in the dictionary of the parrot N'kisi there are 950 words, as well as all kinds of jokes that make listeners laugh.
10. Some fish use sign language
Coral snappers coordinate their actions with their relatives while in pursuit of food.
Using their nose and dance-like movements, the perches signal to the rest of the procession that food is close and that it is worth making some effort to get it.
Elena Anatolyevna Susikova, primary school teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 15
Educational project
Animal communication
Subject, group
The world around us, 2nd grade
Brief summary of the project
A major role in environmental education and upbringing of schoolchildren, including younger ones, is played by practical, research work in
natural conditions. Theoretical knowledge gained in lessons should become the basis for independent assessment of what is happening in nature
processes and phenomena to conduct their own research, observations, the ability to summarize the results of their observations, to contribute
environmentally conscious behavior that is safe for nature and one’s own health.
Experience shows that primary school students participate in such work with pleasure and great interest, naturally at an accessible
level for them.
At a young age, children have a predominant sensory, figurative perception of the world around them, which was taken into account when developing the methodology
working with children.
The developed project “Animal Communication” was tested in primary school.
It involves children performing research work, making observations, summarizing research results in the most
Guiding Questions
Fundamental question:
How do animals communicate?
Problematic issues:
Does a person need to know about animal communication?
Can a person determine what an animal wants?
Could knowledge about animal communication be useful?
Study questions:
What do the actions and habits of animals mean?
How did signs associated with animals appear?
Project plan
1. Search and research stage
Project work planning
Research work on the project
Let's find out whether there is a language of communication between animals.
2. Practical stage of the project
We draw up rules for communicating with animals
3. Final stage of the project
